Macromolecules. Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain the element carbon Other elements often found in organic compounds include: hydrogen, oxygen,

Macromolecules

Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain

the element carbon

Other elements often found in organic compounds include: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Trace amounts of other elements such as calcium, potassium and sulfur are also present

Carbon Carbon has four outer electrons

and can form four covalent bonds

Carbon can form single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds

Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains and rings

MacromoleculesLarge molecules formed

by joining small organic molecules

Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds

Macromolecules

Four types, the building blocks of living things

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

MacromoleculesFunction Example

Carbohydrate

• Stores energy• Provides structural support

• Sugar• Bread• Cellulose

Lipid

• Stores energy• Provides steroids• Waterproofs coatings• Barrier

• Cell membrane• Fats and Oils• Cholesterol• Hormones

Protein

• Transports substances• Speeds reactions• Structural support

• Enzymes• Amino acids• Muscle• Skin and Hair

Nucleic Acid• Stores and communicates genetic information

• DNA• RNA

What do you think of when you hear carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates are found in foods such as fruits, milk and vegetables.

Simple or ComplexComplex carbohydrates

provide vitamins, minerals and fiber

Foods such as breads, legumes, pasta and starchy vegetables

Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen (COH)

Simple sugars (monosaccharides) to more complex carbs (disaccharides and polysaccharides)

Provides energy – several food examples

Structural support – plant cell walls and insects exoskeleton

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Glycogen (polysaccharide)

Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and

hydrogen

Fats, Oils, waxes, cell membrane (phospholipids), steroids (cholesterol and hormones)

Store energy – fats and oils

Coating prevent water loss – waxes

Barrier

Lipids A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room

temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.

Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats.

Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.

Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

LipidsSaturated Fats – chain of single bonds between carbons

Unsaturated Fats – at least one double bond in the carbon chain

Hydrophilic – “water-loving”

Hydrophobic – “water-fearing” which means does not dissolve in water

Serves as a barrier

Phospholipid is a special lipid that is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane

Proteins Amino acids – small compounds that make up large

protein compounds

Amino acids are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Protein function Provide structural suppport

Transport substances inside the cell and between cells

Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)

Control cell growth

Protein StructureProtein Structure

• 4 levels

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acid is a complex

macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

DNA and RNA

Nucleotides – repeating subunit of nucleic acid composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms

6 major nucleotides

Nucleotide in DNA