Modeling of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells power system

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Modeling of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cellspower system

N. Mezzai a,*, D. Rekioua a, T. Rekioua a, A. Mohammedi a, K. Idjdarane a,S. Bacha b

a Laboratoire LTII, Universite de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeriab G2lab INPG Grenoble, France

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Available online 28 June 2014

Keywords:

Fuel cells

Photovoltaic

Wind system

Battery storage

Modeling

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ213 34215090E-mail address: [email protected] (N

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.00360-3199/Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energ

a b s t r a c t

In this paper, identification and modeling of a hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells power

system is presented. This system comprises also a battery storage supplying a load via an

inverter. The identification of each subsystem has been made and then the proposed

system is modeled and simulated under Matlab/Simulink Package. The power control of

the hybrid system is introduced by using LabVIEW Software. The mathematical model

topology and its power management of the global system with battery bank system are

significant contributions of our work. The proposed control strategy has been experi-

mentally implanted and practical results are compared to those obtained by simulation

under the same metrological conditions, showing the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid

system.

Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved.

Introduction

In recent years, hybrid power systems using renewable energy

sources have received considerable attention worldwide

[1e5], [6e18] and [21e37]. These systems may include

different components as DC or AC distribution system, storage

system, converters, filters and control system for load man-

agement,which can be connected in different architectures [1,

2 and 16]. Most researches based on renewable hybrid system

include optimization using maximum power point tracking

methods, technico-economic feasibility of the HPS using

mathematical models in Matlab/Simulink, and on energy

management in real time. For instance, in Ref. [26], authors

present a real-time energy management of a stand-alone

hybrid wind-micro turbine energy system using

; fax: þ213 34205061.. Mezzai).15y Publications, LLC. Publ

optimization. Moreover, power Management of a Stand-Alone

Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System is presented in

Ref. [27], but the simulation model for the hybrid energy sys-

tem has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. However,

intelligent optimal energy management system for hybrid

power sources including fuel cell and battery is presented by

authors in Ref. [28]. They compare conventional management

system without the fan temperature control and with a fixed

hydrogen pressure and a CC/CV charging framework. In

addition, Refs. [29,35] present an optimization and techno-

economic feasibility analysis of hybrid (photovoltaic/wind/

fuel cell) energy systems considering the effects of electrical

load and energy storage technology. Authors in Ref. [30] ex-

amines dynamic operation and control strategies for a

microgrid hybrid windephotovoltaic-fuel cell based power

supply system using intelligent controllers for maximum

ished by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nomenclature

Cbatt capacity battery, Ah

Cp power coefficient

ENernst voltage Nernst, V

Es solar radiation, W/m2

Ipv output-terminal current, A

Iph diode-current, A

Ish shunt-leakage current, A

Isc short circuit current, A

I0 saturation current of the diode, A

Impp maximum current at PPM, A

K Boltzmann constant, Joule/K

nb number of cells

Pmpp maximum power point, W

PPV photovoltaic power, W

q electron charge, C

Rbatt internal resistance, U

Rs series resistance, U

Rsh shunt resistance, U

Tj temperature cells, K

Tjref reference temperature of the PV cell, K

TPEMFC absolute operating temperature of the stack, K

Uact activation overvoltage, V

Uconc concentration or diffusion over-voltage, V

Uohm resistive or ohmic over-voltage, V

Vmpp maximum voltage at PPM, V

Voc open circuit voltage, V

VPEMFC fuel cell voltage, V

Xbatt reactance battery, Ah

Zbatt impedance battery, Ah

Greek letters

aSC temperature coefficient of short-current, A/K

ai constants

b road slope angle, �

boc voltage temperature coefficient, V/K

DT heating of the accumulator, K

rair air density

4 shift-phase between current and voltage, �

Abbreviations

AC alternate current

DC direct current

FC fuel cell

HPS hybrid power system

PMSM permanent magnet synchronous motor

PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cells

PV photovoltaic

NI national instruments

DAQ data acquisition

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power point tracking control. Other works are focused on

hybrid Systems with storage system [31e34]. For example in

Ref. [30], authors examine the possibility of hybrid plants with

a variable consumption in necessary conditions, by using

adaptive controller, including fuzzy controller. And in

Ref. [31], authors present a hybrid power source fed by

renewable energy sources (wind and photovoltaic) and fuel

cell sources, with an energy storage device (battery/ultra-

capacitors). All other cited works in this paper [8, 9, 35, 36 and

37] use Matlab/simulink to study the mathematical model of

HPS.

Data-acquisition systems are widely used in renewable

energy source applications in order to collect data regarding

the installed system performance, for evaluation purposes.

The collected data is first conditioned using exact electronic

circuits and then interfaced to a PC using a data-acquisition

card [1,2]. LabVIEW is an environmental development pro-

gram, developed by NI. Similar to C and BASIC's environment

development. There is an obvious difference between Lab-

VIEW and other computer languages. Other computer lan-

guages are used to generate a based code on the language of

the text, whereas LabVIEW uses a graphical editing language

G. The resulting program is the formof a block diagram [19,20].

In this paper, modeling hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells

power system is presented. The control of the global system is

made using LABVIEW software. This program is used for

further process, display and storage of the collected data in a

hard disk PC. The sizing of the proposed system is detailed. It

depends mainly on the site location that dictates the average

wind speed, the turbine orientation and the average energy

consumption of the application. The originality of our work

focuses first on the identification of the different parameters

of each subsystem separately before its installation in the site.

Second, the design and the installation of various voltage and

current sensors, data acquisition in LabVIEW environment

which allowed us to have real-time data that permits the

management and data processing. And finally, the overall

system can be designed and installed for higher power and

can be considered as a prototype for the development of

multi-sources renewable energy systems. The global obtained

system is fully practical and the mathematical model, based

on real parameters, is more elaborated. The obtained results

are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the pro-

posed system.

Proposed hybrid system with DC bus

In the hybrid systemwith DC bus, the power supplied by each

source is centralized on a DC bus. Thus, the energy conversion

system to provide AC power has then to be converted

continuously. The generators are connected in series with the

inverter to power the loads alternatives. The inverter should

supply the alternating loads from the DC bus and the batteries

are sized to supply peak loads. The advantage of this topology

is the simplicity of the operation and the load demand is

satisfied without interruption even when the generators

charge the short-term storage units. The different sources can

be photovoltaic and wind energy; fuel cells and diesel gener-

ators (see Fig. 1).

Photovoltaic power system

The photovoltaic model studied in this work consists of a

single diode for the cell polarization function and two re-

sistors for the losses. The Ipv(Vpv) characteristic of this model

is given by Ref. [16]:

Fig. 1 e Hybrid system with DC bus.

Fig. 2 e PV Experimental bench for electrical characteristics and its diagram connections.

4 120Es=610W/m², T=24,5°C

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Ipv ¼ Iph � Id � IRsh(1)

Ipv ¼ Iph � I0 ��exp

�q� �

Vpv þ Rs � Ipv�

A�Ns � K� Tj

�� 1

�� Vpv þ Rs � Ipv

Rsh

(2)

Table 1 e Solar panel parameters NT175E1(175 WC).

Parameters Values

Maximum power Pm 175 W

Current at maximum power point Impp 4.95 A

Voltage at maximum power point Vmpp 35.4 V

Short-circuit current Isc 5.4 A

&Open circuit voltage Voc 44.4 V

Current temperature coefficient asc 0.053 mA/�CVoltage temperature coefficient boc 156 mV/�C

We obtain electrical characteristics for PV panels through

the following experimental bench (Fig. 2).

The photovoltaic system parameters can be summarized

in the following table (Table 1).

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450

1

2

3

Voltage (V)

Cur

rent

(A)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pow

er (W

)

Fig. 3 e Photovoltaic electrical characteristics at

Es ¼ 610 W/m2, T ¼ 24.5 �C.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Tip-speed ration

Coe

ffici

ent C

p

Fig. 4 e Power coefficient of Windpower 100.

Table 2 e Wind turbine (Windpower100)parameters.

Parameters Values

Rated power 1000 W

Blades 3

Rated wind speed 12.5 m/s

Start-up wind speed 3.4 m/s

Rated power 1000 W

Blades diameter 2.1 m

Table 3 e MSAP parameters.

Parameters Values

Rs 0.49 Ohm

Ls 1.6 mH

tm 4.721 s

4 0.148 Wb

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The electrical characteristics by simulation under Matlab/

Simulink are compared to those obtained experimentally

(Fig. 3).

Wind power system

The wind power system comprises a wind turbine (Table 1)

and a permanent magnet synchronous generator associated

with a diode bridge rectifier. This system is associated with a

relief system which is used to dissipate the excess energy as

heat via a resistor. The overall installed system in our labo-

ratory comprises a wind turbine, a whisper controller which

offers greater reliability and superior control for battery

Fig. 5 e Wind tu

charging, a battery bank, fuses and electrical protection cards.

The power coefficient Cp has been deduced and is given in

Fig. 4.

The identification of the wind turbine (Table 2) has been

made in the laboratory (Fig. 5) and the results are summarized

in Table 3.

Fuel cells system

For fuel cells, we have made a test bench (Fig. 6) to determine

electrical characteristics.

The cell voltage VPEMFC is given as [16]:

VPEMFC ¼ ENernst þ Uact � Uohm � Uconc (3)

Battery storage

The electrochemical storage used in our work is battery bank.

It is generally needed when PV array or wind turbine system

cannot be functional. Themajor functions of a storage battery

are the energy storage capacity and autonomy, voltage and

current as well as to supply energy to electrical loads. Battery

storage can supply power to electrical loads at stable voltages

and currents, and it can supply surge or high peak operating

currents to electrical loads or appliances. In our work, the

system of storage is composed of eight (08) lead-acid batteries

of 12 V, 110 Ah inter-connected in series/parallel to obtain

24 V. In practice, the determination of the batteries' imped-

ances is often made on stationary behavior. The basic prin-

ciple is to impose on the battery an excitation in voltage or

rbine tests.

Fig. 6 e Fuel cells test bench installed in the laboratory.

Fig. 7 e Experimental bench of battery impedance measurement.

Table 4 e Lead acid battery parameters(12 V, 100 Ah).

Parameters Values

Rbatt 0.756 U

Xbatt 0.072 U

Cbatt 44.2 mF

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current in order to deduce the response to this excitation, an

Ohm representation of its internal state. Measurement at

weak frequency gives more information on electrochemical

operation because the internal kinetics of the battery has thus

the time to react to the imposed disturbance. In order to

determine the internal impedance of the battery (12 V, 100 Ah)

for one state of charge of the battery, we superimpose an

alternate sinusoidal signal of 50 Hz frequency to the contin-

uous component of the battery, then we close the battery on a

circuit including a variable resistance, limitation (15.8 U, 10 A),

a shunt (250 V, 10 A) a current sensor which is composed of a

series resistance (250 V, 10 A) and a source of alternating

voltage (0e36 V, 20 A). The measurement system is developed

(Fig. 7).

We measure two voltages using an oscilloscope: the

voltage at the shunt terminals which is a direct picture of the

current circulating in the circuit and the battery voltage. The

ratio of these two voltages and their shift-phase provides the

absolute value of the internal impedance of the battery.

Measures are carried out by a digital storage oscilloscope

(GWinstek GDS-3354, 350 MHz). These digital measurements

are then transferred to a computer for analysis.

The battery behaves as complex impedance Zbatt with a

resistance Rbatt and a reactance Xbatt to this disturbance.

Fig. 8 e Global connections of installed hybrid system.

Fig. 9 e Installed hybrid power system.

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Fig. 10 e Realized voltage sensors.

Fig. 11 e Realized current sensors.

Fig. 12 e Global block diagram under labVIEW.

Fig. 13 e Bloc diagram of the hybrid system under Matlab/Simulink.

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jZbattj ¼ jVbattjjIbattj (4)

From the module of Zbatt and the phase-shift r, we can

deduce the real part Rbatt and imaginary Xbatt of the imped-

ance for a state of charge.

Rbatt ¼ jZbattj$cos r (5)

Rz ¼ jZbattj$cos r (6)

Cbatt ¼ 1Xbatt$2$p$f

(7)

Fig. 14 e Simulation results of Fue

with: f ¼ 50 Hz, r: phase-shift between current and voltage,

Cbatt battery capacitor.

The obtained values are summarized in Table 4. These

values change according to the battery state of charge.

The global connections scheme with the three sources is

given in Fig. 8.

Design and control of proposed hybrid powersystem

The application of the proposed system has been made in

Bejaia (Algeria) a coastal region which has a large solar

l cell electrical characteristics.

Time 15.051 15.07 15.09 15.11 15.13 15.151

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Time (s)

Phas

e cu

rren

t of w

ind

turb

ine

(A)

(a) Experimental (b) Simulation

Fig. 15 e Phase current of wind turbine.

Time 15,051 15,07 15,09 15,11 15,13 15,151

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Time (s)Volta

ge c

ompo

sed

of w

ind

turb

ine

(v)

(a) Experimental (b) Simulation

Fig. 16 e Voltage composed of wind turbine.

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potential. The global irradiation on horizontal plane recorded

over ten years in Bejaia [16] is much important during the

period from April to September compared to the rest of the

year. Also, themonthly average speed with an annual average

wind speed of 3.975 m/s. Considering their complementar-

ities, we can conclude that the coupling of a photovoltaic and

a wind system is very interesting for the electrical energy

production during a year, so Bejaia is an appropriate place to

implement a hybrid photovoltaic/wind system with fuel cells

and battery bank. Fig. 9 represents the installed HPS. The

different subsystem has been designed with the different

realized converter and the different realized sensors.

The designed voltage sensor used is a Hall Effect sensor

LV25P equivalent to a transformer andwhich is composed of a

Time

PV c

urre

nt (A

)

(a) Experimental

Fig. 17 e Photovo

primary and a secondary coil (Fig. 10). The principle of

designed current sensor is the same as the voltage one. Cur-

rent measurement creates an output voltage proportional

thereto (Fig. 11).

The LabVIEW simulation diagram which is used to design

and calculate the electrical hybrid system parameters using

the DAQ card is based on the below mentioned block diagram

(Fig. 12).

Simulation and experimental results

The following figures have been taken during the operation of

the data acquisition, for a temperature of 24.5 �C, an

15,051 15,07 15,09 15,11 15,13 15,1510

2

4

6

8

10

Time (s)

(b) Simulation

ltaic current.

Time 15.051 15.07 15.09 15.11 15.13 15.15125

25.4

25.8

26.2

26.6

27

Time (s)

Batte

ries

volta

ge (v

)

(b) Simulation

Fig. 19 e Battery voltage.

Time 15.051 15.071 15.091 15.111 15.131 15.1510

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

Time (s)

PV V

olta

ge (V

)

(a) Experimental (b) Simulation

Fig. 18 e Photovoltaic voltage.

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irradiation of 610 W/m2 and a wind speed of 8.6 m/s. The bloc

diagram of the proposed hybrid system is given in Fig. 13.

We note that the wind voltage and current waveforms are

sinusoidal. The PV current is almost constant; the same for

the PV voltage which remains constant around 24 V. We can

conclude that the control strategy can supervise efficiently

and maintain the battery voltage constant (see Figs. 14e19).

Conclusion

In this paper, modeling of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells

system with battery storage has been studied. The identifica-

tion and the control of the global system are presented. Lab-

VIEW software has been used this allowed to have a real-time

acquisition of electrical parameters. The proposed system is

simple due to the reduced number of its components and it is

accurate due to its exact electronic circuits. The simulation of

the proposed system has been developed using Matlab/Simu-

link Package. The originality of our work focused in the first

part on the identification of the different parameters of each

subsystem separately before its installation in the site. This

has allowed us to obtain a real model with all its parameters,

which has been validated experimentally. In the second part,

the design and the installation of various voltage and current

sensors, data acquisition in LabVIEW environment using NI

instruments card that allowedus tohave real-timedata,which

permitted better management and processing. Finally, the

overall system can be designed and installed for higher power

and can be considered as a prototype for the development of

multi-sources renewable energy systems.

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