MLA Quick Reference and Citation Guide MLA QUICK REFERENCE AND CITATION GUIDE Overview ....................................................................................................... 2 In-text citations: General notes ...................................................................... 2 Placement of in-text references .............................................................................. 2 Providing page numbers ......................................................................................... 3 Citing multiple sources............................................................................................ 3 Secondary citations ................................................................................................ 3 Citing works by the same author............................................................................. 3 Citing works by authors with the same surname..................................................... 4 Citing quotations ..................................................................................................... 4 Footnotes................................................................................................................ 4 In-text citations: Examples ............................................................................. 5 Reference list: General notes ......................................................................... 7 Format .................................................................................................................... 7 Capitalisation .......................................................................................................... 7 Order of entries ....................................................................................................... 7 Subdivisions............................................................................................................ 8 Authors’ names ....................................................................................................... 8 Place of publication................................................................................................. 8 Publisher’s name .................................................................................................... 8 Other kinds of source lists ...................................................................................... 9 Reference list: Examples ................................................................................ 9 Periodicals .............................................................................................................. 9 Books.................................................................................................................... 10 Encyclopaedias and dictionaries........................................................................... 14 Websites ............................................................................................................... 14 Technical and research reports ............................................................................ 15 Working papers..................................................................................................... 15 Meetings and symposia ........................................................................................ 15 Theses and dissertations ...................................................................................... 15 Audiovisual media................................................................................................. 16 Blog posts and internet message boards.............................................................. 17 Legal and public documents ................................................................................. 17 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................... 18
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Secondary citations ................................................................................................ 3 Citing works by the same author ............................................................................. 3 Citing works by authors with the same surname..................................................... 4
Reference list: General notes ......................................................................... 7
Format .................................................................................................................... 7 Capitalisation .......................................................................................................... 7
Order of entries ....................................................................................................... 7
Subdivisions............................................................................................................ 8 Authors’ names ....................................................................................................... 8 Place of publication ................................................................................................. 8 Publisher’s name .................................................................................................... 8
Other kinds of source lists ...................................................................................... 9
Books .................................................................................................................... 10 Encyclopaedias and dictionaries........................................................................... 14
Websites ............................................................................................................... 14 Technical and research reports ............................................................................ 15 Working papers ..................................................................................................... 15 Meetings and symposia ........................................................................................ 15
Theses and dissertations ...................................................................................... 15 Audiovisual media ................................................................................................. 16 Blog posts and internet message boards .............................................................. 17
Legal and public documents ................................................................................. 17 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................... 18
When citing works by different authors with the same surname, their first initials must
be used to distinguish between them, even if the years of publication are different. For
example:
(R. Carr; E. H. Carr)
Citing quotations
In shorter quotations, the author’s name should precede the quotation, and the page
number should be listed at the end. For example:
Orsini argues that ‘it is important to learn how to reference correctly’ (78).
Quotations that extend for more than four lines when they are run into the text should
be formatted as block quotations. The citation can be formatted in a manner similar to
the above, with the closing punctuation for the block quotation appearing before the
page number. For example:
Pérez Collado explained the following:
The group that went, we went as a man. We went, not as soldiers, because
we did not consider ourselves to be soldiers, but as a group. And I tell you,
there were ten of us, as we considered that there were ten of us, nine men
and a woman! (p. 57)
Footnotes
Two kinds of footnotes may be used in MLA:
Content notes provide comment, explanation or information that the text cannot accommodate. They should only be used if they provide essential justification or clarification of what you have written, for example, to give full publication facts for an original source for which you have cited a secondary source or to explain why you worked from secondary material.
Bibliographic notes are used for references containing several sources or for evaluative comments on sources.
Australian House of Representatives (Australia, House of Representatives )
Notes: a If you are citing a commonly studied prose work that is available in several editions, add the chapter number or any other identifying
information you can. In citing commonly studied verse plays and poems, omit page numbers and cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part)
and line) separated by full stops. If you are citing only line numbers, use the word ‘line’ or ‘lines’ for the first citation only. For unpaginated
sources, use the chapter number or similar designation. b The full title (if brief) or a shortened version is used unless the title appears in your text. c It is better to use a long name in the text, but if you give the name in a parenthetical citation, shorten terms that are commonly abbreviated. d If
an author has multiple publications in the list of works cited, include the title (if brief) or a shortened version in the parenthetical citation.
Overview .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
In-text citations: General notes ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Placement of in-text references ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Providing page numbers .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing multiple sources ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Secondary citations .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing works by the same author in the same year ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing works by authors with the same surname .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Citing quotations............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Footnotes ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
In-text citations: Examples .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reference list: General notes ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Format .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Capitalisation .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Order of entries ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Authors’ names ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Place of publication .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reference list: Examples ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Periodicals ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Books ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Websites .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Technical and research reports ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Meetings and symposia .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Theses or dissertations .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Reviews and peer commentary ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Audiovisual media ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Datasets, software and apparatus .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Blog posts/internet message boards ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Legal and public documents ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Miscellaneous .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Notes: a In APA, when inserting further bracketed text (e.g. ‘ABS’) inside rounded brackets (), use square brackets []; b ‘para.’ can be used instead of ‘p.’ for online sources that do not have page numbers (see Section 6.05 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed, for further details).
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.
Book (two authors)
Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. 2007. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf.
Book (three authors)
Lewis, Barry, Robern Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore. 2009. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Book (four or more authors)
Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson and Project Management Institute. 2009. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
Group as author
Museum Victoria. 2000. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria.
No author
Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. 2010. Bentley, WA: Curtin University.
Editor, translator or compiler instead of author
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Editor etc. as well as author
García Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.
Chapter in a book
Kelly, John D. 2010. ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’. In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Electronic version of a book
Kurland, Philip B. and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. ‘The Market in Plato’s Republic’. Classical Philology 104 (1): 439–58.
Article in an online journal, no issue number
Kossinets Gueorgi and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’. American Journal of Sociology 115: 411–23. Accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.
Theses or dissertations
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. ‘Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty’ (PhD thesis, University of Chicago).
Conference papers
Adelman, Rachel. 2009. ‘“Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On”: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition’. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 21–24 November.
Newspaper and magazine articles
These may be cited in running text instead of a note (e.g. ‘as Michelle Grattan recently noted
in an article in The Age on 25 January 2010...’). These may also be omitted from the
bibliography. If a more formal bibliographic reference is required, use the following format.
If the article was accessed online, include the URL after the date. If no author is identified,
alphabetise according to the article title.
Vedelago, Chris and Nino Bucci. 2015. ‘Border Force Under Fire over Arrest’. Sunday Age, 13 September.
Websites
As with newspaper and magazine articles, websites may be mentioned in the text or a note.
If a citation is required, use the following format. Include the date of access if possible, as
Overview .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Footnotes: General notes ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Notes: Examples ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Bibliography: General notes ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Types ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Format .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Capitalisation .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Order ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Subdivisions ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Authors’ names ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Place of publication .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Bibliography: Examples ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Books ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Journal articles ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Theses or dissertations .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Conference papers ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Newspaper or magazine articles ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Online sources ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Media ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Legal documents .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Miscellaneous .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
‘Chicago-style referencing’ can refer to one of two referencing systems recommended by
The Chicago Manual of Style (2010): (1) Author-Date Referencing or (2) Notes and
Bibliography. The following guide is for the Chicago Notes and Bibliography Referencing
System. Please note that British/Australian English punctuation is used throughout this
guide. The rules for punctuation in American English are slightly different.
The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in
literature, history and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and,
often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less
appropriate to the author-date system.
Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or
any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way
proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how
and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this
should be placed.
Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing
example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how
each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether
publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single ‘ ’ or double
“ ”?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word,
and so forth).
Footnotes: General notes
The major features of footnotes in Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Referencing Style are:
The notes can be footnotes, placed at the foot of the page in which the note appears, or endnotes, placed at the end of the document. Endnotes can also be placed at the end of each chapter, particularly when the chapters are written by different authors.
The note flag is placed after punctuation, like this.1 This is incorrect1.
Multiple citations can be included in one note, separated by a semi-colon.
In notes, author names are presented in the order First Last (e.g. Jane Smith and Tom Franklin). In the reference list, the first author’s name is inverted to Smith, Jane.
Page ranges should include only the necessary numbers (e.g. 20–2, 121–3, 16–22).
For subsequent citations, use the authors’ last names (family names) and a short title. You should use ‘quotation marks’ or italics for the title, as in the first citation. For example, a book uses italics, while a journal article uses ‘quotation marks’.
If you are citing the same source two or more times consecutively, use Ibid. for subsequent citations, rather than the author names and short title. If the page number is different, this should be noted (e.g. Ibid., 23).
All effort should be made to track down original sources. When the original source is not available, its author(s) and year of publication should be cited with a secondary source.
Periodicals Citing for the first time Subsequently
Journal article, with doi
Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’, American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.
Kossinets and Watts, ‘Origins of Homophily’, 439.
Journal article, with non-English title, no doi
Irmela Von Der Luhe, ‘I Without Guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann’s Frankfurt Lectures on Poetics’, translated by M.T. Kraus, New German Critique 8, no. 27 (1982): 31.
Von Der Luhe, ‘I Without Guarantees’, 33.
Journal article, in print, accessed online
Frank P. Whitney, ‘The Six-Year High School in Cleveland’, School Review 37, no. 4 (1929): 268, http://www.jstor.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/1078814.
Whitney, ‘The Six-Year High School’, 269.
Journal, special issue
Sharon Sassler, ‘Learning to Be an “American Lady”? Ethnic Variation in Daughters’ Pursuits in the Early 1900s’, in ‘Emergent and Reconfigured Forms of Family Life’, ed. Lora Bex Lempert and Marjorie L. DeVault, special issue, Gender and Society 14, no. 1 (2000): 201–2, http://www.jstor.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/190427.
Sassler, ‘Learning to Be an “American Lady”’, 201.
Newspaper article, retrieved online
Julie Bosman, ‘Jets? Yes! Sharks? ¡Sí! in Bilingual “West Side”’, New York Times, 17 July 17 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/theater/17bway.html.
Bosman, ‘Jets?’.
Newsletter article, no author
‘Pushcarts Evolve to Trendy Kiosks’, Lake Forester (Lake Forest, IL), 23 March 23 2000. ‘Pushcarts to Evolve’.
Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006): 99–100.
Note: For two to three authors, list all authors in the bibliography, initial and subsequent notes. For four or more, list all authors in the bibliography, and use ‘first author et al.’ for the initial and subsequent notes. For second or subsequent editions, insert (2nd ed.) immediately preceding the book title, followed by the year of publication (in the initial note).
Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
Citing for the first time Subsequently
Book with translator and author
Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.
Book, electronic version of a print book
Elliot Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartók (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.001.0001.
Antokoletz, Musical Symbolism.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), Microsoft Reader e-book, chap. 23. Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chap. 24.
Electronic-only book, no date of publication
Grant Ian Thrall, Land Use and Urban Form (New York: Methuen, 1987), http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Thrallbook/Land%20Use%20and%20Urban%20Form.pdf.
Thrall, Land Use.
Andres R. Edwards, Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2010), 34, Kindle eBook.
Edwards, Thriving Beyond Sustainability, 32.
Chapter in book—one editor
R.A. Emmons, ‘The Personal Strivings Approach to Personality’, in Goal concepts in personality and social psychology, ed. L. A. Pervin, (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989), 50.
Emmons, ‘The Personal Strivings Approach’, 51.
Chapter in book—multiple editors
John D. Kelly, ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’, in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.
Note: All editor names would appear in the bibliography entry.
Kelly, ‘Seeing Red’, 81–81.
Chapter in multi-volume book
James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 205. McPherson, Ordeal, 206.
Online resources Citing for the first time Subsequently
Entry in an online reference work, no author, no date
eMelbourne: The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, s.v. ‘Street Lighting’, accessed 19 June 2010, http://www.emelbourne.net.au.
Note: This entry would not be included in the bibliography.
eMelbourne.
Webpage with author (and known date)
Mister Jalopy, ‘Effulgence of the North: Storefront Arctic Panorama in Los Angeles’, Dinosaurs and Robots, last modified 30 January 30 2009, http://www.dinosaursandrobots.com/2009/01/effulgence-of-north-storefront-arctic.html.
Jalopy, ‘Effulgence’.
Webpage with known date (and no known author)
‘Illinois Governor Wants to “Fumigate” State’s Government’, CNN.com, last modified 30 January, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/30/illinois.governor.quinn/.
‘Illinois Governor Wants to “Fumigate”’.
Government reports Citing for the first time Subsequently
Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results (ABS Cat. No. 4326.0) (Canberra: ABS, 2007).
ABS, National Survey.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Young Homeless People in Australia 2001-02 (Canberra, 2003), 20.
AIHW, Young Homeless People, 33.
Meetings and symposia Citing for the first time Subsequently
Conference paper in print proceedings
Kamal Singh and Gary Best, ‘Film Induced Tourism: Motivations of Visitors to the Hobbiton Movie Set as Featured in “The Lord of the Rings”’, in Proceedings of the 1st International Tourism and Media Conference, Melbourne, 2004, 98–111, (Melbourne: Tourism Research Unit, Monash University, 2004), 44.
Singh and Best, ‘Film Induced Tourism’, 50.
Conference proceedings
Kira Hall, Michael Meacham and Richard Shapiro (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Theoretical Issues in Language Reconstruction, February 18–20, 1989, (Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1989), 24.
Hall, Meacham and Shapiro, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of Berkeley Linguistics Society, 60.
Dissertations and theses Citing for the first time Subsequently
Unpublished dissertation/ thesis
Stephanie Lynn Budin, ‘The Origins of Aphrodite’ (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000), 301–2. Budin, ‘The Origins of Aphrodite’, 58.
Published dissertation/ thesis
Shakela Carion Johnson, ‘An Examination of the Social Characteristics and Beliefs of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth’, (PhD thesis, Auburn University, 2007) 60–63, http://search.proquest.com/docview/30489730?accountid=12528.
Johnson, ‘An Examination of the Social Characteristics’, 78.
Audiovisual media Citing for the first time Subsequently
Film The Secret of Roan Inish, dir. by John Sayles (1993; Columbia TriStar, 2000 DVD).
Note: Provide 1) the title, 2) the director, 3) theatrical release date, 4) if viewed as dvd or video, specify the distributor, date of dvd or video release, and format.
The Secret of Roan Inish.
Podcast ‘Facebook Pages reveal not so social media’, 7.30 (Sydney, ABC, 11 October 11 2012), Vodcast. http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/news/730/video/201210/730s_Facebook_1110_512k.mp4
7.30, ‘Facebook Pages’.
Personal communication
Karl Sanders, email correspondence (October 22, 2012).
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.
Book (two authors)
Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.
Book (three authors)
Lewis, Barry, Robern Jurmain and Lynn Kilgore. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009.
Book (four or more authors)
Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson and Project Management Institute. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, 2009.
Group as author
Museum Victoria. Bunjilaka: The Aboriginal Centre at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne: Museum Victoria, 2000.
No author
Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. Bentley, WA: Curtin University, 2010.
Editor, translator or compiler instead of author
Lattimore, Richmond, trans., The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Editor etc. as well as author
García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape, 1988.
Chapter in a book
Kelly, John D. ‘Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War’. In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Electronic version of a book
Kurland, Philip B. and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed 28 February 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Weinstein, Joshua I. ‘The Market in Plato’s Republic’. Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.
Article in an online journal
Kossinets Gueorgi and Duncan J. Watts. ‘Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network’. American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed 28 February 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.
Theses or dissertations
Choi, Mihwa. ‘Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty’ (PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 2008.)
Conference papers
Adelman, Rachel. ‘“Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On”: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition’. Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 21–24 November 2009.
Newspaper or magazine articles
These may be cited in running text instead of a note (e.g. ‘as Michelle Grattan recently noted
in an article in The Age on 25 January 2010...’). These may also be omitted from the
bibliography. If a more formal bibliographic reference is required, use the following format.
If the article was accessed online, include the URL after the date. If no author is identified,
alphabetise according to the article title.
Vedelago, Chris and Nino Bucci. ‘Border Force Under Fire over Arrest’. Sunday Age, 13 September 2015.
Online sources Website
As with newspaper and magazine articles, websites may be mentioned in the text or a note.
If a more format citation is required, use the following format. Include the date of access if
possible, as website content can be subject to change.
Google. ‘Google Privacy Policy’. Accessed 11 March 2009. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
Blogs, emails, text messages
These items are normally cited in the text (‘In the blog, The Thesis Whisperer...’; ‘In an email
to the author...’; ‘In a text message to the author...’) and are not included in a bibliography.
Wadhams, Steve. 2012. ‘Voices of Canadian Veterans of the Spanish Civil War’ (podcast audio). Recorded 9 November. http://www.cbc.ca/asithappens/features/2012/11/09/voices-of-canadian-veterans-of-the-spanish-civil-war/.
Television broadcast
Blake, John, and David Hart (directors). 1983. The Spanish Civil War. Granada Television Productions, VHS.
Film or dictionary
Hogan, James P (director). 1937. The Last Train from Madrid. Ashfault’s Classic Movies, 2008, DVD.
Radio programme
Bragg, Melvyn (host). 2003. The Spanish Civil War. BBC Radio 4, 3 April, Radio broadcast.
Online video
Finlay, Frank (narrator). 1983. ‘Prelude to Tragedy’. Episode 1 of The Spanish Civil War. Granada Television Productions, 21 December 2010. http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/the-spanish-civil-war-episode-01-prelude-to-tragedy-video_39fd3b325.html
Press, media or news release
ICP (International Center of Photography). 2007. ‘Other Weapons: Photography and Culture during the Spanish Civil War’. Press release. www.icp.org/sites/default/files/exhibition_pdfs/ow_PRESS.PDF.
Legal documents
Legal and public documents do not need to be included in the reference list unless they are
published in a secondary source.
Miscellaneous Pamphlet or newsletter
Carroll, Peter N., ed. 2012. The Volunteer: Vol. XXIX, No. 4, December 2012. http://www.albavolunteer.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Volunteer-2012-4.pdf.
Lecture, lecture notes, study guide or course materials
Preston, Paul. 2011. ‘The Spanish Holocaust: Hate and Extermination in the Spanish Civil War’. Lecture at Swansea University, Swansea, 12 July.
Feldmeth, Greg D. 1998. ‘Key Events and Battles: Spanish-American War’. Lecture notes. http://www.myhistoryclass.net/classnotes.htm.
Secondary citations .......................................................................................................... 3 Citing works by the same author in the same year ........................................................... 3 Citing works by authors with the same surname .............................................................. 3
Reference list: General notes ................................................................................. 6
Format .............................................................................................................................. 6
Capitalisation .................................................................................................................... 6 Order of entries ................................................................................................................ 6
Authors’ names ................................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7 Place of publication .......................................................................................................... 7
Technical and research reports—online ........................................................................... 9 Government and research reports—print ......................................................................... 9
Government and research reports—online .................................................................... 10 Meetings and symposia .................................................................................................. 10
Theses or dissertations .................................................................................................. 10 Audiovisual media .......................................................................................................... 10 Datasets and software .................................................................................................... 11 Blogs, blog posts and social media ................................................................................ 11 Legal sources ................................................................................................................. 11
Artistic and other visual materials ................................................................................... 12 Patents ........................................................................................................................... 12
2–3 authors Walsh, Bradley and Soo (2015) Walsh, Bradley and Soo (2015) (Walsh, Bradley & Soo 2015) (Walsh, Bradley & Soo 2015)
4+ authors Soo et al. (2015) Soo et al. (2015) (Soo et al. 2015) (Soo et al. 2015)
Groups, with abbreviation
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS 2015)
ABS (2015) (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] 2015)a
(ABS 2015)
Groups, no abbreviation
University of South Australia (2015) University of South Australia (2015) (University of South Australia 2015) (University of South Australia 2015)
Special citations As part of a sentence In brackets As part of a sentence In brackets
Two or more works by the same author
Zhou (2014; 2015) and Soo et al. (2015a; 2015c)b
(Soo et al. 2015a, 2015c; Zhou 2014, 2015)
Citing in parenthetical material
The complete data can be seen in Table 2 of ABS (2010a)
(see Table 2 of ABS 2010a, for complete data)
Different authors with the same surname (different years)
Walker (2005) and Walker (2010)
(Walker 2005; Walker 2010) Different authors with the same surname (same years)
Adam Walker (2005) and Karen Walker (2005)
(Adam Walker 2005; Karen Walker 2005)
Secondary sources
Rutherford (1952 cited in Zhou 2015, p. 60)
(Rutherford 1952 cited in Zhou 2015, p. 60)
Personal communication
T Burke (2013, pers. comm. 17 July)
(T Burke 2013, pers. comm. 17 July)
Notes: a In Harvard, when inserting further bracketed text (e.g. ‘ABS’) inside rounded brackets (), use square brackets []; b Sources should be listed chronologically (e.g. 2001, 2015).
Harvard style requires your reference list to be left aligned and single spaced with one line
space between each entry. For example:
Alexander, RJ 1999, The anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, vol. 1, Janus Publishing Company, London.
Balcells, L 2012, ‘Violence and displacement in Civil War: evidence from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)’, Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series 603, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Barcelona.
United Nations Women (UN Women) 2011, Progress of the world’s women: in pursuit of justice, Author, New York.
Capitalisation
In the reference list, use sentence case (e.g. The last train from Madrid) for all titles except
journals, which should appear in title case (e.g. Feminist Studies). Always capitalise proper
nouns (e.g. Spain or the Civil War).
Do not capitalise the first word after a colon (e.g. Red Spanish notebook: the first six months
of the Revolution and the Civil War).
Unless they are the first word of a title, do not capitalise words such as ‘the’, ‘a’ or ‘an’, any
prepositions (e.g. ‘for’, ‘under’ or ‘on’) or any conjunctions (e.g. ‘but’ and ‘and’).
Order of entries
References must be ordered alphabetically. Multiple publications by the same author/s
published in the same year should be ordered alphabetically by title. For example:
Preston, P 2004a, Juan Carlos: a people’s king, HarperCollins, London.
Preston, P 2004b, Juan Carlos: steering Spain from dictatorship to democracy, W. W. Norton & Co, London.
Multiple works by the same author/s published in different years should be ordered
chronologically in ascending order. For example:
Preston, P 2008, We saw Spain die: foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. Constable and Robinson, London.
Preston, P 2012, The Spanish holocaust, W. W. Norton & Co, New York.
All authors’ surnames should be listed first, followed by a comma and then their initials,
which should be presented without full stops and with no spaces between them if there is
more than one initial (i.e. Carr, EH). First names are not required. An ampersand should be
used between the second last and last author names. For example:
Radosh, R, Habeck, M & Sevostianov, G 2001, Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War, Yale University Press, New Haven.
When an author that is an organisation is commonly known by an acronym, such as the
United Nations (UN), define the acronym in the first citation (if it has not already been defined
in the body text); always define the acronym in the reference list entry, even if it has been
defined in the body text. For example:
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 1946, The Spanish question, S/RES/7 (1946), 26 June, viewed 23 April 2012, http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1946/scres46.htm
For the first citation if the organisation acronym has not already been defined in the body
text, define the acronym in the citation. For example:
(United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 1946)
For subsequent citations after the acronym has been defined, cite the work using the
acronym. For example:
(UNSC 1946)
Abbreviations
The following are examples of common abbreviations that can be used in a reference list:
ed. editor
edn edition
eds editors
n.d. no date
p. (pp.) page (pages)
rev. revised
trans. translated
vol. Volume
vols Volumes
no. Number
Place of publication
Always include the city name after the publisher. It is not necessary to include the state or
country name unless the city can be confused with another city by the same name (for
example, Cambridge, MA versus Cambridge, United Kingdom).
Evans, L & Hill, L 2011, ‘The electoral and political implications of reserved seats for Indigenous Australians’, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 491–505, doi:10.1080/10361146.2012.704004.
Journal article, in print, accessed online
Smith, B & Navarro, J 2014, ‘Integrating public relations education?’, International Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 7–17, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=27&sid=5bf33a15-f6a7-4c0a-9562-7dbe540ae58e%40sessionmgr114&hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=100093354.
Newspaper article, retrieved online
Mannheim, M 2014, ‘Budget to cut 16,500 public service jobs’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 May, viewed 10 March 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/business/federal-budget/budget-to-cut-16500-public-service-jobs-20140513-387zf.html.
Newspaper article, no author
‘Tech spots a bright spot on ASX’ 2015, The Australian Financial Review, 31 August, viewed 2 September 2015, http://www.afr.com/technology/tech-stocks-recommended-after-promising-reporting-season-20150825-gj7alw.
Books Book, second or later edition
Newsom, D & Haynes, J 2011, Public relations writing: form and style, 9th edn, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston.
Book, electronic version of a print book
Hodges, C & Edwards, L 2011, Public relations, society & culture: theoretical and empirical explorations, ebook, Routledge, London, viewed 10 August 2015, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=57&sid=5bf33a15-f6a7-4c0a-9562-7dbe540ae58e%40sessionmgr114 &hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=358174&db=nlebk.
Electronic book accessed via e-book reader
Hodges, C & Edwards, L 2011, Public relations, society and culture: theoretical and empirical explorations, e-book, Routledge, London, Kindle Edition.
Translated book
Habermas, J 1979, Communication and the evolution of society, trans. T McCarthy, Beacon Press, Boston.
Moyn, S 2012, ‘Bearing witness: theological roots of a new secular morality’, in D Stone (ed.), The Holocaust and historical mythology, Berghan, New York, pp. 55–70.
Chapter in book—multiple editors (eds)
Mackey, S 2012, ‘Public affairs and civil society’, in M Sheehan & P Sekuless (eds), The influence seekers, Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne, pp. 15–30.
Edited volume in a multi-volume set
Thomas, RM (ed.) 1990, The encyclopedia of human development and education, vol. 1, Advances in Education, Elsevier, Boston.
Entry in an online reference work, no author, no date
‘Ostensible’ n.d., Oxford English dictionary online, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ostensible.
Reference book
VandenBos, GR (ed.) 2007, APA dictionary of psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington DC.
Websites
McCrindle Research 2015, Communications, viewed 31 August 2015, http://mccrindle.com.au/research-communication-and-data-visualisation.
Technical and research reports—online
Victorian Department of Justice 2015, Patterns of recidivism among prisoners released from custody in Victoria in 2002–03, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.corrections.vic.gov.au/utility/publications+manuals+and+statistics/who+returns+to+prison.
Government and research reports—print
ABS—see Australian Bureau of Statistics1
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, cat. no. 4326.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
Goodrum, D, Hackling, M & Rennie, L 2000, The status and quality of teaching and learning of science in Australian schools, report,2 Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra.
1 Provide the reference list entry under the full name of the organisation or agency. If an abbreviation is used in the in-text citations, include the abbreviation in the reference list, with a cross-reference to the full entry. 2 Insert report, research report, discussion paper, working paper, occasional paper, fact sheet, white/green paper or media release as necessary, if not in title.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, 4326.0 National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, viewed 2 August 2015, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4326.0.
Cashmore, J, Parkinson, P, Weston, R, Patulny, R, Redmond, G, Qu, L, Baxter, J, Rajkovic, M, Sitek, T & Katz, I 2010, Shared care parenting arrangements since the 2006 Family Law reforms: report to the Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, viewed 17 January 2012, http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/File/AG_Shared_Care.PDF.
Meetings and symposia Conference paper, published online
Akinyemi, A 2003, ‘Web-based learning and cultural interference: perspectives of Arab students’, paper presented at the Sixteenth Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, 30 June, Miama, FL, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.editlib.org/p/12239.
Proceedings, published in book form
Roberts, T, Rosati, J & Wang, P (eds.) 2011, Proceedings: symposium to honor Dr Nicholas Kraus, 14 April, Coastal Education and Research Foundation, West Palm Beach, FL.
Theses or dissertations In print
Brook, M 2013, Popular history and fiction: the myth of August the Strong in German literature, art, and media, doctoral thesis, Oxford University, London.
Iftikhar, A 2008, Advertising message and customer satisfaction: a case of LIDL Sweden, master’s thesis, Mälardalen University, Sweden.
Online
Clare, K 2010, ‘Creative’ careers: gender, social networks and labour market inequality, doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, viewed 10 August 2015, http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597698.
From database
Kato, SF 2011, The popular music canon and the neglect of mainstream rock, master’s thesis, California State University, Fullerton (online Proquest).
Audiovisual media DVD
Sinise, G (dir) 1992, Of mice and men, DVD, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, US.
Podcast
PR Week 2015, ‘Jessica Alba’s Honest Company has a sunscreen fail’, The PR Week, podcast, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.prweek.com/us/podcasts
Pew Hispanic Center 2004, ‘Changing channels and crisscrossing cultures: a survey of Latinos on the news media’, electronic dataset, doi:10.3886/ICPSR30122.v2.
Software
InMagic DB/Textworks 2014, Version 8, software, Lucedia, Richmond, Canada.
Blogs, blog posts and social media Blog
Fogarty, M 2015, Grammar Girl, web log, viewed 31 August 2015, http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/grammar-girl.
Blog post
Fogarty, M 2015, ‘Fictitious? Fictional? What’s the difference’, Grammar Girl, web log post, 21 August, viewed 1 September 2015, http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/fictional-versus-fictitious-0.
Social media
Shorten, B 2015, Facebook update, 31 August, viewed 1 September 2015, https://www.facebook.com/BillShorten.
YouTube
desoriented 2010, Sociology: the feminist perspective, online video, viewed 1 September 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xorqPUYu_SE
Legal sources Court decisions
Case name [year] Unique court identifier Judgement number3
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI [2009] HCA 39
Statutes
Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cwlth)4
Unenacted federal bills and resolutions
Parliament of Australia 2014, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Amendment (A Stronger Land Account) Bill 2005
3 If the information is a direct quotation from a judgement, the in-text citation must include a pinpoint. For example, (Metro Trains Melbourne Pty Ltd v Marotta [2012] FWA 432, para. 82). 4 Bills and Acts must be listed in a separate section of the reference list. This section should be labelled ‘Legislation’.
Bell, J (dir.) 2015, The tempest, by W Shakespeare, theatre performance, 21 August, Bell Shakespeare Company, Sydney Opera House.
Theatre programmes
Bell, J (dir.) 2015, The tempest, by W Shakespeare, programme, 21 August, Bell Shakespeare Company, Sydney Opera House.
Musical scores
Beck, C & Whedon, J 2002, Once more with feeling, Los Angeles.
Artworks
Green, R 2009, Vernon, linocut, exhibited at Deakin University Art Gallery, Melbourne Burwood Campus, viewed 27 October 2010.
Artworks, viewed as part of exhibition
Wilingar, M 1937, Ngarra minytji (Ngarra ceremony design), natural pigments on bark, Transformations: early bark paintings from Arnhem Land, held at the Ian Potter Museum of Art, University of Melbourne, 13 November 2013 – 23 February 2014.
Maps
Flinders, M 1814, Chart of Terra Australia. Sheet VI, South coast, cartographic material, National Library of Australia, retrieved 21 November 2013, <http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-t576>.
Patents
Derech Hagav Ltd 2012, Determining timing for cleaning electricity generating solar panels, Australian filed patent number 2012330715, filed 11 April 2012, viewed 1 September 2015, http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2012330715
Webpages/websites ......................................................................................................... 6 Technical and research reports ........................................................................................ 6 Meetings and symposia .................................................................................................... 7
Theses or dissertations .................................................................................................... 7 Audiovisual media ............................................................................................................ 8
Datasets and software ...................................................................................................... 8 Blog posts, internet message boards ............................................................................... 8
Legislative materials ......................................................................................................... 8 Unpublished works ........................................................................................................... 9
In IEEE referencing, references are numbered sequentially in the order they are cited and
placed at the end of your document. When citing a reference, you insert the corresponding
number of the reference, in square brackets [ ], in a suitable place in the sentence.
Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or
any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way
proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how
and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this
should be placed.
Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing
example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how
each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether
publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single ‘ ’ or double
“ ”?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word,
and so forth).
In-text citations: General notes
The major features of in-text citations following the IEEE Referencing Style are:
citations appear inside punctuation (i.e. ‘this is correct [3].’ ‘This is not correct. [5]’)
a space should appear before any citation (i.e. ‘this is correct [3]’; ‘this is not correct[5]’)
grammatically, in-text citation numbers should be used as if they are nouns rather than footnote numbers (see ‘Examples’ following)
references only appear once in a reference list; if you wish to cite a reference again that you have already cited earlier in your document, use the number already assigned to it in your reference list; do not add the reference to your list a second time. For example:
o In your ‘Introduction’:
‘… has often been noted, especially by Berry [12]’
Grammatically, in-text citation numbers may be treated as if they are footnote numbers or as nouns—the latter method is preferred and
should be used except in cases in which the name/s of the author/s is necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
Standard citations Preferred method If author/s must be named
1 author … in [15] Walker [15] asserts …
2 authors … as noted in [16] and in [21]–[32] Bradley and Walker [16] calculated …
3–5 authors As is proposed in [6], [32] and [18], … As Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez and Walker [17] proposed …
6+ authors For instance, see [11] … Soo et al. [18] observed …
Special citations Two or more works by the same author
Zhou [21], [42] produced …
Citing specific parts of works
Walker [15, pp. 3–12]
… as noted in [16, Sec. 4.2] and [21, Ch. 3, p. 67],
In [63, Fig. 1], it can be seen …
(as in [18, p. 45] and [19, eq. (2)])
The complete data can be seen in [19, Table 2]
(see [24, Sect. 4.5] for complete data)
… as shown in [16, Appendix 1], …
Authors with the same surname
A. Walker [5] and K. Walker [10] both assert …
Secondary sources IEEE does not permit the use of secondary sources; you should refer to the primary source and cite that source following these guidelines.
Personal communications
These require no special treatment. References to personal communications should appear in your ‘References’ section and be cited following these guidelines.
The major features of references formatted according to the IEEE Referencing Style are:
spaced (i.e. ‘A. B.’ not ‘A.B.’) author initials are used instead of given names
author initials appear before family names
book and journal titles are in italics
chapter titles, article titles, conference paper titles and similar are placed within double quotation marks
if there are more than six authors listed, only the first author’s name should be given followed by ‘et al.’
the names of university schools, conferences and the like are abbreviated following the IEEE Editorial Style Manual (https://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf).
A serial (‘list’) comma should be used before ‘and’ in author lists of three or more: ‘A. Smith,
B. C. Jones, and D. Wilson’ (not ‘A. Smith, B. C. Jones and D. Wilson’).
References are listed by number in the order in which they are first cited in the main text.
References should only appear once in the reference list—subsequent citations to a
reference should refer to the original number assigned to that reference.
When a month of publication is required, the month name should be abbreviated to the first
three letters (i.e. ‘Jan.’, ‘Feb.’, ‘Jul.’ etc.).
Reference list: Examples
Periodicals
Journal titles should be abbreviated according to https://www.ieee.org/documents/trans_
journal_names.pdf or http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp. Give the full title if you are unable to
locate the abbreviation.
Journal article
T. M. Amabile, K. G. Hill, B. A. Hennessey, and E. M. Tighe, “The work preference inventory:
Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations,” J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., vol. 66, no.
5, pp. 950–967, May 1994.
Journal article, non-English title, article not in English
C. Argyris, “Kepribadian dan organisasi teori ditinjau” [Personality and organisation theory
revisited], (in Indonesian), Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 18, pp. 141–167, 1973.
Journal article, in print, accessed online
H. S. Gibbons and G. P. Wentworth, “Andrological and pedagogical training differences for
online instructors,” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, vol. 4, no. 3, Fall 2001.
Websites .......................................................................................................................... 7 Technical and research reports ........................................................................................ 7
Meetings and symposia .................................................................................................... 7 Dissertations and theses .................................................................................................. 7 Audiovisual media ............................................................................................................ 7
Standard citations Standard method If author/s are named in-text
1 author … this was found in one study (15). Walker (15) asserts …
2 authors Several studies (13, 15) have examined the effect of congestion … Bradley and Walker (16) calculated …
3–5 authors As is proposed in previous research (6–9, 13, 15) … As Walsh, Bradley, Soo, Ramirez and Walker (17) proposed …
6+ authors Recent research (1) indicates … Soo et al (18) observed …
Special citations Two or more works by the same author
Zhou (21, 42) produced …
Citing specific parts of works
Walker (15, pp.3–12)
… as noted in (16, Sec. 4.2) and (21, Ch. 3, p.67),
In (63, Fig. 1), it can be seen …
as in (18, p.45) and (19, eq. [2])
The complete data can be seen in (19, Table 2)
see (24, Sect. 4.5) for complete data
… as shown in (16, Appendix 1), …
Authors with the same surname
A Walker (5) and K Walker (10) both assert …
Secondary sources
Whenever possible, you should refer to the primary source and cite that source following these guidelines. If not possible, you can format as follows: ‘According to Orsini as cited by Holding et al (7), most cats prefer sunny climates.’
Personal communications
Emails are cited like any other work and included in the Reference List. All other personal communication should acknowledged within the text main in parentheses. For example: ‘…this information was conveyed in a letter (Aguilera, Christina. Letter to: Britney Spears. 2012 Mar 03. 4 pages.).’
Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, Tighe EM. The work preference inventory: Assessing
intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc Psychol.1994;66(5):950–67.
doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950
Note: Journal names are always abbreviated according to the National Library of Medicine format; see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals for a searchable list of journal names and their abbreviations.
Note: Most biomedical journals specify that for references with more than either three or six authors, the first three or six names are given, followed by et al., rather than the complete list of authors. The journal of publisher’s website will provide this information in their Guide to Authors. For example, for a journal that requires the first three author names: Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, et al. The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc Psychol.1994;66:950–67.
Note: If the journal has continuous page numbers throughout each volume, the issue number can be omitted: for example, Amabile TM, Hill KG, Hennessey BA, Tighe EM. The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. J Pers Soc Psychol.1994;66:950–67.
Journal article, published electronically ahead of the print version
Cropley VL, Lin A, Nelson B, Reniers RL, Yung AR, Bartholomeusz CF, et al. Baseline grey
matter volume of non-transitioned ‘ultra high risk’ for psychosis individuals with and without
attenuated psychotic symptoms at long-term follow-up. Schizophr Res. 2015; May 29. doi:
10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.014. [Epub ahead of print]
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum;
1988.
Note: When preparing a reference list for a book or book chapter, many publishers ask that for references with more than either three or six authors, only the first three or six names are given, followed by et al., rather than the complete list of authors. The publisher’s guidelines for authors will indicate the format required.
Book, electronic version of a print book
Griffin E. A first look at communication theory. 7th ed. [internet]. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill;
2000. Available from: http://www.afirstlook.com/edition_7/book
Translation of a book
Luria AR. The mind of a mnemonist [L. Soltaroff, trans]. New York: Avon Books; 1969.
Chapter in book—one editor
Emmons RA. The personal strivings approach to personality. In: LA Pervin, editor. Goal
concepts in personality and social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1989.
Chapter in book—multiple editors
Baard P. Intrinsic need satisfaction in organizations: A motivational basis of success in for-
profit and not-for-profit settings. In R. Deci, E. Ryan, editors. Handbook of self-determination
research. New York: The University of Rochester Press; 2002.
Chapter in multi-volume book (Vol. 6, pp. 191–233)
Daft RL, Lengel RH. Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and
organization design. In: BM Staw, LL Cummings, editors. Research in organizational
behaviour. Vol. 6. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1984.
Entry in an online reference work
Graham G. Behaviorism. In: E. N. Zalta, editor. The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Fall
2007 ed. [cited 2015 Sep 20]. Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavorism
Entry in an online reference work, no author, no date
The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is the predominant style guide for law
documents (e.g. journal articles, theses) in Australia. The style uses numbered footnotes at
the bottom of the page, and may require a bibliography. The third edition of AGLC was
published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association in 2010.
Referencing correctly according to a particular style (whether that be APA, MLA, IEEE or
any other style) involves presenting the publication information required exactly in the way
proscribed by the style. This means knowing which publication information is required, how
and where it should appear in the reference, what punctuation is necessary and where this
should be placed.
Thus, when formatting your references/in-text citations to a particular style and reviewing
example references/in-text citations, pay close attention to the order of information, how
each detail is displayed, and the punctuation used and where this is placed (i.e., whether
publication titles should be placed within quotation marks [if so, are they single ‘ ’ or double
“ ”?], italicised, have a capital letter for all the main words in the title or just the initial word,
and so forth).
Footnotes: General notes
Footnotes are positioned after punctuation.
Use a full stop at the end of each footnote.
Separate multiple sources in a footnote with a semi-colon.
A Pinpoint is the particular page, paragraph or chapter number from which you have sourced information (see AGLC section 1.1.5 and 1.1.6).
The first time a source is cited, it is cited in full. Thereafter, it is appropriate to use ibid or above n in certain circumstance.
Format
Footnotes are positioned after punctuation, like this.1 This is incorrect1.
Use a full stop at the end of each footnote. Separate multiple sources in a footnote with a
semi-colon. For example:
Rachel A Opie, ‘Human Rights Violations by Peacekeepers: Finding a Framework for Attribution of International Responsibility’ [2006] New Zealand Law Review 1; Kleinig, John, ‘Paternalism and Personal Integrity’ [1983] (3) Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy 27.
Author names
Author names are cited exactly as they appear in the source, with the surname following the
A ‘pinpoint’ is the particular page, paragraph or chapter number from which you have
sourced information (see AGLC Sections 1.1.5 and 1.1.6).
Subsequent citations
The first time a source is cited, it is cited in full. Thereafter, it is appropriate to use ‘ibid’ or
‘above n’ in certain circumstances.
Ibid
‘Ibid’ should not be used where there are multiple sources in the preceding footnote.
If the pinpoint reference is different from that in the preceding footnote, ‘ibid’ should be
followed by the (different) pinpoint reference. There should not be a comma (or other
punctuation) between ‘ibid’ and a pinpoint reference.
Above n.
Citations using ‘above n’ should appear as [Author’s Surname], above n [Footnote Number],
[Pinpoint]. For example:
Douglas, above n 38, 20
Where multiple works by the same author are referred to, subsequent references should
appear as [Author’s Surname], [Title (shortened if necessary)], above n [Footnote Number],
[Pinpoint].
Douglas, ‘Customary Law’, above n 38, 20.
Above n’ should be used where a source has been cited in a previous footnote other than
the immediately preceding footnote, or in the immediately preceding footnote, if it is not the
only source in that footnote.
‘Above n’ should not be used in certain instances, including for cases and international
judicial decisions; legislation and other materials; treaties; and UN, WTO, GATT and EU
documents (see AGLC 1.4.2).
Secondary citations
Use the terms ‘quoting’, ‘quoted in’, ‘citing’ or ‘cited in’ as outlined in the rules in AGLC 1.3.
Both the source that you have accessed in the bibliography and the secondary citation must
be cited in full. For example:
Heather Douglas, ‘Customary Law, Sentencing and the Limits of the State’ (2005) 20 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 141 cited in Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th ed, 2009) 47
Use the full title of the journal but omit the at the start of titles.
If the journal is organised by year, use square brackets around the year and omit the volume number. If organised by volume, use round brackets around the year.
Only include issue numbers when pagination is not continuous across issues i.e. each issue starts at page 1.
Most articles accessible electronically via Library’s databases are also published in print format, thus they should be cited as print journal articles as electronic articles. Do not include the web address or database name.
For unsigned journal articles, the type of article (such as ‘Comment’ or ‘Note’) should appear in place of the author’s name.
Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name or Initial(s), ‘Title of article’ ([Year]) Volume (Issue) Journal Name Starting page
Footnotes: Author’s First Name Surname, ‘Title of article’ ([Year]) Volume (Issue) Journal Name Starting page, Pinpoint.
o Pinpoint references should be to page numbers.
Newspaper Article
List in section A. Articles/Books/Reports.
Newspaper articles should only be cited in electronic format if an equivalent print version does not exist—see AGLC 6.5.3.
Print
Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name or initial(s), ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (Place of publication), Full date
Footnotes: Author’s First Name or initial(s) Surname, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (Place of publication), Full date, Pinpoint.
Online
Bibliography: Author’s First Name or initial(s) Surname, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (online), Full date, Pinpoint <URL>.
o Only include a pinpoint if the article has page or paragraph numbers
Footnotes: Author’s First Name or initial(s) Surname, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper (online), Full date, Pinpoint <URL>.
o Only include a pinpoint if the article has page or paragraph numbers
Books
The name of the editor of a book should appear in the same manner as an author’s name and should be followed by ‘(ed)’ for one editor or ‘(eds)’ for multiple editors.
Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name or Initial(s), Title of book (Publisher, Edition, Year)
o Authors’ initials are separated by a space. o If a book has more than one author, only the first listed author’s First Name
and surname is inverted. o Edition number is only included for 2nd or later editions.
Footnotes: Author’s First Name or Initial(s) Surname, Title of book (Publisher, Edition, Year) Pinpoint
o Authors’ initials are separated by a space. o Edition number is only included for 2nd or later editions. o If the book has page numbers, the pinpoint must be to a page number(s),
otherwise to numbered paragraph(s) enclosed in square brackets.
Reports
Bibliography: Name of Law Reform Commission, Title, Report/ Discussion Paper Number (Year)
Footnotes: Name of Law Reform Commission, Title, Report /Issues/ Discussion Paper No Number (Year) Pinpoint.
Cases
Do not use full stops in abbreviations.
Do not include initials or individuals’ first names in case names. Only cite the first plaintiff and defendant. Do not use ‘& Anor’ or ‘& Ors ‘. See AGLC 2.1 for other case name rules e.g. R, A-G, Re, Ex parte, ex rel
Use square brackets if the reports series is organised by year. Use round brackets if the report series is organised by unique volume number
Do not refer to the database or website used to retrieve cases – cite the case as in print format.
Do not cite parallel citations for Australian cases. Use the following preference: authorised report series, unauthorised report series, unreported decision.
For CCH report series, the starting page may be a unique reference not a page number e.g. ¶93-321.
Reported Cases (see AGLC 2.7)
Bibliography: Case name [(Year)] Volume Report Series Abbreviation Starting Page.
o List cases in section B. Cases.
Footnotes: Case name [(Year)] Volume Report Series Abbreviation Starting Page, Pinpoint.
o Do not repeat the case name in the footnote if it is used in the text accompanying the footnote.
Medium Neutral Citations
Only use medium neutral citation if it has been allocated by the court (see AGLC 2.8.1).
Bibliography: Case name [Year] Unique Court Identifier Judgment Number (Full Date)
Footnotes: Case name [Year] Unique Court Identifier Judgment Number (Full Date) [Pinpoint].
o Pinpoint references are paragraph numbers.
Unreported Decisions
Bibliography: Case name (Unreported, Court, Judge(s), Full Date) o List cases in section B. Cases.
Footnotes: Case name (Unreported, Court, Judge(s), Full Date) Pinpoint.
Arbitral Decisions
Bibliography: Case name (Award Description, Forum, Case/Award No. Number, full date)
o List cases in section B. Cases.
Footnotes: Case name (Award Description, Forum, Case/Award No. Number, full date) Pinpoint.
Transcript of proceedings
Bibliography: Transcript of Proceedings, Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, Judge(s), full date of proceedings)
o List cases in section B. Cases.
Footnotes: Transcript of Proceedings, Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, Judge(s), full date of proceedings) Pinpoint.
Submissions in cases
Bibliography: Party Name, ‘Title of Submission’, Submission in Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, full date)
Footnotes: Party Name, ‘Title of Submission’, Submission in Case name (Court, Proceeding Number, full date) Pinpoint.
Legislative Materials Bill
List in section C. Legislation.
Bibliography: Short Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction)
Footnotes: Short Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint. o Pinpoints are usually clauses/sub-clauses.
Explanatory Notes/ Memoranda
Bibliography: Explanatory Memorandum/Statement/Notes, Citation of Bill
Footnotes: Explanatory Memorandum/Statement/Notes, Citation of Bill Pinpoint.
Legislation (primary i.e. Acts & delegated/ subordinate)
Only refer to the amending Act if it is relevant to a particular point. Otherwise refer to the principal Act (it is assumed that this refers to the Act as ameded).
Jurisdiction should be abbreviated as stated in AGLC section 3.1.3
Always cite legislation in print format, regardless if accessed online.
Bibliography: Short Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction) o List in section C. Legislation
Footnote: Short Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction) Pinpoint. o Pinpoints should be abbreviated as stated in AGLC section 3.1.4. o The pinpoint abbreviation and number must be separated by a space, however
do not add a space in between a section & sub-section number. o Consecutive pinpoints should be separated by an en- dash ‘–’ (use ctrl + minus
key) and non-consecutive pinpoints by a comma and a space.
Gazettes
Bibliography: Jurisdiction, Gazette Title, No. [Gazette Number], Full Date
Footnotes: Jurisdiction, Gazette Title, No. [Gazette Number], Full Date, Pinpoint.
Second reading speech for a Bill
Bibliography: Jurisdiction, Parliamentary Debates, Chamber, Full Date of Debate
Footnotes: Jurisdiction, Parliamentary Debates, Chamber, Full Date of Debate, Pinpoint (Name of speaker).
Treaties Opened for signature
Treaty Title, opened for signature, [Date of Conclusion], [Treaty Series], (entered into force [Date of Entry into Force]).
Signed by All Parties (Closed Multilateral or Bilateral Treaties)
Treaty Title, signed [Date of Conclusion], [Treaty Series], (entered into force [Date of Entry into Force]).
Other Internet Material/Websites
Only cite as a web page if the information is not published in print format.
Use the date of last update if provided, otherwise date of creation. If a full date is not provided, use as much of the date as appears. Omit this element if no date is given.
The website name can be omitted if it is the same as the author.
Bibliography: Author’s Surname, First Name, Document Title (Full Date) Website name <URL>
o List in section E. Other, unless document is a report or article
Footnotes: Author’s First Name Surname, Document Title (Full Date) Website name <URL>.
o A pinpoint reference may be included before the URL where appropriate.
Use the date the chapter was last updated if known, otherwise use the date of retrieval
Print
Bibliography: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia, Volume number (at date of retrieval) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number]
o List in section E. Other
Footnote: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia, Volume number (at Full Date) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number]
Electronic
Use the date from the currency statement
Omit the volume number when citing from an electronic legal encyclopaedia.
Bibliography: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia (at Full Date) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number].
Footnote: Publisher, Title of Encyclopaedia (at Full Date) Title number Name of title, ‘Chapter number Name of chapter’ [Paragraph number].
Looseleaf Services
If the service has a clear author, include their name before the publisher, followed by a comma.
Print
Bibliography: Publisher, Title, Volume number (at most recent service number for pinpoint reference)
o List in section E. Other.
Footnote: Publisher, Title, Volume number (at most recent service number for pinpoint reference) Pinpoint.
o If the service uses paragraph symbols ¶, this symbol should be included before the pinpoint and the square brackets should be omitted.
Electronic
If date of last update is not known, use date of retrieval
Omit the volume number and comma after the title
Bibliography: Publisher, Title (at most recent service number/date of last update for pinpoint reference)
Footnote: Publisher, Title (at most recent service number/date of last update for pinpoint reference) Pinpoint.
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
Journal organised by volume number
Farrier, David, Rob Whelan and Claire Brown, ‘Addressing Scientific Uncertainty in Local Government Decision Making Processes’ (2002) 19 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 429
1David Farrier, Rob Whelan and Claire Brown, ‘Addressing Scientific Uncertainty in Local Government Decision Making Processes’ (2002) 19 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 429, 435
Volumes, without consecutive pagination:
Maynes, Andrew, ‘Personal Property Securities Wake-up Call’ (2009) 83(4) Law Institute Journal 34
Volumes, without consecutive pagination: 1Andrew Maynes, ‘Personal Property Securities Wake-up Call’ (2009) 83(4) Law Institute Journal 34, 36.
Journal organised by year
Opie, Rachel A, ‘Human Rights Violations by Peacekeepers: Finding a Framework for Attribution of International Responsibility’ [2006] New Zealand Law Review 1
1Rachel A Opie, ‘Human Rights Violations by Peacekeepers: Finding a Framework for Attribution of International Responsibility’ [2006] New Zealand Law Review 1, 20.
Volumes, without consecutive pagination:
Kleinig, John, ‘Paternalism and Personal Integrity’ [1983] (3) Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy 27
Without consecutive pagination: 1John Kleinig, ‘Paternalism and Personal Integrity’ [1983] (3) Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy 27, 31.
Electronic journal article from internet-only journal
Howard, Kylie and Yee Fin Lim, ‘I Spy With My Little Eye: Taking a Closer Look at Spyware’ [2005] (2-3) Journal of Information, Law and Technology <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2005_2-3/>
1Kylie Howard and Yee Fin Lim, ‘I Spy With My Little Eye: Taking a Closer Look at Spyware’ [2005] (2-3) Journal of Information, Law and Technology < http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2005_2- 3/howard-lim>.
Newspaper articles (print)
Elks, Sarah, ‘Jury Told to Weigh Morality of Patel’, The Australian (Sydney), 23 June 2010
1Sarah Elks, ‘Jury Told to Weigh Morality of Patel’, The Australian (Sydney), 23 June 2010, 11.
Newspaper articles (electronic)
Harrison, Virginia and Chris Merritt, ‘Women Sidelined in Partnership Race in Legal Firms’, The Australian (online), 22 June 2010 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/women- sidelined-in-partnership-race-in-legal-firms/story-e6frg97x- 1225882954318>
1Virginia Harrison and Chris Merritt, ‘Women Sidelined in Partnership Race in Legal Firms’, The Australian (online), 22 June 2010 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal- affairs/women-sidelined-in-partnership-race-in-legal- firms/story-e6frg97x-1225882954318>.
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
1 author Ellis, Elizabeth, Principles and Practice of Law (Lawbook, 2005) 1Elizabeth Ellis, Principles and Practice of Law (Lawbook, 2005) [8.52].
2–3 authors Bradbook, Adrian J, Susan V MacCallum and Anthony P Moore, Australian Real Property Law (Lawbook, 4th
ed, 2007)
1Adrian J Bradbook, Susan V MacCallum and Anthony P Moore, Australian Real Property Law (Lawbook, 4th
ed, 2007)
47.
4+ authors Cook, Catriona et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th
ed, 2009)
1Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th
ed, 2009) 181.
Second edition or later
Ashworth, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 6th
ed, 2009)
1Andrew Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 6th
ed, 2009) 24.
Book chapter Brien, Christopher and John Brien, Netlaw (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2004)
1Christopher Brien and John Brien, Netlaw (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2004) ch 2.
Book chapter in an edited book
Wright, Nancy E, ‘The Lady Vanishes: Women and Property Rights in Nineteenth Century New South Wales’ in John McLaren, A R Buck and Nancy E Wright (eds), Despotic Dominion: Property Rights in British Settler Societies (UBC Press, 2005) 190
1Nancy E Wright, ‘The Lady Vanishes: Women and Property Rights in Nineteenth Century New South Wales’ in John McLaren, A R Buck and Nancy E Wright (eds), Despotic Dominion: Property Rights in British Settler Societies(UBC Press, 2005) 190, 193.
Electronic book (eBook) If available in print and electronic format, cite as print format.
Hutt, Peter Barton (ed), Food and Drug Law: An Electronic Book of Student Papers (1 April 2008) Harvard Law School <http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hutt/book_index.html>
1Peter Barton Hutt (ed), Food and Drug Law: An Electronic Book of Student Papers (1 April 2008) Harvard Law School <http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hutt/book_index.html>.
Reports
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
Law reform commission report
Australian Law Reform Commission, Review of Secrecy Laws, Issues Paper No 34 (2008)
1Australian Law Reform Commission, Review of Secrecy Laws, Issues Paper No 34 (2008) 50-53.
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
Reported cases Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256
Hillpalm Pty Ltd v Heaven’s Door Pty Ltd (2004) 220 CLR 472
1Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256, 257–8. 1Hillpalm Pty Ltd v Heaven’s Door Pty Ltd (2004) 220 CLR 472, 475.
Ibid but not above n
CCH report series Walker v Salomon Smith Barney Securities Pty Ltd (2004) Aust Contract Reports ¶90-183
1Walker v Salomon Smith Barney Securities Pty Ltd (2004) Aust Contract Reports ¶90-183, 92 563.
Ibid but not above n
Medium neutral cases
Tropac Timbers Pty Ltd v A-One Asphalt Pty Ltd [2005] QSC 378 (14 December 2005)
1Tropac Timbers Pty Ltd v A-One Asphalt Pty Ltd [2005] QSC 378 (14 December 2005) [19].
Ibid but not above n
Unreported judgments
Hayne v Nyst (Unreported, Supreme Court of Queensland, Williams J, 17 October 1995)
1Hayne v Nyst (Unreported, Supreme Court of Queensland, Williams J, 17 October 1995) 8.
Ibid but not above n
Arbitral decisions Sandline International Inc v Papua New Guinea (Award, Sir Edward Somers, Sir Michael Kerr and Sir Daryl Dawson, 9 October 1998)
1Sandline International Inc v Papua New Guinea (Award, Sir Edward Somers, Sir Michael Kerr and Sir Daryl Dawson, 9 October 1998) [10.2].
Ibid but not above n
Transcript of proceedings
Transcript of Proceedings, R v MSK (Supreme Court of New South Wales, Hidden J, 18 May 2005)
1 Transcript of Proceedings, R v MSK (Supreme Court of New South Wales, Hidden J, 18 Ma 2005) 112, 143, 151, 156.
Ibid but not above n
Submissions in cases
Attorney-General (Cth), ‘Outline of Submissions of the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth as Amicus Curiae’, Submission in Humane Society International Inc v Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, NSD 1519/2004, 25 January 2005
Attorney-General (Cth), ‘Outline of Submissions of the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth as Amicus Curiae’, Submission in Humane Society International Inc v Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, NSD 1519/2004, 25 January 2005, [10], [20]–[22], [28].
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
Bill Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld) 1Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld) cl 9. Ibid but not above n
Legislation (primary, i.e. acts and delegated/ subordinate)
Crime and Misconduct Regulation 2005 (Qld)
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth)
1Crime and Misconduct Regulation 2005 (Qld) reg 10(1). 1Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth) ss 18, 26–28.
Ibid but not above n
Gazettes Commonwealth, Gazette: Special, No S 489, 1 December 2004 Commonwealth, Gazette: Special, No S 489, 1 December 2004, 55.
Ibid but not above n
Explanatory notes/ memoranda
Explanatory Notes, Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld)
Explanatory Memorandum, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2010 (Cth)
1Explanatory Notes, Adoption Bill 2009 (Qld) 17. 1Explanatory Memorandum, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2010 (Cth) 19-20.
Ibid but not above n
Treaties
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
Treaty International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976)
1 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976).
Reference list Footnote citation Subsequently, use
Ibid or Above n Short title
Internet materials/websites
Department of Indigenous Affairs, Native Title Access Policy (3 May 2010) <http://www.dia.wa.gov.au/Documents/HeritageCulture/Resources/Native TitleAccessPolicy.doc>
Australian Human Rights Commission, The Right to Vote is Not Enjoyed Equally by all Australians (February 2010) <http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/vote/index.html>
1Department of Indigenous Affairs, Native Title Access Policy (3 May 2010) <http://www.dia.wa.gov.au/Documents/HeritageCulture/Resources/NativeTitleAccessPolicy.doc>. 1Australian Human Rights Commission, The Right to Vote is Not Enjoyed Equally by all Australians (February 2010) <http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/vote/index.html>
Legal encyclopaedia (print)
LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, vol 12 (at 12 December 2004) 180 Environment, ‘1 Principles of Planning’ [180-4000]
1LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, vol 12 (at 12 December 2004)180 Environment, ‘1 Principles of Planning’ [180-4000].
Legal encyclopaedia (electronic)
Lawbook, The Laws of Australia (at 31 August 2006) 7 Contract: General Principles, ‘1 Formation’ [7.1.840]
1Lawbook, The Laws of Australia (at 31 August 2006) 7 Contract: General Principles, ‘1 Formation’ [7.1.840].
Carter, J W, LexisNexis, Carter on Contract (at 23 June 2010)
1J W Carter, LexisNexis, Carter on Contract (at 23 June 2010) [19-001].
Second reading speech for a bill
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 12 May 2010
1Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 12 May 2010, 3204-05 (Jenny Macklin).
Ibid but not above n
Secondary citation
Paterson, Jeannie, Andrew Robertson and Peter Heffey, Contract: Cases and Materials (Lawbook, 10th
ed, 2005)
Cook, Catriona et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th
ed, 2009)
1Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 quoted in Jeannie Paterson, Andrew Robertson and Peter Heffey, Contract: C 1Heather Douglas, ‘Customary Law, Sentencing and the Limits of the State’ (2005) 20 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 141 cited in Catriona Cook et al, Laying Down the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th
ed, 2009) 47.
Speech Chief Justice Robert French, ‘Protecting Human Rights Without a Bill of Rights’ (Speech delivered at the John Marshall Law School, Chicago, 26 January 2010) <http://www.hcourt.gov.au/publications_05.html>
1Chief Justice Robert French, ‘Protecting Human Rights Without a Bill of Rights’ (Speech delivered at the John Marshall Law School, Chicago, 26 January 2010) <http://www.hcourt.gov.au/publications_05.html>.