MIS James A. O'Brian Chap 05

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5 - 1Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Data Resource Management

Chapter

5


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1. Explain the business value ofimplementing data resourcemanagement processes and

technologies in an organization.

2. Outline the advantages of a database

management approach to managing thedata resources of a business, comparedto a file processing approach.

Learning Objectives


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Learning Objectives

3. Explain how database management softwarehelps business professionals and supports theoperations and management of a business.

4. Provide examples to illustrate each of thefollowing concepts:

Major types of databases.

Data warehouses and data mining. Logical data elements.

Fundamental database structures.

Database development.


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Why Study Data Resource Management?

Todays business enterprises cannotsurvive or succeed without quality dataabout their internal operations and

external environment.


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Data Resource Management

Definition: A managerial activity that applies

information systems technologies to the

task of managing an organizations dataresources to meet the information needsof their business stakeholders


7/575 - 7Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Foundation Data Concepts

Character single alphabetic, numeric orother symbol

Field group of related characters

Entity person, place, object or event

Attribute characteristic of an entity



Foundation Data Concepts

Record collection of attributes thatdescribe an entity

File group of related records

Database integrated collection of

logically related data elements



Logical Data Elements



Entities and Relationships



Types of Databases



Types of Databases

Operational store detailed data neededto support the business processes andoperations of a company

Distributed databases that are replicatedand distributed in whole or in part to

network servers at a variety of sites



Types of Databases

External contain a wealth of informationavailable from commercial online servicesand from many sources on the World

Wide Web

Hypermedia consist of hyperlinked

pages of multimedia



Hypermedia Database



Data Warehouse

Definition: Large database that stores data that have

been extracted from the various

operational, external, and other databasesof an organization



Data Warehouse System



Data Mart

Definition: Databases that hold subsets of data from

a data warehouse that focus on specific

aspects of a company, such as adepartment or a business process



Data Warehouse & Data Marts



Retrieving Information from Data Warehouse


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Data Mining

Definition: Analyzing the data in a data warehouse to

reveal hidden patterns and trends in

historical business activity


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Data Mining


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Data Mining Uses

Perform market-basket analysis to identify newproduct bundles.

Find root causes to quality or manufacturingproblems.

Prevent customer attrition and acquire newcustomers.

Cross-sell to existing customers.

Profile customers with more accuracy.


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Traditional File Processing

Definition: Data are organized, stored, and

processed in independent files of data

records


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File Processing Systems


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Problems of File Processing

Data Redundancy duplicate data requires anupdate to be made to all files storing that data

Lack of Data Integration data stored in

separate files require special programs foroutput making ad hoc reporting difficult

Data Dependence programs must includeinformation about how the data is stored so achange in storage format requires a change inprograms


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Database Management Approach

Definition: Consolidates data records into one

database that can be accessed by manydifferent application programs.

Software interface between users anddatabases

Data definition is stored once, separatelyfrom application programs


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Database Management Approach


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Database Management Software (DBMS)

Definition: Software that controls the creation,

maintenance, and use of databases


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DBMS Software Components


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Uses of DBMS Software


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Database Interrogation

Definition: Capability of a DBMS to report information from

the database in response to end users requests

Query Language allows easy, immediateaccess to ad hoc data requests

Report Generator - allows quick, easyspecification of a report format for informationusers have requested


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Database Query vs. Report


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Natural Language vs. SQL Queries


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Database Maintenance

Updating a database continually to reflectnew business transactions and otherevents

Updating a database to correct data andensure accuracy of the data


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Application Development

End users, systems analysts, and otherapplication developers can use theinternal 4GL programming language andbuilt-in software development toolsprovided by many DBMS packages todevelop custom application programs.


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Fundamental Database Structures


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Database Structures

Hierarchical relationships betweenrecords form a hierarchy or treelikestructure

Network data can be accessed by oneof several paths because any data

element or record can be related to anynumber of other data elements


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Relational Database Structure

Definition: All data elements within the database are

viewed as being stored in the form of

simple tables


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Relational Database


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Multidimensional Database Structure

Definition: Variation of the relational model that uses

multidimensional structures to organize

data and express the relationshipsbetween data


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Multidimensional Database Structure


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Object-Oriented Database Structure

Definition: Can accommodate more complex data types

including graphics, pictures, voice and text

Encapsulation data values and operations thatcan be performed on them are stored as a unit

Inheritance automatically creating new objectsby replicating some or all of the characteristicsof one or more existing objects


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Inheritance


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Evaluation of Database Structures

Hierarchical data structure is best forstructured, routine types of transactionprocessing.

Network data structure is best whenmany-to-many relationships are needed.

Relational data structure is best when adhoc reporting is required.


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Database Development

Enterprise-wide database development isusually controlled by databaseadministrators (DBA)

Data dictionary catalog or directorycontaining metadata

Metadata data about data


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Database Development Process


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Data Planning

Database administrators and designerswork with corporate and end usermanagement to develop an enterprisemodel that defines the basic businessprocess of the enterprise.


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Data Modeling

Definition: Process where the relationships between

data elements are identified

E i R l i hi Di


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Entity Relationship Diagram

L i l Ph i l Vi


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Logical vs. Physical Views

Logical data elements and relationshipsamong them

Physical describes how data are to bestored and accessed on the storagedevices of a computer system

L i l d Ph i l D b Vi


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Logical and Physical Database Views

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Summary

Data resource management is amanagerial activity that appliesinformation technology and software toolsto the task of managing an organizations

data resources.

The database management approach

consolidates data needed by differentapplications into several commondatabases and provides an easy-to-usead hoc reporting capability.

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Summary

Database management systems are softwarepackages that simplify the creation, use, andmaintenance of databases.

Several types of databases are used bybusiness organizations including operational,distributed, and external databases.

Data warehouses are a central source of datafrom other databases that have been cleaned,transformed, and cataloged for businessanalysis and decision support applications.

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Summary

Data must be organized in some logical manneron physical storage devices so that they can beefficiently processed. For this reason, data arecommonly organized into logical data elements

such as characters, fields, records, files anddatabases.

Database structures such as the hierarchical,network, relational, and object-oriented modelsare used to organize the relationships amongthe data records stored in databases.

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Summary

The development of databases can beeasily accomplished using microcomputerdatabase management packages forsmall end-user applications.


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End of Chapter

Chapter

5

MIS James A. O'Brian Chap 05

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