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Computer Hardware

Chapter

3

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1. Identify the major types and uses ofmicrocomputer, midrange, andmainframe computer systems.

2. Outline the major technologies and usesof computer peripherals for input, output,

and storage.

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

3. Identify and give examples of thecomponents and functions of a computersystem.

4. Identify the computer systems andperipherals you would acquire or

recommend for a business of yourchoice, and explain the reasons for yourselections.

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What is a Computer?

Definition: All computers are systems of input,

processing, output, storage, and control

components.

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Types of Computer Systems

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Microcomputer Systems

Personal Computer (PC) microcomputerfor use by an individual

Professional Workstation a powerful,networked PC for business professionals

Laptop small, portable PC

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Microcomputer Systems

Network Server more powerfulmicrocomputers that coordinatetelecommunications and resource sharing

in small local area networks and Internetand intranet websites

Computer Terminals depend on serversfor software, storage and processingpower

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Microcomputer Systems

Network Computers low-cost, sealedmicrocomputers with no or minimal diskstorage that are linked to the network

Information Appliances hand-heldmicrocomputer devices

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PC Features

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Midrange Systems

Definition: Primarily high-end network servers and

other types of servers that can handle the

large-scale processing of many businessapplications.

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Mainframe Systems

Definition: Large, fast, and powerful computer

systems

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Supercomputer Systems

Definition: Extremely powerful computer systems

specifically designed for scientific,

engineering, and business applicationsrequiring extremely high speeds formassive numeric computations

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Hardware Organized by System Functions

Input Devices convert data into electronicform for direct entry or through atelecommunications network into a

computer system

Processing Components primarily the

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) - performarithmetic and logic functions required toexecute software instructions

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Hardware Organized by System Functions

Output Devices convert electronic informationproduced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end users

Storage Devices store data and softwareinstructions needed for processing

Control Components primarily the CPUsControl Unit which interprets softwareinstructions and transmits directions that controlthe activities of the other components of thecomputer system

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Computer Processing Speeds

Millisecond thousandth of a second

Microsecond millionth of a second

Nanosecond billionth of a second

Picosecond trillionth of a second

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Computer Clock Speeds

MIPS million instructions per second

Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles per

second

Gigahertz (GHz) billions of cycles persecond

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Throughput

Definition: Ability of a microprocessor to perform usefulcomputation or data processing assignmentsduring a given period of time

Depends on: Buses size of circuitry paths that interconnect

microprocessor components Registers that process instructions Cache high-speed memory Specialized Processors

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Computer Peripherals

Definition: Generic name given to all input, output,

and secondary storage devices that are

part of a computer system, but are notpart of the CPU.

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Peripherals Advice

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Online vs. Offline

Online devices are separate from butcan be electronically connected to andcontrolled by a CPU

Offline devices are separate from andnot under the control of the CPU

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Input Technologies

Keyboard Pointing Devices Pen-Based Computing

Speech Recognition Systems Optical Scanning

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition: Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars, etc

used for user selection

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Pointing Devices

Electronic Mouse Moving mouse on padmoves cursor on screen. Pressing buttons onmouse activates activities represented byselected icons.

Trackball Stationary device with a roller ballon top used to move cursor on screen.

Pointing Stick Small button-like device whichmoves cursor in direction of pressure placed onstick.

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Pointing Devices

Touchpad Small rectangular touch-sensitive surface which moves the cursorin the direction of finger moves on thepad.

Touch Screen Video display screen that

emits a grid of infrared beams, soundwaves, or a slight electric current that isbroken when the screen is touched.

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Pen-based Computing

Definition: Pressure-sensitive layer under slate-like

liquid crystal display screen and software

that digitizes handwriting, hand printing,and hand drawing

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Speech Recognition Systems

Discrete user must pause between eachspoken word

Continuous software can recognizeconversationally-paced speech

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Optical Scanning

Definition: Devices that read text or graphics and

convert them into digital input for your

computer

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Other Input Technologies

Magnetic Stripe devices that read datastored in the magnetic stripe on the backof cards

Smart Cards devices that read amicroprocessor chip embedded in a card

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Other Input Technologies

Digital cameras devices that allow youto capture, store, and download stillphotos and full motion pictures

Magnetic Ink Recognition (MICR) devices that can read characters printed

on source documents with an iron oxide-based ink

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Output Technologies

Video Output

Printed Output

Voice Response

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Video Output

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) similar tovacuum tubes in television

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) electronicvisual displays that form characters byapplying an electrical charge to selectedsilicon crystals

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Printed Output

Inkjet Printers spray ink onto the page

Laser Printers use an electrostatic

process similar to a photocopyingmachine

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Binary Representation

Definition: Data are processed and stored in a

computer system through the presence or

absence of electronic or magnetic signalsin the computers circuitry or in the mediait uses

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Bit vs. Byte

Bit binary digit, which can have a valueof either zero or one

Byte basic grouping of bits that thecomputer operates as a single unit,typically eight bits

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Storage Capacities

Kilobyte (KB) one thousand bytes Megabytes (MB) one million bytes Gigabytes (GB) one billion bytes

Terabytes (TB) one trillion bytes Petabytes (PB) one quadrillion bytes

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ASCII Codes

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Binary Number System

Definition: Number system used by computers to

perform computations since it has only

two digits

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Binary Number System

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Direct vs. Sequential Access

Direct (or Random) Access Eachstorage position has a unique address.Each storage position can be individuallyaccessed without having to search

through other storage positions.

Sequential Access Data are recorded

one after another in a predeterminedsequence. Locating an individual item ofdata requires searching the recorded datauntil the desired item is located.

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Direct vs. Sequential Access

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Semiconductor Memory

Characteristics: Small Fast

Shock Resistant Temperature Resistant Volatile contents of memory is lost when

power is interrupted Used for Primary Storage

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RAM vs. ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM) eachmemory position can be both sensed andchanged

Read Only Memory (ROM) can be readbut not erased or overwritten

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Firmware

Definition: Frequently used programs which are

permanently burned into ROM during

manufacture

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Magnetic Disks

Characteristics: Fast Large

Reasonably Priced Used for Secondary Storage

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Types of Magnetic Disks

Floppy Disks single disk inside aprotective jacket

Hard Disk Drives several disks, accessarms and read/write heads in a sealedmodule

Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks(RAID) - disk arrays of interconnectedmicrocomputer hard disk drives

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Formatting Disks

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Hard Disk Drives

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Magnetic Tape

Definition: Read/write heads of magnetic tape drives

record data in the form of magnetized

spots on the iron oxide coating of theplastic tape

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Optical Disks

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Optical Disks

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Business Applications of Optical Disks

Long-term archival storage of historicalfiles of document images

Publishing medium for fast access toreference materials in a convenientcompact form

Computer video games, educationalvideos, multimedia encyclopedias andadvertising presentations

f

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Case #3: Speech Recognition Software

Computerized speech has come a long waysince the early 1980s.

The technology has become smarter, easier to

use, and more integrated with otherapplications.

Such technical advances, plus product

introductions that facilitate the development ofthe technology by mainstream developers, areenabling new uses for automated speechsystems.

h f

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Case #3: Speech Recognition Software

Despite the steady advancements tobigger vocabularies, lower error rates, andmore natural interfaces, however, speechproducts have remained specialized toolsfor niche markets such as PC navigationby the disabled, medical dictation, andtightly constrained customer serviceinteractions.

C #3 S h R i i S f

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Case #3: Speech Recognition Software

But now, previously stand-alone speechsystems are linking up with enterprisesystems to access other applications andspawn transactions.

C #3 S h R i i S f

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Case #3: Speech Recognition Software

1. What are the business benefits andlimitations of IVR at Verizon? How couldtheir use of IVR be improved? Defendyour proposals.

2. What types of business situations wouldbenefit most from IVR technology?Which ones would benefit least?Explain.

C #3 S h R i i S f

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Case #3: Speech Recognition Software

3. Given the advancements in voicerecognition software over the last 20years, what types of new applications forIVR do you see in the next 20 years?Give examples and explain.

C #4 M i Li h M i f

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Case #4: Moving to Linux on the Mainframe

Linux Benefits:

Low cost of licensing Linux Rely on a community of users to identify

and fix bugs

Mainframe Benefits:

Reliability Speed Management Tools

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Case #4: Moving to Linux on the Mainframe

Server Consolidation:

Leverage the mainframes reliability Keep support costs low

Best Candidates infrastructureapplications

Worst Candidates Windowsapplications and others with complexGUIs or that perform complicated dataanalysis

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Case #4: Moving to Linux on the Mainframe

Tasks:

Identify applications to run on themainframe

Migrate applications first to stand-aloneservers running Linux Train staff in mainframe Linux skills

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Case #4: Moving to Linux on the Mainframe

1. How can a mainframe use Linux toreplace the equivalent of hundreds ofUnix or Windows servers?

2. What are the business benefits andchallenges of using Linux on amainframe to replace Windows or Unixservers? Use WPS and Winnebago toillustrate your answer.

C #4 M i g t Li th M i f

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Case #4: Moving to Linux on the Mainframe

3. What business applications are bestsuited to servers? To mainframes?Explain your reasoning.

S

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Summary

Major types of computers includemicrocomputers, midrange computers,mainframe computers andsupercomputers.

A computer is a system of informationprocessing components that performinput, processing, output, storage, andcontrol functions.

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End of Chapter

Chapter

3