ME165-1_Week-1.2_Solar Energy_2015-16_3T_4095266

8/17/2019 ME165-1_Week-1.2_Solar Energy_2015-16_3T_4095266

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ME165-1

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES

Week-1.2 Solar Energy2015-2016 / 3T


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been

harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range ofever-evolving technologies.• Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation

practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other tha

geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun.• Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar

photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architectwhich can make considerable contributions to solving somthe most urgent problems the world now faces.


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SOLAR ENERGY

•

In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "thedevelopment of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solarenergy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits.

• It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on

an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independresource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower tcosts of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prlower than otherwise.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs ofincentives for early deployment should be considered learninvestments; they must be wisely spent and need to be wid

shared".


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Energy from the Sun - About half theincoming solar energy reaches theEarth's surface.

• The Earth receives 174 petawatts(PW) of incoming solar radiation(insolation) at the upper

atmosphere. Approximately 30% isreflected back to space while therest is absorbed by clouds, oceansand land masses.

• The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solarradiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm aircontaining evaporated water from the oceans rises, causingatmospheric circulation or convection.

• When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperaturlow, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto thEarth's surface, completing the water cycle.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convectio

producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cycloneand anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and lamasses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °

• By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into

chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomfrom which fossil fuels are derived.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• The total solar energy absorbed

by Earth's atmosphere, oceansand land masses isapproximately 3,850,000exajoules (EJ) per year.

•

In 2002, this was more energyin one hour than the world usedin one year. Photosynthesiscaptures approximately 3,000 EJper year in biomass.


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SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES

Early Application of Solar-Mechanical Conversion


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EARLY APPLICATION OF SOLAR MECHANICAL

CONVERSION

Figure 1. The first large solar furnace built in 1774 by the French Chemist L. Lavoisier. It was used to sproperties of metals by melting them by solar radiation in a very pure environment. (Trombe 1955)

Source: A Short


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CONVERSION

Figure 2. The Mouchot's solar power engine, as it was presented, in the 1778 Paris exhibition. The colleenergy, in the solar concentrator drives a steam engine to operate a press. The press was used to print duexhibition the "Sunshine Journal“ (Teller 1979).

Source: A Short H


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CONVERSION

Figure 3. The concentrator used by Ericson, in 1883, to collect solar radiation for a mechanical pow

system (Jordan 1955). Source: A Short H


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SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES

Solar Energy Applications in the Philippines


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SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

• Pangan-an Island Solar Electrification Project• People in Pangan-an Island, Cebu, Philippines,

enjoy 24-hour electricity service from acentralized solar photovoltaic (PV)systemdonated by the Kingdom of Belgium. Thispower plant consists of 504 PV panels, abattery bank with 118 storage batteries, acharge controller, and 2 inverters made inGermany. The solar power plant has beenoperating since December 1998, supplying 230Volt (V) Alternating Current (AC) electricity toaround 200 households. The Pangananresidents use electricity for lighting, radio andTV sets.

Photovoltaic generators array 504 modules.

Source: Dialog Asia, 2/2006


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PHILIPPINES

• Solar Panels cover up ADB roof •

As one of the country’s primeadvocates of Renewable Energy, theAsian Development Bank (ADB) hasrecently converted its Ortigas Cityoffice’s roof into a powerful solar

battery. Fitting 2,040 photovoltaicsolar panels in its 6,640 sq/m roof,the use of these renewable energyfixtures is a sustainable channel ofpower that will help provideelectricity in the office grounds.

Solar Panels on top of AOrtigas Avenue,

Source


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PHILIPPINES

• Solar Energy Project in Subic BayFreeport

• A renewable energy project is going to bedeveloped at the Subic Bay Freeport inPhilippines.

• Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA)approved a clean energy project worth

$125 million (Peso 5.59 billion).• The renewable project will cost $125

million and will be spread over a surface of300 hectares. The 150 to 200 Megawattsof power will be generated at landsituated at Subic’s Mount Sta. Rita andRedondo Peninsula.

Solar Panels for SubicSolar Energy

Source: Rene


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SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Photovoltaic battery charging station in Antique,Panay Island, Philippines.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar Energy TechnologiesSolar energy technologies include solar heating, solarphotovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solararchitecture, which can make considerable contributionssolving some of the most urgent problems the world nowfaces.• They are broadly characterized as either passive solar

active solar depending on the way they capture, conveand distribute solar energy.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar Energy Technologies . . . .• Active solar techniques include the use of photovol

panels and solar thermal collectors to harness theenergy .

• Use pumps and fans to convert sunlight into usefuoutputs.

• Increase the supply of energy and are consideredsupply side technologies.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Active Solar Heating


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SOLAR ENERGY

•

Solar Energy Technologies . . . . .• Passive solar techniques include orienting a buildin

the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces

naturally circulate air.• Include selecting material with favorable thermalproperties, designing spaces that naturally circulaand referencing the position of a building to the s


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Passive solar . . . .• Passive solar relies on the inherent thermo-dynamic

properties of the system or materials to operate.• They do not need external energy sources.• Reduce the need for alternate resources and are genera

considered demand side technologies.


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SOLAR ENERGY

• Passive Solar Heating


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SEATWORK

The Solar Bowl in Aurov ille, India,concentrates sunlight on a movablereceiver to produce steam forcooking Helios UAV in solar powered

flight

Daylighting features such as this oculus attop of the Pantheon, in Rome,Italy have bin use since antiquity.

Greenhouses like these inthe Westland municipality of the Netherlands growvegetables, fruits andflowers.

Solar water heaters facing theSun to maximize gain.

Batch Water Heater: sysuses a tank that acts as bstorage and solar collect

Water Heater: system uses atank located above collector.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westland_kassen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westland_kassen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PantheonOculus.01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PantheonOculus.01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helios_in_flight.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helios_in_flight.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twice_Cropped_Zonnecollectoren.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twice_Cropped_Zonnecollectoren.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auroville_Solar_Bowl.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auroville_Solar_Bowl.JPG


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APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

• Architecture and urban planning• Agriculture and horticulture•

Transport and reconnaissance• Solar thermal

• Water heating• Heating, cooling and ventilation• Water treatment • Process heat • Cooking

• Electricity production• Concentrated solar power• Photovoltaics• Others

• Fuel production


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ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

Sunlight has influenced building design since the barchitectural history. Advanced solar architecture aplanning methods were first employed by the GreeChinese, who oriented their buildings toward the sprovide light and warmth.

The common features of passive solar architectureorientation relative to the Sun, compact proportionshading and thermal mass. When these features are

the local climate and environment they can producspaces that stay in a comfortable temperature rangerecent approaches to solar design use computer motogether solar lighting, heating and ventilation systintegrated solar design package. Active solar equippumps, fans and switchable windows can complem

design and improve system performance.

This passive house designed

specifically for the humid and hotsubtropical climate.


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AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling round production and the growth (in enclosedenvironments) of specialty crops and other plantsnaturally suited to the local climate. Primitivegreenhouses were first used during Roman timesproduce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emTiberius.

The first modern greenhouses were built in Europ16th century to keep exotic plants brought back fexplorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an imppart of horticulture today, and plastic transparentmaterials have also been used to similar effect intunnels and row covers.

Greenhouses like these inthe Westland, Netherlandsgrow vegetables, fruits andflowers. Agriculture andhorticulture seek to optimizethe capture of solar energyin order to optimize theproductivity of plants.


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TRANSPORT AND RECONNAISANCE

Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary pofor air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, threducing fuel consumption.

Developments turned back to unmanned aerial (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequeculminating in the Helios which set the altitude

a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metresft) in 2001.

The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is theline of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a flight in 2007, and month-long flights are envis2010

The Helios UAV, powered solely byphotovoltaics, sets the altitude record for anon-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524metres (96,864 ft) in 2001.

Solar car Nuna3 race through a3,021 km (1,877 mi) course from

Darwin to Adelaide.


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Solar thermal energy (STE) is an innovative technology fharnessing solar energy for thermal energy (heat).

• Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating,

space heating, space cooling and process heat generation.


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Classification of solar thermal collectors:• Low-temperature collectors• Medium-temperature collectors• High-temperature collectors


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Low-temperature collectors are generally installed to heaswimming pools, although they can also be used for spacheating. Collectors can use air or water as the medium totransfer the heat to their destination.

• Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat platebut are used for heating water or air for residential andcommercial use.

• High-temperature collectors concentrate sunlight usingmirrors or lenses and are generally used for electric poweproduction.


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SOLAR THERMAL

Solar hot water systems use sunlight to

water. In low geographical latitudes (bedegrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestwater use with temperatures up to 60 °Cprovided by solar heating systems.The most common types of solar water

are evacuated tube collectors (44%) andflat plate collectors (34%) generally usedomestic hot water; and unglazed plastcollectors (21%) used mainly to heat swpools.

Solar water heaters facing theSun to maximize gain.


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SOLAR THERMAL

Thermal mass is any material that can be used

heat —heat from the Sun in the case of solar eCommon thermal mass materials include stoneand water. Historically they have been used in or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cabsorbing solar energy during the day and radiheat to the cooler atmosphere at night. Howeve

be used in cold temperate areas to maintain wawell. The size and placement of thermal mass several factors such as climate, day lighting anconditions. When properly incorporated, thermmaintains space temperatures in a comfortablereduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooequipment.

Solar House #1 of MassachusettsInstitute of Technology in the UnitedStates, built in 1939, used Seasonalthermal energy storage for year-roundheating.

Heating, cooling and ventilation


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SOLAR THERMAL

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) invowater-filled plastic polyethylene tereph(PET) bottles to sunlight for several hoExposure times vary depending on weclimate from a minimum of six hours during fully overcast conditions.

It is recommended by the World HealtOrganization as a viable method for howater treatment and safe storage.Over two million people in developinguse this method for their daily drinking

Solar water disinfection

Solar Water Treatment

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish

potable.The first recorded instance of this was by 16th century alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was fconstructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of LasThe plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 mproduce up to 22,700 L per day and operated for 40 yea

Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slogreenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, mand multiple effect.

Small scale solar poweredsewerage treatment plant

Solar Water Treatment

These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills amost economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effeare more suitable for large-scale application

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

They can be grouped into three broad categorcookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers.The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker fHorace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooan insulated container with a transparent lid. effectively with partially overcast skies and wreach temperatures of 90 –150 °C.Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct an insulated container and reach temperaturesto box cookers. Reflector cookers use variousgeometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to a cooking container.These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C require direct light to function properly and m

repositioned to track the Sun.

The Solar Bowl in Auroville, India,concentrates sunlight on a movablereceiver to produce steam for cooking.

Cooking

SOLAR THERMAL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auroville_Solar_Bowl.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auroville_Solar_Bowl.JPG


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Process Heat• Solar process heating systems are designed to provide l

quantities of hot water or space heating for nonresidentbuildings.

• Evaporation ponds are shallow ponds that concentrate dissosolids through evaporation.

• The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water iof the oldest applications of solar energy.

• Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in lmining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams.

• Altogether, evaporation ponds represent one of the largestcommercial applications of solar energy in use today.

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Solar Salt Evaporation Pond

A salt pan worker in a salt evaporation pond in Tamil Nadu, India

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Process Heat (cont’d.)• Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing

used for preheating ventilation air.• UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C an

deliver outlet temperatures of 45-60 °C.• The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 y

make them a more cost-effective alternative to glazed collesystems.

• As of 2009, over 1500 systems with a combined collector a300,000 m² had been installed worldwide. Representativesinclude an 860 m² collector in Costa Rica used for drying cbeans and a 1300 m² collector in Coimbatore, India used fodrying marigolds.

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC)

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Solar drying•

Solar thermal energy can be useful for drying wood for construand wood fuels such as wood chips for combustion.

• Solar is also used for food products such as fruits, grains, and f• Crop drying by solar means is environmentally friendly as well

effective while improving the quality.• The less money it takes to make a product, the less it can be sol

pleasing both the buyers and the sellers.

SOLAR THERMAL


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SOLAR THERMAL

• Solar drying . . . . . .• Technologies in solar drying include ultra low cost pumpe

transpired plate air collectors based on black fabrics.• Solar thermal energy is helpful in the process of drying pro

such as wood chips and other forms of biomass by raising

heat while allowing air to pass through and get rid of themoisture. [

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION


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• Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, eithdirectly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concensolar power (CSP).

• CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to folarge area of sunlight into a small beam.

• PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectriceffect.



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View of Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System from Yates Well Road,San Bernadino County, California.



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• Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. S1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in theMojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant the world.

• Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar PStation and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both i

Spain.• The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United Stat

and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the worllargest photovoltaic plants.



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• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)•

Concentrating Solar Power systems use lenses or mirrors andtracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small be• The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a

conventional power plant. A wide range of concentratingtechnologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic troughconcentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the sopower tower.

• Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunland is then used for power generation or energy storage.

HIGH-TEMPERATURE COLLECTORS


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Concentrated solar power plant usingparabolic trough design

Solar Power Tower andHeliostats

A parabolic solar dish corays on the heating elemeengine. The entire unit ac

Fresnel solar power plant PE 1 in southern Spain



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• Photovoltaic Cell (PV)• A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell , is a device that converts light

electric current using the photoelectric effect.• Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered in 1839, the photovol

effect.• Photovoltaic cells were used mainly for the purposes of measur

light.• The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880

1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cusing silver selenide in place of copper oxide.



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• Photovoltaic Cell . . . . .• Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% o

incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens aJames Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discov

• Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers GPearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solin 1954.

• These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficien4.5 –6%.

• By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximumefficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.



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19 MW solar park in Germany

REFERENCES


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•

Textbook• Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, 2009

• Web• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy• http://www.renewableenergy.ph/•

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://www.renewableenergy.ph/http://www.renewableenergy.ph/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://www.renewableenergy.ph/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

ME165-1_Week-1.2_Solar Energy_2015-16_3T_4095266

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