Mango Production Prof. Dr. Mohamed S.S. El-Boray Head of Pomology Dept. Fac. Of Agric., Mansoura Univ.

Mango ProductionMango Production

Prof. Dr. Mohamed S.S. El-Boray

Head of Pomology Dept.

Fac. Of Agric., Mansoura Univ.

MangoMango Family Family AnacardiaceaeAnacardiaceae GenusGenus MangiferaMangifera SpeciesSpecies indicaindicaCommon Names: Mango, Mangot, Manga, Common Names: Mango, Mangot, Manga,

Mangou. Mangou.

ReferenceReferencess

11

Crane and Campbell (1994). Crane and Campbell (1994). The Mango. Univ. Florida, IFAS, The Mango. Univ. Florida, IFAS, Fact Sheet HS-2.Fact Sheet HS-2.

22

Pernezny and Marlatt (1993. Pernezny and Marlatt (1993. Common diseases of Mango in Common diseases of Mango in Florida. Univ. Florida, IFAS, PP-Florida. Univ. Florida, IFAS, PP-23.23.

Mango has been cultivated Mango has been cultivated in India for 4,000 yearsin India for 4,000 years

400-500 BC

10th century?

16th ce

ntury

1700 - Portuguese

1800s - Spanish

1861

Table 1. . Worldwide mango availability

Exportingcountry

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

Guatemala

Haiti

India

Israel

Ivory coast

Mexico

Nicaragua

Pakistan

Peru

Philippines

South Africa

USA

Venezuela

Egypt

Tropical Fruit ProductionTropical Fruit Production

Banana

Mango

Papaya

72.167 (1000’s MT)

72.167 (1000’s MT)

5.878 (1000’s MT)

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

Mango Production in the WorldMango Production in the World

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Pro

duct

ion (

1000s

Mt)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1900 1995 2000


12%

World Production of MangoWorld Production of Mango(1000 MT)(1000 MT)

2.556

3.490

22.684

28.730

AfricaAfrica

AmericasAmericas

AsiaAsia

TotalTotal


9%9%

79%79%

Total Total (1000 MT)(1000 MT)

World Production of MangoWorld Production of Mango

Mexico (1,517), Brazil (621), Haiti (253

India (11,100), China (3,276), Thailand (1,678), Pakistan (1,021), Philippines (873), Indonesia (854)

Nigeria (730), Egypt (317), Madagascar (210), Congo (209)

Africa

Asia

America


Mango Per Capita Production in Mango Per Capita Production in the Worldthe World

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Per

Capit

a P

roduct

ion

(kg/pers

on)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1900 1995 2000


Africa 7.2Africa 7.2

Asia 8.0Asia 8.0

Americas 9.5Americas 9.5

World Yields of Mango (MT/ha)World Yields of Mango (MT/ha)


Mango Yield in the WorldMango Yield in the World

0

2

4

6

8

10

Yie

ld (

Mt/

ha)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1900 1995 2000


Vegetative StructureVegetative Structure Tree Tree

Large trees, 9 to up to Large trees, 9 to up to 30 m30 m

Canopy trees of Canopy trees of Tropical ForestsTropical Forests

Trees dispersed in Trees dispersed in wildwild

Deep tap rootDeep tap root Long-lived (300 years Long-lived (300 years

old)old)

Vegetative StructureVegetative Structure

LeavesLeaves The leaves are The leaves are

simple. simple. The length and The length and

breadth varies from breadth varies from 12 to 45 cm and 2 12 to 45 cm and 2 to 12 cm, to 12 cm, respectively.respectively.

Leathery in texture. Leathery in texture.

Vegetative StructureVegetative Structure

RootsRoots Effective root Effective root

system of an 18 system of an 18 year old mango year old mango tree may observe tree may observe a 1.2 m depth with a 1.2 m depth with lateral spread as lateral spread as far as 7.5 m. far as 7.5 m.

FlowersFlowers Inflorescence - Inflorescence -

Terminal paniclesTerminal panicles Up to 4,000 flowersUp to 4,000 flowers

Flowers Flowers Most maleMost male Few hermaphroditicFew hermaphroditic Insect pollinatedInsect pollinated

Flies, thripsFlies, thrips

Ability to set fruit related Ability to set fruit related to # hermaphroditic to # hermaphroditic flowersflowers

Flower over 4-6 weeksFlower over 4-6 weeks

FlowersFlowers Small amounts of Small amounts of

pollen are pollen are produced in produced in mango. mango.

the mango is self-the mango is self-fertile but cross-fertile but cross-pollination pollination increases fruit set. increases fruit set.

FlowersFlowers

Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.

Only a few fruit set per Only a few fruit set per paniclepanicle

Drupes

FruitsFruits The fruit is a, The fruit is a,

fleshy drupe. fleshy drupe. It varies It varies

considerably in considerably in size, shape, colour, size, shape, colour, presence of fibre, presence of fibre, flavour, taste and flavour, taste and several other several other characters. characters.

Health benefitsHealth benefits and Economicand Economic ImportanceImportance: :

1 Mangos are rich in vitamins A, B and C and potassium.Mangos are rich in vitamins A, B and C and potassium. Mangos are rich in vitamins A, B and C and potassium.Mangos are rich in vitamins A, B and C and potassium.

2 Mangos are a good for our daily diets.Mangos are a good for our daily diets. Mangos are a good for our daily diets.Mangos are a good for our daily diets.

3 Mangos are high in fibre but low in caloriesMangos are high in fibre but low in caloriesMangos are high in fibre but low in caloriesMangos are high in fibre but low in calories

4 Used in making baby foods.Used in making baby foods.Used in making baby foods.Used in making baby foods.

5 Bark used as fuelBark used as fuelBark used as fuelBark used as fuel

AdaptationAdaptationTemperature LimitationsTemperature Limitations

Very high Very high temperaturtemperatur

es may es may cause fruit cause fruit

sun burningsun burning

Very high Very high temperaturtemperatur

es may es may cause fruit cause fruit

sun burningsun burning

- Flowers/fruit - Flowers/fruit killed below 4 Ckilled below 4 C- Cool temp (5 - Cool temp (5 C) during C) during flowering flowering decrease setdecrease set- Below -1 C - Below -1 C damage young damage young treestrees- Below -3 C - Below -3 C damage damage established treesestablished trees

- Flowers/fruit - Flowers/fruit killed below 4 Ckilled below 4 C- Cool temp (5 - Cool temp (5 C) during C) during flowering flowering decrease setdecrease set- Below -1 C - Below -1 C damage young damage young treestrees- Below -3 C - Below -3 C damage damage established treesestablished trees

Best Best growth growth between between 25-30 C25-30 C

Best Best growth growth between between 25-30 C25-30 C

AdaptationAdaptation

ExcessivExcessive rains e rains during during flowerinfloweringg

Reduce Reduce fruit fruit setset

Adapted to areasAdapted to areas

with distinct with distinct

dry seasondry season

For good floral For good floral

initiation a dry initiation a dry

period of 3-4 period of 3-4

months months desirabledesirable

Best productionBest production

in dry areas in dry areas

with irrigationwith irrigation















AnthracnoseAnthracnose Bacterial Bacterial blackblack spotspot Fruit fliesFruit flies

Excessive rainExcessive rain during fruitingduring fruiting

AdaptatioAdaptationn

Best soilsBest soils- Deep, well drained, fertile, loam, high - Deep, well drained, fertile, loam, high

OMOM- pH 6.0 to 7.0- pH 6.0 to 7.0

Best soilsBest soils- Deep, well drained, fertile, loam, high - Deep, well drained, fertile, loam, high

OMOM- pH 6.0 to 7.0- pH 6.0 to 7.0

Sensitive to saline and sodic soilsSensitive to saline and sodic soils Sensitive to saline and sodic soilsSensitive to saline and sodic soils

AdaptatioAdaptationn

Windbreaks used to minimize Windbreaks used to minimize wind damage such as:-wind damage such as:-

- - Limb breakageLimb breakage- Poor pollination, Poor pollination,

- flower/fruit drop if dry windflower/fruit drop if dry wind- Leaf rub- Leaf rub

Windbreaks used to minimize Windbreaks used to minimize wind damage such as:-wind damage such as:-

- - Limb breakageLimb breakage- Poor pollination, Poor pollination,

- flower/fruit drop if dry windflower/fruit drop if dry wind- Leaf rub- Leaf rub

Dietary value, per 100 gram Dietary value, per 100 gram edible portion: edible portion:

Water (%) ......................................... 80 Water (%) ......................................... 80 Calories ............................................ 63 Calories ............................................ 63 Protein (%) ......................................... 0.4 Protein (%) ......................................... 0.4 Fat (%) ............................................... 0.4 Fat (%) ............................................... 0.4 Carbohydrates (%) ............................. 16 Carbohydrates (%) ............................. 16 Crude Fiber (%) ................................. --- Crude Fiber (%) ................................. ---

Vitamin A (IU).................................... 3894 Vitamin A (IU).................................... 3894 Thiamin, B1 (mg) .............................. 0.06Thiamin, B1 (mg) .............................. 0.06Riboflavin, B2 (mg).............................0.Riboflavin, B2 (mg).............................0.0505 Niacin (mg).................... .................... 0.58 Niacin (mg).................... .................... 0.58 Vitamic C (mg).................................... 28 Vitamic C (mg).................................... 28 Calcium (mg)...................................... 10 Calcium (mg)...................................... 10 Phosphorus (mg)................................ 11 Phosphorus (mg)................................ 11 Iron (mg)............................................ 0.13 Iron (mg)............................................ 0.13 Sodium (mg)........................................ 2 Sodium (mg)........................................ 2 Potassium (mg)...................................156Potassium (mg)...................................156

Indian TypeIndian Type

Highly colored fruitHighly colored fruit Many with red blushMany with red blush Yellow to orange ground colorYellow to orange ground color

Susceptible toSusceptible to AnthracnoseAnthracnose MildewMildew

Strong flavor Strong flavor (hints of turpentine)(hints of turpentine)

MonoembryonicMonoembryonic

Indochinese TypeIndochinese Type Poorly coloredPoorly colored

Pale green/yellow Pale green/yellow No red blushNo red blush

Resistant Resistant AnthracnoseAnthracnose MildewMildew

Fruit shapeFruit shape Often cylindrical or flattenedOften cylindrical or flattened

Lack strong aromatic flavorsLack strong aromatic flavors Most are less acidicMost are less acidic

Polyembryonic Polyembryonic

Mono vs Poly Mono vs Poly EmbryonicEmbryonic

Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.

PropagationPropagation

Mono vs Poly Mono vs Poly EmbryonicEmbryonic

MonoembryonicMonoembryonic Indian raceIndian race SexualSexual

Variable from seedVariable from seed

Breeding Breeding implicationsimplications

PolyembryonicPolyembryonic IndoChinese IndoChinese

racerace AsexualAsexual

True from seedTrue from seed Zygotic is Zygotic is

suppressedsuppressed

Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.

Florida developed Mango VarietiesFlorida developed Mango VarietiesIndian Types with Red BlushIndian Types with Red Blush

First Important Commercial Variety in First Important Commercial Variety in FloridaFlorida

Haden

June to July

Seedling selectionsSeedling selections Capt. HadenCapt. Haden Coconut Grove,FLCoconut Grove,FL 19101910

Thick skinThick skin Dominated the Dominated the

Florida for 25 yearsFlorida for 25 years ReplacedReplaced

S to anthracnoseS to anthracnose Inconsistent Inconsistent

productionproduction Internal breakdownInternal breakdown

Mulgoba

Florida developed Mango Florida developed Mango VarietiesVarieties

Indian Types with Red BlushIndian Types with Red Blush Two Main Mango Varieties in FloridaTwo Main Mango Varieties in Florida

Tommy Atkins Keitt

June to July August to early October

Seedling selectionsSeedling selections Discoverer’s nameDiscoverer’s name Made in FloridaMade in Florida 1920s and 19391920s and 1939

Thick skinsThick skins Ship wellShip well Some R to Some R to

anthracnoseanthracnose ProductiveProductive

Florida developed Mango Florida developed Mango VarietiesVarieties

Indian Types with Red BlushIndian Types with Red Blush Used Commercially throughout the Used Commercially throughout the

AmericasAmericasTommy Atkins Keitt

June to July August to early October

Haden Kent

June to July July to August

Susceptible to Anthracnose

Asia Uses Different VarietiesAsia Uses Different Varieties

Carabao Nam Doc Mai

India Thailand

ManilaMulgoba

?? Philippines

Varieties from SE Asia are frequently longer and flatter than Indian types

PropagationPropagation

Seed:-Seed:-- Viable for 80 – Viable for 80 – 100100 days days - Cultivate as Cultivate as soon assoon as possiblepossible- Rootstocks- Rootstocks- Scions if Scions if polyembryonicpolyembryonic

Seed:-Seed:-- Viable for 80 – Viable for 80 – 100100 days days - Cultivate as Cultivate as soon assoon as possiblepossible- Rootstocks- Rootstocks- Scions if Scions if polyembryonicpolyembryonic

Vegetative - Vegetative - Monoembryonic Monoembryonic varieties:-varieties:-

- Approach - Approach GraftingGrafting- - 4 years to full 4 years to full productionproduction

Vegetative - Vegetative - Monoembryonic Monoembryonic varieties:-varieties:-

- Approach - Approach GraftingGrafting- - 4 years to full 4 years to full productionproduction

ProductionProduction

Spacing 10 x 10 M Standard treesSpacing 10 x 10 M Standard trees6 x 6 M Dwarf trees6 x 6 M Dwarf trees

Spacing 10 x 10 M Standard treesSpacing 10 x 10 M Standard trees6 x 6 M Dwarf trees6 x 6 M Dwarf trees

Pruning variesPruning variesOpen center with frequent tipping to Open center with frequent tipping to

induce more terminalsinduce more terminals

Pruning variesPruning variesOpen center with frequent tipping to Open center with frequent tipping to

induce more terminalsinduce more terminals

FertilizationFertilization

Heavy N Heavy N application canapplication can cause Soft Nosecause Soft Nose

Corrected withCorrected withSoil application Soil application

of CaNO3, of CaNO3, CaSO4,CaSO4, CaCO3CaCO3

Mango can Mango can usually usually absorb absorb adequate adequate nutrients nutrients from fertile from fertile soilsoil

Zn Zn deficiency deficiency corrected corrected with Zinc with Zinc sulphatesulphate

Forcing FloweringForcing Flowering

Cessation of Cessation of vegetative growth vegetative growth needed to induce needed to induce vegetative to vegetative to reproductive reproductive transformationtransformation

- Water stress - Water stress - Cold period- Cold period

Induction of early Induction of early floweringflowering

-Reduce Reduce irrigation toirrigation to induce water induce water stressstress- Foliar - Foliar applications ofapplications of

- KNO3 (2 - - KNO3 (2 - 8%, 1 or8%, 1 or 2 times)2 times) - NH4NO3 (1-- NH4NO3 (1-4%, 1 4%, 1 or 2 times)or 2 times)

Anthracnose Anthracnose Colletotrichum Colletotrichum gloesporioidesgloesporioides

Most important disease in Most important disease in FloridaFlorida

Attacks Attacks Fowers, young fruitsFowers, young fruits Leaves, young twigsLeaves, young twigs

Black sunken irregular Black sunken irregular lesionslesions Causing leaf spotting Causing leaf spotting Fruit staining Fruit staining

Fruit rotFruit rot..

Anthracnose Anthracnose Colletotrichum Colletotrichum gloesporioidesgloesporioides

Most important disease Most important disease in Floridain Florida

Attacks Attacks Flowers, young fruitsFlowers, young fruits Leaves, young twigsLeaves, young twigs

Black sunken irregular Black sunken irregular lesionslesions Causing leaf spotting Causing leaf spotting Fruit staining Fruit staining

Fruit rotFruit rot

Anthracnose Spread and ControlAnthracnose Spread and Control

Spread by rainsSpread by rainsControlled by weekly Cu Controlled by weekly Cu sprayssprays

- From panicle appearance - From panicle appearance until fruit until fruit set.set. - Follow with mid May & mid - Follow with mid May & mid June CuJune Cu sprays until harvest .sprays until harvest .

Harvesting - by handHarvesting - by hand

First harvest in 4th yearFirst harvest in 4th year - Remove fruit first 3 - Remove fruit first 3 yearsyears - Fruit set < 1%- Fruit set < 1%

Fruit development periodFruit development period - 100-150 days- 100-150 days

Harvest over 6-8 week Harvest over 6-8 week periodperiod

- Bloom over 6-8 week - Bloom over 6-8 week periodperiod

HarvestingHarvesting N latitudes - begins in AprilN latitudes - begins in April

Peak in summer monthsPeak in summer months Pole harvesting Pole harvesting Water bath for latexWater bath for latex

MarketingMarketing

• Perishable - Quality problemPerishable - Quality problem - - Necessity to harvest immatureNecessity to harvest immature - Need more rapid shipping- Need more rapid shipping - Lowest storage temperature 12 C- Lowest storage temperature 12 C - Below 10 C chilling injury- Below 10 C chilling injury

• Heat treatment for fruit fliesHeat treatment for fruit flies

Any Questions about Any Questions about Mango?Mango?

[email protected]

Mango Production Prof. Dr. Mohamed S.S. El-Boray Head of Pomology Dept. Fac. Of Agric., Mansoura Univ.

Documents

mango production

mango yield

common diseases of mango

flowers flowers flowers

years old slide

year old mango tree

world faostat database

s mt faostat database