2014/10/17 1 American Indians’ History and 口承文学 =Oral Literature The Terms referred to these Indigenous Peoples Are Controversial • American Indian=>Indian American • =>Native American=>the First American Major Transatlantic Explorations, 1000- 1587 Their Origin • Around 25,000 to 12,000 years ago, • started to move from Urasia • through the Bering Strait to the North America. • moving through the Central American to South America in thousands of years. Empires in the Central America • Some of the indigenous peoples founded Incan Empire and Aztech Empire in the Central America.
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Major Transatlantic Explorations, 1000- 1587 Their Origin...• American Indian=>Indian American • =>Native American=>the First American Major Transatlantic Explorations, 1000-1587
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2014/10/17
1
American Indians’ Historyand 口承文学
=Oral Literature
The Terms referred to these Indigenous Peoples Are Controversial
• American Indian=>Indian American
• =>Native American=>the First American
Major Transatlantic Explorations, 1000-1587 Their Origin
• Around 25,000 to 12,000 years ago,
• started to move from Urasia
• through the Bering Strait to the North America.
• moving through the Central American to South America in thousands of years.
Empires in the Central America
• Some of the indigenous peoples founded Incan Empire and Aztech Empire in the Central America.
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Quiz 1
• Where do “American Indians” originate?
• 1. South America
• 2. North America
• 3. Eursia
• 4. Micronesia
Indigenous Peoples in the North America
• Around 500 tribes
• No common political unions
• No common languages
American Indians in 8 Different Areas with Different Culture
• 1.California; Shasta, Chumash, Costano• 2.Northeast Woodland; hunters and gatherers, but also
fishermen and farmers; Algonquians and Iroquoians.• 3.Southeast; farmers; Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw,
Creek and Seminole• 4.Great Plains; nomadic hunters; Sioux, Pawnee,
• Who came with King James of England’s permission to colonize the north America
• King Powhatan and his tribes fought with them.
• 1607年、VirginiaのJamestownにやってきた
白人(イギリス国王から許可を得て営利目的でやってきた)と接触したインディアン、キン
A Cruel Indian Image by Europeans
Pocahontas, a Daughter of King Powhatan,1595-1617
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Misery of Jamestown Causes the fights
• The British in Jamestown decreased in population.• To one-sixth in 3 years• Their leader, John Smith, organized violent actions to
get food.
• They robbed the tribes of their lands because they had not idea of owning lands.
• Used the lands in their own ways
A drama during the War
• Pocahontas asked his father to save John Smith’s life, captured by the tribe.
• Disney Movie
Marriage of Pocahontas with a John Rolfe
• The政略的結婚 enables Rolfe to get rich.• He used the knowledge of planting tobacco.
• Rolfe, when asked permission to marry Pocahontas, said: "for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our country, for the glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving creature, Pokahuntas . . . ."
Kind and humanitarian Indians
• Taught white settlers the ways to cultivate and harvest indigenous foods like peanuts, cocoas, kidney beans, pumpkins, melons, and corns.
• 1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.2 He was with God in the beginning. 3 Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. 4 In him was life, and that life was the light of all mankind. 5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome[a] it.
インディアン詩とシャーマニズム、shamanism
• もっとも原初的な詩人としてのシャーマン(メディシン・マン)。
• 超自然のヴィジョンをみることはインディアンにとって成人の儀式
• http://jp.youtube.com/watch?v=IYUP38Aw-kk
Shaman
• 恐山・いたこ
語り継ぐ物語
• 神話ー天地開闢(かいびゃく)以来、物事の起源、超自然的存在について
• 伝説ー歴史的に実在した人物について
• 昔話ー娯楽のための物語
演じる芸術としての昔話 VS 神話
• 改変ー物語の本質を変えない範囲で、パフォーマーが創造力を発揮する
• http://jp.youtube.com/watch?v=HQGW5a0q51w
• 神話は長大な物語を一言一句違えずに覚え、伝えることが求められる
• 神話は超自然的存在=神から与えられたもの。
• 改変するのはおそれおおい
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儀式劇と詩
• 宗教儀式に用いられる言葉には霊力が込められている
• 言葉通りの望みが叶うと信じられている
• 音楽を伴うことが多い。
• 言葉と音楽は切り離せない
演説と口述自伝
• ヨーロッパ人との接触以来生まれた
• 雄弁術が記録され、後生に残された
–口述自伝『ブラックエルクは語る』
Today’s Last Question
• What do you think of the relation between whites and Indians in the history of US?
• Give your opinion first and explain your opinion with reasonings you learned in the period.