Pre-Columbian Societies and Transatlantic Encounters Brinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey . 13. NewYork:McGraw-Hill, 2009.
Jan 14, 2016
Pre-Columbian Societies and Transatlantic EncountersBrinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey.
13. NewYork:McGraw-Hill, 2009.
“Archaic” Period• 8,000-3,000 B.C.• Hunters and Gatherers
• Bering Straight• Asia to South America by sea
Agricultural Revolution• Mesoamerica
• Central America down to South America• Inca• Maya• Mexica (Aztecs)
Inca Empire• Largest empire in
the Americas• Pachacuti (World Shaker)
• Incorporated land stretching over 2,000 miles into his empire
Mayan Empire• Central America• Yucatan Peninsula• Written Language• Numerical System• Accurate Calendar
• Advanced Agricultural System
Mexica (Aztecs)• Tenochtitlan
• Modern Day Mexico City
• Greatest city ever created in the Americas
• Population of 100,000 people
• Impressive buildings, schools, military, and slave system
North American Tribes
• Diverse• Agricultural Revolution• Tasks divided by gender• Women
• Cared for children, prepared meals, gathered certain foods.
• Women controlled social and economic organization and played powerful roles in families (matrilineal)
Christopher Columbus• From Genoa, Italy• Sought to reach Asia by
western route• Portugal refused, Queen
Isabella supports• 1492-
• The Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria with 90 men land in the Bahamas.
• Colonize Hispaniola
Conquistadors• Spanish conquerors
• Wanted to get rich!!!
• Gold rush of the 16th century (but more violent)
Francisco Pizarro• Conquered Peru (Incas)• Opened the way for advances in South America.
Hernando Cortes
-Conquered Aztecs
-Most brutal of the Spanish Conquistadors
1518- 600 men attacked Montezuma and his empire.
Spanish America Wealth and Power
• Diseases and Spanish military• 1: Age of discovery and
exploration• 2: Age of Conquistadors• 3: Age of Law• Catholic Requirement • St. Augustine, Florida• Encomiendas• Don Juan de Onate• Assimilation with natives
Spanish vs. English Colonies
Spanish English
• Interested in getting rich• Profitable agriculture• Disease and military• Catholic Church• Missions• Mostly natives• Assimilation with natives
(mestivos)• Didn’t feed population• Natives were labor force
• Permanent settlements• Family life• Self contained European society• European distinction• Indentured servitude
Biological and Cultural Changes • Gold and silver• Influenza, measles, chicken pox,
mumps, typhus, SMALLPOX• Extinction of Caribbean and some
Mexican civilizations • Spanish brutality• Food• Animals• Agricultural techniques• Language• Religion• Women• Politics, commerce, landowning
Forces Binding Together the Atlantic World pg.24
• Globalization• Commerce• Religion• Enlightenment• Science and technology• Art• Education• Politics
Growth of the African Slave Trade • Guinea• Primitive and uncivilized (justification)
• Trade
Incentives for the English
The Commercial Incentive The Religious Incentive
• 1947 John Cabot• Expedition for
northwest passage to Asia
• Newness• Contrast to their mother
land• Perfect Society• Foreign trade• Charter• Mercantilism
• English Reformation:• Germany 1517• Martin Luther• John Calvin• King Henry VIII• Church of England
• Puritan Separatists:• Separatists• Women preachers• Quakers
The English Reformation
The English Reformation
The English In Ireland • English claimed Ireland• Catholic population• Savages• Must be suppressed,
isolated, and destroyed.• Sir Humphrey Gilbert• Transplantations• Pure English culture
The French and Dutch In America
Competition
The French
• Quebec 1608• Inland trade• Religion?• Fur trade
The Dutch• Henry Hudson• Trading posts• Diverse
population• Weak
leadership and loosely united
First English Settlements
Jamestown, Virginia 1607 Roanoke, Raleigh NC 1585