John Hay 1758-1836 ‘…the most eminent horticultural architect Scotland has ever produced.’ (J.C. Loudon) Institute of Historical Research MA Garden and Landscape History CONTENTS (16,345 words)
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fg
JohnHay1758-1836
‘…themosteminenthorticulturalarchitectScotland
haseverproduced.’(J.C.Loudon)
InstituteofHistoricalResearch
MAGardenandLandscapeHistory
CONTENTS(16,345words)
2
Contents
Page
Listofillustrations.............................................................................................3
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................10
Introduction.....................................................................................................11
Chapter1. TheScottishlandscape,horticultureanddevelopment..........13
ofthecityofEdinburghatthestartofthe19thcentury.
Chapter2. Thedevelopmentofglasshouseheatingandtechnology.......28
Chapter3. AnaccountofHay’searlylifeandcareer................................37
a)Prestonhall...........................................................................42
b)Archerfield(Collegehead)....................................................51
c)Camperdown(LundieHouse)............................................60
Chapter4. JohnHayandEdinburgh1810onward....................................64
a)TheformationoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.......65
b)George’sSquareGarden......................................................73
c)BalnagownCastle.................................................................75
d)BarganyandKilkerran..........................................................81
e)SaltounHall..........................................................................86
f)Newhailes.............................................................................89
g)EdinburghExperimentalGarden.........................................92
Chapter5. EvaluationandConclusion.......................................................95
Bibliography.....................................................................................................99
3
ListofIllustrations
Page
Figure1.AdvertisementinEdinburghEveningCourant1812.........................40
Byrom,C.,TheEdinburghNewTownGardens,(Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd,2005).
Figure2.AerialviewofPrestonhallHouseandwalledgarden.......................41
Sourcedfromhttp://canmore.org.uk/collection1311557[accessedon08
March2016].
Figure3.PlanofPrestonhallincludedinMcIntosh’sbook..............................43
McIntosh,C.,TheBookoftheGarden,Vol.1,(EdinburghandLondon:
WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1853),p.50.
Figure4.TheextantnorthfacingwallatPrestonhallindicating.....................44
wheretheglasshouseswouldhavebeen.Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure5.ThetwinGazebosviewedfromthebackyardat............................45
Prestonhall.Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure6.Viewacrossthewalledgardenfromthewestgazebo.....................47
atPrestonhall.Photographedbytheauthor.
4
Figure7.OneoftheremainingboilersatPrestonhall.....................................48
Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure8.PlanofArcherfieldalongsideaerialphotograph..............................51
Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT502837
[accessedon19April2016].
Figure9.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBarnsalongsideaerial......................53
photograph.Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,[accessed
on19April2016].
Figure10.TheunusuallyshapedwalledgardenatDalhousie.........................55
SourcedfromOSsixinchmap1888-1913,maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/
side-by-side,NT324636[accessedon26September2016].
Figure11.Photographsoftherecentexcavationoftheoldwalled...............59
gardenatAlnwickshowingthenorthernhothousewhichmayhavebeen
modifiedbyHay.PhotographscourtesyofPre-ConstructArchaeologyLtd.
Durham,DH65PD.
5
Figure11.EngravingofCamperdownHousebyalocalengraver,.................60
G.Cummings.CourtesyofFriendsofCamperdownHouse,
http://www.eurosurf.com/camperdown/index.htm.[accessed24May2017].
Figure13.OSsixinch1843-1882planofCamperdownwalledgarden..........62
Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT362327.
[accessed19April2016].
Figure14.Possiblyaformerorangery.Viewofoneoftheback.....................63
buildingsatCamperdown.Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure15.LetterofInvitationfromaHorticulturalSociety............................66
CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.
Figure16.MinuteBookoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety....................67
showingJohnHayasoneofthefoundermembers.Courtesyof
theCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.
Figure17.NoteinCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook..................69
CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.
6
Figure18.ThehighnorthfacingwallatOxenfoordCastle.............................70
Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure19.TheproposaltosetupanExperimentalGarden............................71
CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.
Figure20.ThefeuingplanforGeorge'sSquare..............................................73
Tait,MargaretandGray,W.,Forbes,AnnalsofanEdinburgh
locality,1766-1926,fromauthenticrecords(Edinburgh:T.andA.Constable
LtdforTheOldEdinburghClub,1948),facingp.16.
Figure21.George’sSquare,namedafterthebrotherofthebuilder,............74
notthemonarch!Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure22.JohnHay’splanofBalnagown,1814..............................................76
PhotographedbytheauthoratDanielCrouchRareBooksLLP,
4BuryStreet,StJames's,LondonSW1Y6AB.
Figure23.EstatemapofBalnagownsurveyedbyGeorgeBrown,................77
1808('NewGarden'annotatedinupperrightcorner).’
NationalRecordsofScotland,RHP13299.Mapcollection,shelfmark,
EMS.b.2.124.
7
Figure24.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBalnagownshowing.......................78
semi-circularwallgardenasonHayplan.Sourcedfrom
maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT758754.[accessed09March2016].
Figure25.PostcardofBalnagownwalledgarden...........................................79
Unknownsource,showntoauthorbyBalnagowngardenstaff.
Figure26.PlanofBarganyestatealongsideaerialphotograph......................82
Sourcedfrommaps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side,NT247004.[accessed
09March2016].
Figure27.Thebrickedupalcoveofthewalledgarden,formerly...................84
aretreatfortheladies.Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure28.‘Designforakitchen-garden,orchard,andflower.........................86
&wintergarden,atSaltounHall,theseatofAndrewFletcher’
JohnHay1818.ScannedfromoriginalNationalLibrariesofScotland,
SaltounMap2,http://reproscans.nls.uk/scans/105342857.jpg
[accessed23May2017].
8
Figure29.OneoftheentrancesintoSaltounwalledgarden..........................87
showingthesamenichefoundatCamperdown.
Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure30.ThefluedwallatSaltoun................................................................88
Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure31.BauchopplanofNewhailes1798...................................................90
NationalLibraryofScotland,Acc,7228/522
Figure32.PhotographofNewhailestakenc.1880,showing.........................91
ChristinaDalrymple’sflowergardenonsouthsideofhouse.
CourtesyofNationalTrustforScotland,fromcollectionsheldatRoyal
CommissionontheAncientandHistoricalMonumentsofScotland.
Figure33.Theplanislabelled‘PlanofEdinburghExperimental....................93
Garden,1825'.FromMemoirsoftheTransactionsofthe
CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyheldintheRoyalBotanic
GardensEdinburghLibrary.
9
Figure34.ReportoffundingfortheExperimentalGarden.............................94
CourtesyoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.
Figure35.SamplesofHay'swalledgardenfeatures.......................................97
Photographedbytheauthor.
Figure36.BurialcertificateforJohnHay17December1836.........................98
Courtesyofhttp://scotlandspeople.gov.uk/viewers/Download/image,
[accessedon01March2016].
10
Acknowledgments
TheresearchforthisdissertationhastakenmeacrossmanypartsofScotland
andintoEngland,visitingestatesthatpreviouslyIwouldhavehadnoreason
tovisit.Iwanttothankthoseestateownersandtheirstaffforallowingmy
intrusion,fortakingphotographsandansweringmyendlessquestions.The
staffatthemajorarchiveshavebeenmosthelpful;especiallytheNational
RecordsofScotland,theMapLibraryofScotlandandtheLindleyLibrary.As
always,thelibraryattheRoyalBotanicGardenEdinburghwereonestep
aheadofmewithatactfulpileofmanuscriptsbeforeIhadevenrequested
them.MybiggestthankstoChristopherDingwallwhostartedmeonthis
subject,withanemailsuggestingIhavealookattheJohnHaygardenplan
thatwasforsaleinanEdinburghauctionhouse.Iwashooked!Thankyou!
11
Introduction
ThisdissertationexaminestheevidenceforthegardensattributedtoJohn
Hay(1758-1836)theScottishhorticulturalistandgardenarchitect;it
considershiscontributiontothedesignofglasshousesandtheirheating
systems,determineshiscontributiontothedesignandplantingofgardens,
especiallythekitchengarden,andevaluateshiscontributiontoScottish
horticultureduringtheearlypartofthe19thcentury.
AlthoughacursorystudyofJohnHaywouldsuggestthathewasan
Edinburghgardeneritsoonbecomesevidentheworkedfarbeyondthe
‘capital’ofScotland.Thisdissertationwillpresentseveralcasestudiesof
estatesasfarapartasInvernessinthenorth,Ayrshireinthesouthwestand
asfarsouthasAlnwickinthenorthofEngland.Thecasestudieshavebeen
chosentoillustratehowHaydevelopedandmaturedinconfidencewithhis
increasingcontactswithotherprofessionalsinEdinburghandwiderafield.
SitevisitshavebeenmadetomostoftheestatescurrentlyattributedtoHay;
discussionhastakenplacewithownersandlocalhistorians;thelocaland
nationalarchiveshavebeenresearchedandsomefurtherunlikelyleadshave
beenfollowed.
12
Thisdissertationiscomposedoffivechapterswithanumberofsubsections
ineach:
1.TheScottishlandscape,horticultureanddevelopmentofthecityof
Edinburghatthestartofthe19thcentury.ToreviewandevaluateHay’s
contributiontohorticulture,thepositionofhorticultureinBritainin
general,andinScotlandinparticularisconsidered.
2.Thedevelopmentofglasshouseheatingandtechnologyatthistime.
Aconsiderationoftheimportanceofwalledgardensandthequestfor
growingthenewseedsandplantscomingintoBritainatthistime.
3.AnaccountofHay’slifeandearlycareerupuntilc.1810.What
researchhasuncoveredoftheinfluencesinhisearlylifeandwork.
4.JohnHayinEdinburgh,c.1810onward.Hislifeinthecityleadingto
casestudiesofhiscommissions.
5.EvaluationandconclusionastowhetherJ.C.Loudon’sstatement
that‘Mr.Hay,themosteminenthorticulturalarchitectthatScotland
haseverproduced’wasjustified.1
1J.C.Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(London:A.&R.Spottiswoode,1829-1842),Vol.5,p.451.
13
Chapter1:TheScottishlandscape,horticultureanddevelopment
ofthecityofEdinburghatthestartofthe19thcentury.
OneoftheearliestmodernbooksonScottishgardenhistoryisE.H.M.Cox’sA
HistoryofGardeninginScotland,publishedin1935.2Hisintroduction
bemoansthefactthatinScotlandthereissolittleinformationavailableon
ScottishgardenhistorycomparedwithsouthoftheBorderwhichhe
attributestothedearthofdomesticrecordsinScotland;tothelackof
travellerstoScotlandunlessonbusiness;andtheslowevolutionofthe
pleasuregardeninScotland.3CoxmakesnomentionofHay,orindeedoffew
professionalgardeners,butinterestinglyincludesaphotographofthewalled
gardenatCamperdown,Dundee.4
Probablytherewasnotthereadyaccesstohistoricalgardeningjournalsat
thebeginningofthe20thcenturyasthereisnowadays,otherwiseCoxwould
havelearntthatJ.C.LoudonmentionsHayinrespectofCamperdown,
commentingontheingenioussupplyofwaterforthewalledgarden‘whichJ.
HayplannedandexecutedforLordV.DuncanatLundieHouse
(Camperdown)nearDundee’.5
2E.H.M.Cox,AHistoryofGardeninginScotland(London:Chatto&Windus,1935).3Ibid.,p.xiii.4Ibid.,facingp.92.5J.C.Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1835,SectionVI-Water(London:Longman,Rees,Orme,Brown,Green,andLongman,1822-1835),p.463.
14
Themorerecenteaseofaccesstoarchivesingeneral,hasresultedinseveral
modernpublicationsonScottishgardeninghistory.In2012MarilynBrown
publishedadetailedaccountofearlyScottishgardensuptothemid18th
century,drawingonhistoricalmapsandmodernaerialphotography.6Her
bookshowsthatfarfrombeingableak,barrenlandscapeScotlandhadmany
designedlandscapeswithformalparterres,watergardensandarchitectural
features.Manyofthesegardensmayhavehadearlierroyalormonastic
beginningsbuttheyshowanevolutionoftheScottishdesignedlandscape,
albeitataslowerpacethanfurthersouthinBritain,andinauniquely
Scottishstyle.
ThefirstsubstantivereferencetotheworksofHaydoesnotappearin
modernprintuntil1980whenA.A.TaitmakesseveralcommentsinThe
LandscapeGardeninScotland1735-1835,andprovidesalistofthegardens
withwhichHayisassociated.7TheyincludeBarns,Peebleshire1805,Castle
Semple,Renfrewshire1818andDalmeny,WestLothiansometimebefore
1822.8InterestinglyTaitstatesthatHay‘establishedhisreputationby
buildingaremarkablepineapplehouseatAlnwickin1804’althoughhedoes
notelaborateonwhatwas‘remarkable’aboutit.9
6M.Brown,Scotland’sLostGardens,FromtheGardenofEdentotheStewartPalaces
(Edinburgh:RoyalCommissionontheAncientandHistoricalMonumentsofScotland,2012).7A.ATait,TheLandscapeGardeninScotland1735-1835(Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1980),p.255.8Ibid.,p.255.9Ibid.,p.144.
15
AmorerecentreferencetoHayismadebyChristopherDingwall,Scottish
gardenhistorian,inhis2015discussionofthedesignofEdinburgh’sNew
Town.Dingwallstatesthatthelayingoutofoneofthesquares,George’s
Square,asapleasureground‘isattributedtothegardendesignerand
seedsmanJohnHay’.10HealsodescribesHayasbeingbetterknownforhis
gardendesignsandlistsseveralestateswhereheiscreditedwiththedesign
oftheflowerandkitchengarden.11
In2005CathyByrompublishedadetailedhistoryoftheEdinburghNewTown
gardensandherresearchcreditsHayascontributingtothedesignofseveral
gardens,includingEastQueenStreetGardens.12Shedescribeshimasa
‘versatileandcompetentman’onthebasisofhisadvertisementinthe
EdinburghEveningCourantinAugust1812wherehelistssomeoftheroles
heundertakes:plansforgardens,hothousesandconservatories,layingout
plantationsandshrubberies,andsupplyingexperiencedoverseersand
gardenerstothegentry!13
OtherreferencestoHayareinvariousoldergardeningjournals,describing
someofthegardenshedesigned.Forexample,hisdesignforDalhousie
10ChristopherDingwall,‘InSearchofFreeAirandanAgreeableProspect:theFlightfromEdinburgh’sOldTown’,GardenHistory,No.43:Supplement1(Spring2015).11Ibid.,p.9.12ConnieByrom,TheEdinburghNewTownGardens(Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd,2005),p.166-7.13Ibid.,p.18.
16
Castle,Midlothian,isdescribedbytheHeadGardener,MrJosephArchibald,
intheGardener’sMagazine,1826.14
HaywasevidentlyaclosefriendofPatrickNeill(1776-1851),aScottish
printerandhorticulturalist.BothwerefoundermembersoftheCaledonian
HorticulturalSociety,establishedin1809,withNeillbeingtheSecretaryof
theorganisationforfortyyears.15
Theapparentfriendshipbetweenthesetwomenisfortuitousforthis
researchbecausePatrickNeillwasaprodigiousauthorandmakesreference
toHayinseveralofhiswritings.InNeill’spublishedaccountoftheirtravelsin
NorthernEuropeduring1817Hayaddsanappendixdetailingaseparate
journeyhemadehimselfontheirreturntoLondon,visitingsomegardensin
thesouthofEngland.16TheseincludedBroadlands,seatofLordViscount
Palmerston,wherehecomments‘thatthegroundswerelaidoutbyBrown’.17
FurthervisitsweremadetoEmblyPark,seatofSirWilliamHeathcoteMP,
Paultons,seatofHansSloaneandCuffnells,seatofRightHonourableGeorge
Rose,whereitwas‘toodarktoseemanyoftheplantsbutsawthe
conservatorybycandlelight’.18Thisappendixisoneofthetwoonlyknown
writingsofHay.
14Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.1(1826),p.451.15ForbesW.Robertson,PatrickNeill,DoyenofScottishHorticulture(Dunbeath:WhittlesPublishing,2011),p.48.16PatrickNeill,JournalofaHorticulturalTourin1817ThroughSomePartsofFlanders,
HollandandtheNorthofFranceintheAutumnof1817byaDeputationofthe
CaledonianHorticulturalSociety,AppendixXI(Edinburgh:Bell&Bradfoote,1823),p.557.17PresumablythisisLancelot‘Capability’Brown(1716-1783).18Neill,JournalofaHorticulturalTour,p.559.
17
IntheaccountofthetripNeillmakesseveralcommentsregardingHaywhich
itwashopedwouldprovideextrasourcesofinformationforthisdissertation.
AtthebeginningofthetripNeillstatesthattheyvisitedMileEndNurseries
‘whereMr.Haylearnedsomepartsofgardeningthirtyfiveyearsago’.19This
isthefirstindicationthatHayworkedinEngland.AnotherpointerthatHay
hadworkedinEnglandcomesfromtheaccountoftheirmeeting,atSt
Germain,withThomasBlaikie(1750-1838),whohadleftEdinburghfiftyyears
previouslytoworkinthegardensofParis.RecountinghisexperiencesBlaikie
mentionsDrFothergillofUptoninEssex,‘where,bycoincidence,Hayhad
spentayear’,ashadBlaikie.20Despiteresearchonthearchivesofboththese
sitesthereisnomentionofHay.Oneofthemostdetailedaccountsofthe
MileEndNurseryiswrittenbyDerekMorrisbutemailcorrespondencewith
theauthorfoundnorecordofHay,althoughMorrisstatedthattheratebooks
oftheEastEndofLondonshowedalargenumberofScotsandtheir
relatives.21
Hay’sonlyotherknownwritingisanaccountofhisdesignforhothousesthat
appearsaspartofanarticleintheMemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticultural
Societyin1829.Inithedescribeshismethodofprovidingsteamheatingin
pinepitsandglasshouses.22Thislengthyarticleconcludeswithreferencesto
themethodbeingemployedinnurseriesinLondonandtheauthorobserving
19Robertson,PatrickNeill,p.83.20Ibid.,p.96.21DerekMorris,MileEndOldTown1740–1780:ASocialHistoryofanEarlyModern
LondonSuburb(London:EastLondonHistorySociety,2007).22MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,1829,Vol.VIII,p.330.
18
‘MrHay’smodeinoperationforearlycucumbersatMr.Roskell’satGatacre,
nearLiverpool’.23ForhisworkonsteamheatingtheCaledonianHorticultural
SocietynominatedHayforTheLondonSociety’smedalin1828.24The
expertiseofhisheatingsystemsisreferredtobyPatrickNeillinhispractical
guidetogardening,TheFruit,FlowerandVegetableGardenpublishedin
1845.25Inthesectionon‘ForcingGardens’hediscussesthevariationsof
steamheatingandstatesthat‘...similarexpedientswerelongagoemployed
byJohnHayofEdinburgh...agardenarchitectofgreatjudgementand
experience’.26
FromthesevariousreferencesonecanpossiblysurmisethatHaystartedlife
asanapprenticegardenerandthroughhisvariousconnectionswassentto
Londonforfurtherexperience.Thiswouldhavebeenacommonrouteforan
apprenticegardenertobetterhisposition.27Possiblytheconsiderable
experiencegainedwithhorticulturalistssuchasDrFothergillenabledhimto
returntotheburgeoningestatesaroundEdinburghandEastLothianandtake
upapositionasassistantorevenheadgardener.Hay’sinterestintheinflux
ofnewplantsandtheirculturalrequirementsledhimtoexperimentwith
heatingofglasshousesandthis,combinedwithhispracticalexpertise,ledto
somelucrativecommissions.RecordsshowthatHaywasabletoaffordto
23Ibid.p.338.24Ibid.p.337.25PatrickNeill,TheFruit,FlowerandVegetableGarden(Edinburgh:A.andC.Black,1845).26Ibid.,p.134.27ForbesW.Robertson,EarlyScottishGardenersandtheirPlants(EastLinton:TuckwellPress,2000)p.165.
19
moveintoEdinburghcityandopenbusinesspremises,becomeacityburgess
andjoinintheprofessionalandsociallifeofthecitywhilstundertaking
commissionsacrossScotland.28
SurprisinglythereisnomentionofHayorthedevelopmentofsteamheating
inScotlandinSusanCampbell’sbookAHistoryofKitchenGardening.29
Researchforthisdissertationhasshownthatmostofthepublishedworkis
fromanEnglishperspective,frustratingwhenoneknowsthereisarichseam
ofgardenhistorytobefoundinScotland.
ForanaccountoftheScottishresponsetotheLandscapeMovementin
EnglandtheworkofA.A.Taitiswidelyquoted.30However,whenone
considersthatthegreatestproponentoftheLandscapestyle,Launcelot
Brown(1716-1783),judgedasitenotsomuchinitsowntermsbutratherin
its‘capabilities’tobeingmouldedtohisideal,onecanunderstandwhythere
aresofewlandscapegardensinScotland–thetopographyisunsuitable.The
onlygardeninScotlandattributedtoBrownisArdgowan,Renfrewshire,but
evenitsclaimtoBrownismisdoubtful.31AcatalogueofBrownianlandscapes
showsthevastmajoritytobecreatedinthesouthernhalfofBritainwhere
therearegentlyrollinghillsandextensiveacresofpasture,alandscapefound
inlimitedquantityinScotland.However,itwouldbewrongtothinkthat
28ScottishRecordSociety,Edinburgh,Vol53,p.74(accessed03September2016).
29SusanCampbell,AHistoryofKitchenGardening(London:UnicornPublishingGroup,2016).30Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,Introduction,pp.1-7.31Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,p.88.
20
ScottishgardenersignoredwhatwashappeninginEnglandastherewere
gardendesignersworkinginScotlandwhoclaimedassociationwith
‘Capability’Brownanddesignedsimilar,iflessexciting,landscapes.32Two
suchmenwereRobertRobinson(1734-after1780)andJamesRobertson(fl.
1750-1780),theirdesignsnowreworked,neglectedordisappeared.33
Bytheendofthe18thcenturythecreationoftheLandscapestylewasbeing
seenasnotonlydestructiveofformalgardensandavenuesoftrees,but
destructiveofhistoryitself,andjustataperiodofrevivalinScotland’spast34.
Tourguidesandtraveldiariesofthattimefocussedonthecastlesandabbeys
ofthemedievalpast,theromanticismofglensandwaterfalls,and,in
Scotlanditself,therewasarenewedinterestinthelanguageandmannersof
theGaelandthe‘curiositiesofnature’.35
ItwastheideasofthelaterexponentsoftheLandscapegarden,suchas
HumphryRepton(1751-1818),‘whoconsultedthegeniusoftheplace’,that
foundrootsinScottishgardendesign,althoughitissignificantthatReptonis
onlycreditedwithonedesignedlandscapeinScotland,thatofValleyfieldin
Fife.InEnglandin1794bothRichardPayneKnight(1750-1824)andUvedale
Price(1747-1829)publishedessaysattackingthe‘smoothnessand
uniformity’oftheLandscapefashion.36Theyadvocatedtheruggednessand
32Ibid.p.88.33Ibid.,p.2.34G.AllenLittle,ed.,Scotland’sGardens(Edinburgh:Spurbooks,1981)p.19.35LordBuchan’sdiary,GlasgowUniversityLibrary,MurrayMS.502/61.36PenelopeHobhouse,TheStoryofGardening(Dorking:KindersleyLtd,2002),p.229.
21
wildnessofthenaturalscene;onethatwouldbe‘painterly’ratherthana
static‘picture’.37Scotlandhadanabundanceoflochs,forestsandcragsto
embracethePicturesquebutitwasaScottishpicturesque.AsLoudon
summarised,
NaturehasdonemoreforthelandscapesceneryofScotlandthan
shehasfortherestofEnglandbysupplyingthemostinterestingor
strikingfeatures;butmanhasnotbeenendowedwithsufficient
taste,orperhaps,wealth.38
WiththeriseofthePicturesqueandtheSublimethosewithadramatic
naturallandscapefoundthemselvesattheheightoffashionwithlittleeffort!
ButitwouldbeonlypartofthestorytothinkthatScottishgardendesignwas
followingwhatwashappeninginEngland.ManyoftheScottishlandowners
hadagenuinelovefortheircountryandtheirland,andembarkedonhuge
redevelopmentprojects.Treeplantingwasapassionwithmany,although
oftenoutofnecessityforshelterandfuel.AttheBlairAdamestatein
Perthshireinthemid18thcenturyJohnAdamgrewhistreesfromseedinhis
ownnursery.Whenthefamilyfortunesdeclinedtowardstheendofthe
centuryitwasthewoodlandsthatproppeduptheirfinances.39
37JohnDixonHunt,ThePicturesqueGardeninEurope(London:Thames&HudsonLtd,2004),p.72-77.38Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.8(1832),p.3-4.39Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,pp.98-100.
22
Anotheroftheearliestlandownerstopromoteagriculturalimprovementwas
theOrmistonestateinEastLothianundertheownershipofJohnCochrane
(1687-1746).Heintroducedlongleasesforhistenantsandformedthe
OrmistonSocietyin1736topromotebetteragriculturalpractices.He
introducedturnipgrowingasover-winteringfeedforcattletoensurethat
healthyherdswerereadytocommencebreedinginthespring.40
Perhapsthisnationaloptimismandsurgeinhorticulturalimprovementswas
theimpetusforHaytoreturntoScotlandfromhisemploymentinEngland
althoughtherearenorecordstoverifythis.Thefirstdefiniterecordofhim
beinginScotlandishismarriagein1791;maybeitwassimplytheneedfora
wifewhichbroughthimbackhome,butnonethelessitwasintoadeveloping
cityandvibrantenvironmentthatJohnHaylaunchedhiscareer.
DespitetheinfluencesemanatingfromEnglandtherewasalargernational
influencewhichaffectedallareasofScottishlifeandindeed,somewould
claim,wouldchangetheworld.41Themid18thcenturyinScotlandis
sometimesdescribedasthecountry’s‘GoldenAge’.Theturbulenceofthe
Jacobiterisingsof1715and1745hadsubsidedandtherewasanexplosionof
intellectualdebate.AtthetimeoftheActofUnionin1707Edinburghhad
lostitsParliamenttoLondonalongwithmanyofitsprosperouscitizens.
HoweverScottishlawwasentirelyseparatefromEnglishlawsothecity
40LectureattheEastLothianSocietyforLocalHistoryandAntiquarians,Haddington,Scotland,02September2016.41ArthurHerman,HowtheScotsinventedtheModernWorld(NewYork:ThreeRiversPress,2001)p.11.
23
retaineditscourtsandlawyers.ItalsoretaineditsleadershipoftheChurch,
itsuniversitiesanditsmedicalschools.Theseintellectualsformedanew
middleclassandarecreditedwithfacilitatingwhatisclassedastheScottish
Enlightenment,resultingintheCity’sfuturebeingdefinedthroughlearning
andknowledgeratherthantradition,historyoraristocraticpatronageand
leadership.
AninterestingreasonfortheimpressivespreadoftheScottishEnlightenment
wasputforwardinadocumentaryproducedforandfirstshownonScottish
televisionon20September2016.42Intheprogrammetheproducerand
director,AndrewAbbott,bringstogetherhistorians,architectsandsocial
historianstodiscusswhyEdinburghwasacitybuzzingwithclubs,societies
andscholarlyassociations.Theyemphasisethefactthatinthemid18th
centuryEdinburghwasaverysmallcitywithitspopulationcrammedontoa
singlestreetalongthenarrowstretchoflandbetweenthecastleand
HolyroodPalace.Theresidentialbuildingsweretheforerunneroftoday’s
high-riseflats:oftenhavingacommercialbusinessatgroundlevel,alarge
desirableapartmentatfirstfloorlevelandtheothersocialclassespacked
intothefloorsabove.Besidestheusualpublicandsocialeventstherewere
thetaverns,sportingactivitiesandavarietyofotherfieldsforthedifferent
strandsofsocietytomeet.Thismixingofthesocialclasseswasverydifferent
fromtheEnglishcitiesofthetime,whoseresidentsrarelyhadthe
opportunitytomeetothersonaday-to-daybasis,livingastheydidin
42BBC2Scotland,20September2016,producedbyAndrewAbbott.
24
separateareasofthecityandfrequentingseparatesocialevents.
Commentatorsputforwardthismixingofprofessionalsandacademicsasone
ofthereasonsfortheexchangeofideasandopinionsandwhyEdinburghwas
so‘crowdedwithgenius’.43
Edinburghasacitywaschangingphysicallyaswell,expandingto
accommodateanincreasingpopulationofprofessionals,merchants,
tradesmenandstudents.Bytheendofthedecadethepopulationhad
doubledtoover81,000andtherewasasurgeinwellpaidworking-class
employment.44Inordertoaddresstheovercrowding,butalsoinanattempt
toattractbackthewealthyabsenteenobility,anarchitecturalcompetition
washeldtodesignanewtownforEdinburgh.Workcommencedmid1760
andforthenextthirtyyearsNewTownwascreatednorthofthecastle.Laid
outwithsymmetricalstreetsandterracedtownhouseswithlargegardensit
provedanoutstandingsuccessinbringingcommercialandculturaldynamism
tothecity.Itwasthelargestlate18thcenturyurbandevelopmentanywhere
inGreatBritainandledtoEdinburgh‘beinglaudedathomeandabroadfor
itsbeautyandelegance’.45JohnHaywastoplayapartinthisNewTown,
beinginvolvedinthedesignofoneormoreofitsgardensquares.
43JohnBuchan,CrowdedwithGenius:TheScottishEnlightenment:Edinburgh’sMoment
oftheMind(NewYork:HarperCollins,2003).44StanaNenadic,History-BritishHistoryindepth:TheRiseofEdinburgh(2011)http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/scotland_edinburgh[accessed15September2016].45A.Lewis,TheBuildersofEdinburghNewTown1767-1795(London:SpireBooksLtd,2014)p.15.
25
In1762Voltairewrote‘todayitisfromScotlandthatwegetrulesoftastein
allthearts,fromepicpoetrytogardening’.46Therehadalwaysbeenan
exchangeofpeopleandideasbetweenFranceandScotland,moresothan
withEngland.ManyoftheScottisharistocracyemployedFrenchtutorsrather
thanEnglishonesandsimilarlytheFrenchhiredScottishgardeners!Palladio
hadobserved,somethreecenturiesearlierinhisintroductionondomestic
architecturethat,
Thecityhousesarecertainlyofgreatsplendourandconvenienceto
agentlemanwhoistoresideinthemallthetime…directingofhis
affairs,butperhapshewillreapmuchconsolationfromthecountry
house,wheretheremainingpartofthetimewillbepassedinseeing
andadorninghisownpossessionsandbyindustryandtheartof
agricultureimprovinghisestate.47
AndadorningandimprovingtheirestateswaswhatmanyoftheScottish
landownersdidinthemid18thcentury.Itfollowedaself-imposedremoval
fromLondonsocietywheremanyoftheScottisharistocracyhadbeen
caricaturisedorevenabusedfortheirScottishness.48AthomeinScotland
theycouldhavealargetownhouseinEdinburghtoaccommodatetheirsocial
andentertainingcommitments,especiallyiftheywereoneofthelegalor
politicalmenoftheday,buttheymayalsohavehadanestateinthe
Edinburghenvirons.TheLothians,tothesouthofthecity,wasapopular
46www.britannica.com/topic/Scottish-Enlightenment[accessed13April2017].47A.Palladio,TheFourBooksofArchitecture,Vol2,Ch.12,p.46.48AnandC.Chitnis,TheScottishEnlightenmentandEarlyVictorianEnglishSociety(GuilfordandKingsLynn:BiddlesLtd,1986),p.183.
26
location,wheretherewaspleasantundulatingcountryside,ascenicprospect
oftheFirthofForthandonthecoachroadtoLondon.Glasgowappearsto
havebeenfavouredbythemorecommerciallyorientated,theshipbuilders,
thetradersandthosewithoverseasestates.
Haywouldhavebenefittedfrommanyoftheconsequencesofthe
Enlightenmentyears,notleastinhiseducation.Asfarbackas1696the
Scottishparliamentpassedits‘ActforSettingSchools’establishingaschoolin
everyparish.49Thereasonwasprimarilyreligiouswiththeintentionthat
everychildshouldbeabletoreadTheBible.Thebasicsofeducationwereno
doubtrudimentaryandvariedinstandardfromparishtoparishbutby1750
maleliteracywasashighas75%,comparedto53%inEngland.50This
excellenceineducationisoftencitedasreasonforsomanyofthehead
gardenersinEnglandbeingScottish.Undoubtedlyitisamajorcontributorto
theSouthernemigrationbutanotherreasonwasthenetworkingamongst
theScottishgardeners,oftenemployingrelativesandfriendsandadvertising
vacanciesinScotland.Researchhasprovedandthisdissertationwill
illustrate,thatHaywasliterate,wascompetentatgeometryandhadan
understandingofscience.Severalofhisglasshouseandgardenplansare
includeddemonstratinghisdrawingskillsandtechnologicalknowledge.The
regretforthisresearchisthatsolittleofhiswritingisextant.
49Herman,HowtheScotsinventedtheModernWorld,p.22.50Ibid.,pp.23-24.
27
Chapter2:Thedevelopmentofglasshouseheatingand
technology.
OnemaywellaskwhywouldHaybecomesoengrossedinthedesignof
kitchengardens,theglasshousesandtheirheatingsystems?Butthatwould
betooverlooktheimportanceofthekitchengardenforproducingfruitand
vegetablestoaddvarietytothestaplefieldfoodsofpotatoes,root
vegetablesandbeans.Mostestatesproducedalltheirownfood,orthemajor
partofit,tofeednotonlytheirfamilybuttheirstaffandvisitors.Oneacreof
akitchengardenwasexpectedtosupplyenoughproducefortwelvepeople
andwasestimatedtorequiretwoorthreefull-timegardeners.51Most
kitchengardenswerelargerthanthis,varyingfromaboutfouracresupto
twelveacresormore.Bythebeginningofthe19thcenturythekitchengarden
wasbecomingashowcasefortheownertodemonstratehiswealth,histaste
andtheskillofhisgardenersbypresentingawidevarietyoffruit–melons,
figs,peachesapricots–aswellasavarietyofvegetables,outofseason.The
pressureontheheadgardenerwasimmense,ensuringhisstaffrecognised
thedifferentplantrequirementsandtheabilitytomanipulatethegrowing
conditions.
Theproblemofmaintainingawarmenvironmentforplantsinagreenhouse
becamemoreacuteasglassbecameincorporatedintothebuilding.The
earliestextantgreenhouseinScotlandisatArniston,Midlothian,builtby51SusanCampbell,WalledKitchenGardens(PrincesRisborough:ShirePublications,2006),p.5.
28
WilliamAdam,thefatherofRobertAdam,in1750.52Ithasasolidroofand
backwallwithwindowstothesideandfrontbutitbearslittleresemblance
towhatonewouldvisualiseasagreenhouse.Asmoreglassbecame
incorporatedtherewasanadvantagetotheplantsintheamountoflight,but
adisadvantageinthetemperaturefluctuation.Heatlossfromsingleglazing
wastentimesasgreatasthatfromabrickwallandtheheatstoragecapacity
ofthematerialwasdrasticallyreduced.
Thebeginningofthe19thcenturysawthedevelopmentofvaryingheating
systemsandincreasinguseofcoalandcokeasfuel.Everyheadgardenerhad
hisowntheoryonthebestmethodofheatingandexperimentedwithheat
production,initiallyfromfiresinadjoiningroomsorvaultsunderneaththe
structure.Insteadofthechimneyfluegoingstraightup,bendswerecreated
intheflueinthehopeofheatingagreatersurfacearea.Buttheheatfroma
firewasneversufficienttoheatalltheairinthegreenhouseandkeepit
warmed.Plantsdidnotlikethedryair,thetoxicfumesandthevariationin
temperatures.Itwasatime-consumingjoblookingafterthefiresandthe
estatewouldusuallyemployatleastonegardenerandoneapprenticesolely
tolookaftertheglasshousefulltime,dayandnight.Furnacesrequired
stoking,onhotdaystheventilationneededtobeincreasedandfloorshadto
befloodedforthoseplantsrequiringamoistenvironment.Gardenershad
theirownpreferencesformeetingtheserequirements.
52MayWoodsandAreteSwartzWarren,Glasshouses(London:AurumPressLtd,1988),p.71.
29
Hayrecordshismethodforproducingamoistenvironmentbeforehe
developedhissteamheating,
Ialwayssteamedthepeachhousewithalargepieceofcastiron,
maderedhotinoneofthefurnaces,andputintoawhite-ironpail
fullofwater;thewholewaterthusevaporatingintosteam.Iwas
alwayssuccessful,whileinpracticeasagardener,inraisingafull
cropofpeaches.53
Successfulmaybe,buthazardous!
Itwasprobablythearrivalofthepineapplethatreallyspurredthequestfora
satisfactoryheatingsystemforthecultureofexoticfruits.DutchandEnglish
growershadbeenexperimentingwithpineappleplantssincethefirstarrival
ofseedsandplantsfromtheCaribbeaninthe18thcentury.54Thecravingto
growthisexoticfruitwastemperedbythehorticulturalregimetheplant
demanded.Pineapplesneedayear-roundsoilandairtemperatureofabout
21C(70F)andtheearliestmethodofcultivatingpineappleswasarduous,
timeconsumingandexpensive.Theyrequiredaseparatehot-bed,about5ft
deep,filledwithonefootoffreshhorsedungandthencoveredwithtanners
bark.Thiswaspulverisedoakbark,aby-productofthetanningindustry,and
generatedalotofheatoveraperiodofseveralmonths.Butpineapplestook
acoupleofyearstoreachfruitingtimeandthisprocesshadtoberepeated
53J.C.Loudon,Thedifferentmodesofcultivatingthepine-apple,fromitsfirst
introductionintoEuropetothelateimprovementsofT.A.Knight,Esq.Byamemberof
theHorticulturalSociety(London:Longman,Hurst,Rees,OrmeandBrown,1822),p.175.
30
severaltimestomaintaintherequiredheat.Withtheirspinyleaves,theneed
fortepidwateringandconstantinspectionforpests,itwasapricklyfull-time
jobforagardener.Andpineapples,andotherexoticfruits,didnotlikethe
hotdryairproducedbythestove.
MartinTriewald(1691-1747)aSwedishmerchant,engineerandamateur
physicistlivingforatimeinEngland,iscreditedwiththefirstuseofwaterfor
heatingagreenhouseatNewcastleonTynein1716.55Theearliestbookon
heatingisgenerallyregardedasATreatiseontheEconomyofFueland
ManagementofHeatbyRobertBuchanan(Glasgow1815)anditwouldbeno
surpriseifHaywasawareofthedevelopmentsofheatingsystemsinother
spheresofcommerce.56Glasgowwasalreadyacentreofexperimentation
andinnovationwiththeworkofJamesWatt(1736-1819)andhissteam
engine;technologywhichwasfundamentaltothechangesbroughtbythe
IndustrialRevolution.57
Intheirbookonthehistoryofglasshouses,WoodsandWarrenattributethe
firstuseofsteamheatinginagreenhousetoaMrWakefieldofLiverpool
about1780.58
55EuropeanRouteofIndustrialHeritage,www.erih.net/how-it-started/stories-about-people-biographies/.../site/.../triewald[accessed11Nov2016].56www.hevac-heritage.org/equipment/timeline-boilers/1803-1868[accessed10November2016].57Herman,HowtheScotsinventedtheModernWorld,p.320.58WoodsandWarren,Glasshouses,p.121.
31
Withthesevariousclaimsonthebestheatingmethodsitisnosurprisethat
thegardeningjournalswerealsoinhotdebateand,asonmostgardening
topics,Loudonhadviewsonsteamheating!
Applicationofsteamtotheheatingofglasshousesappearsfirsttohavebeen
attemptedbyWakefieldin1778,andshortlyafterwardstothevaultofa
cucumberhouseatKnowle.Littleprogresswasmadeuntilabout1816and
thenitextendedrapidly.The‘grandcause’oftheimprovementsisbecause
theywerenolongerunderthecontrolofmansionarchitects.59Thisseemsto
suggestthatitwasthegardenersthemselveswhowereinstrumentalinthe
designofglasshouseheating.
Haymusthavebeenfamiliarwithpineapplegrowing,melons,peaches,figs
andotherexoticfruitandflowers,havingworkedinthegardensofeminent
horticulturalistsandnurserymeninEngland.Hewouldhavereadtheadvice
ofStephenSwitzer(1682-1745),inhisbookThePracticalFruitGardener,and
beenfamiliarwiththemethodscommonlyemployedatthetime:fluedwalls
andtemporarycopings.Thedisadvantageofthefluedwallwastheuneven
distributionofheat,withcoldspotsinoneareaandoverheatinginanother,
bothsituationsdamagingtoyounggrowth.Temporarycopingwasusedwith
peachtreestoshedwaterandhelppreventdisseminationofthesporesof
thefunguswhichcausePeachLeafCurl.60Onecanpresumethatasan
innovativepracticalgardenerHaywasexperimentingwithwaystoovercome59Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,Section1589,1824,p.311.60C.Brickwell,ed.,EncyclopaediaofGardening,(Dorking:KindersleyLtd,1992)p.555.
32
theseproblemsandthehistoryofhisimprovementsiswelldocumentedina
lengthyarticleintheMemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.61
Basically,Haywasseekingawaytoproduceanevenmoistenvironment
aroundtheplantsthroughouttheirgrowingperiodandthisledhimtodesign
experimentalsteampits,onefilledwithsoilaloneandanotherwitha
graduatedlayerofstones,‘thefirstthreelayersare4inindiameter...the
layersnearthetopareaboutthesizeofahen’segg,thoseabove...apigeon’s
egg,...atthetopthatoflargemarbles’.62Thesedimensionswouldhavebeen
readilyunderstoodbythelessliterategardener.
The‘sandwich’wasfinishedwithalayerofsoilintowhichtheplantswere
placeddirectlyasopposedtobeinginpots.Steamwasadmittedthrough
perforatedpipesrunningalongthebottomofthepits.Hayfoundthatthe
steamonlyneededtobeadmittedtothestone-basedpitsforanhouranda
halfeveryforty-eighthourstomaintainatemperaturebetween23-26C(75-
80F)whichissufficientforpineapplesplantsinwinter.Tostarttheplants
intofruithewasabletointroducesteammorefrequentlyandraisethe
temperatureto32C(90F).Thearticleincludesadetailedarchitectural
drawingforthehousingandforthepits,followedbydetailedtechnological
andengineeringplansforassemblingthesteamapparatus.Theinstructions
illustrateHay’sextensiveknowledgeofmaterialsandplumbingandnopart
61JohnHay,'AccountofaModeofproducingasteadyanduniformBottomHeatinPine-appleorMelonPits,orinStovesforExoticPlants,bymeansofSteamintroducedintoacloseChamberfilledwithWater-wornStones,'MemoirsofCaledonianHorticultural
Society,Article72(05March1829).62Ibid.,p.335.
33
ofthedesignislefttochance.Heincludesasafetymechanismincasethe
steampipeisoccluded,‘thesteamrushesupthepipe,producingaloud
whistlingnoise,andgivingnoticetothegardenerthathisattendanceis
requiredtotheboiler’.63
Healsogivesinstructionsforthesupplyofawatercisternandeventhe
constructionofathermometertomeasurethetemperatureatthebottomof
thesoillayer.
ThearticleintheMemoirsgoesontocommentthatthismethodofsteam
heatingwasbeingusedinthepitsoftheBristolNursery,CottamandHallen
ofWinsleyStreet,boilermakers,64andWalkerofSt.John’sSquare,
Clerkenwell.65FurtherresearchwouldbeneededtoestablishifHayhadbeen
involveddirectlyinanyoftheseconstructionsorifsteamheatingwas
progressinginparallelinotherpartsofGreatBritain.CharlesMcIntosh(1794-
1864)appearstosuggestinTheBookoftheGardenVol.1thatHaywas
involvedinthedesignoftheheatingsystemat‘MessrsLoddigeatHackney,
andtheplanthousesinthegardenoftheDukeofNorthumberland,atSion
House,Middlesex’.66Haycertainlydesignedthesteamheatingatthe
Northumberland’sfamilyseatatAlnwickbutfurtherresearchwouldbe
neededregardinganyinvolvementatSionHouseandLoddige’snursery.67
63Ibid.p.335.64Grace’sGuide,CottamandHallen(2016)http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cottam_and_Hallen[accessed13October2016].65Hay,'AccountofaMode’.p.337.66CharlesMcIntosh,TheBookoftheGarden,Vol.1(EdinburghandLondon:WilliamBlackwoodandSons,1853),p.229.67MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,1829,Vol.IV,p.582.
34
Loudon,inreviewingthemethodsforgrowingpineapples,alsonotedHay’s
comments,
IafterwardserectedPine-stovesforJohnHarveyEsq.ofCastle
Sempletobeheatedbysteam’andhewas‘appliedtobySirHew
Dalrymple(throughMrDoddshisgardener)toexaminehisPine
StovesatBargany,andtoreportwhetherIthoughttheycouldbe
improved.68
LoudonaddedmoreexamplesofHay’sworkby,
…ConsideringthebeststovesforcombiningthecultureofthePine
andtheVineinScotlandhavebeenconstructedbyMr.Hay,of
whichfineexamplesoccuratLordDuncan’satLundieHouse,near
Dundee,andtheEarlofRoseberry’satDalmenyPark,near
Edinburgh.69
Loudongoesontodescribeindetailtheconstructionofheatingsystemsin
general,‘thedoorofthefirechamber….Notagreatdifferenceintheplans
producedbyNicol,Hay,Stewartandothers’,70thusconfirmingthatthere
wereothergardenersallintentonthesameproblem.Hedescribeswhatwas
namedthe‘Arbroathpavement’,whichwasusedinallHay’sdesignsfor
steamheating,asa‘lightgreyschistus3-6inchesthick’.Thissmooth,
68Loudon,,Thedifferentmodesofcultivatingthepine-apple’,p.176.69Ibid.,p.178.70Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,Section1649,1824,p.324.
35
sedimentaryrockdidnotabsorbmoisturesoitwasidealinthemoist
atmosphereintheglasshouse,beingnearlyalwaysdryandnotbecoming
slippery.Remnantsofthismaterialwerefoundintheruinsofthemajorityof
oldglasshousesvisited,indicatingitwaswidelyavailableandwidelyused.
36
Chapter3.AnaccountofHay’searlylifeandcareer.
JohnHaywasbornin1758inEastLothian,theeldestofeightchildrenof
AlexanderandMargaretHay.Hisbaptismisrecordedintheparishof
Prestonkirkwhere,inthesamechurchyard,isanunusualcastironmemorial
tohisparentsproclaimingthatitwas‘ErectedbytheirsonJohn,Plannerand
Seedsman,EdinburghasatributeofAffectionateremembrance1813’.There
isnoindicationofhisfather’semploymentorprofessionbutthismemorial
recordshimasa‘feuarofLinton’,indicatingthatheownedhisownhouse
andland.71ItwouldappearthatHay’sparentsspentalltheirlifeinthevillage
ofLintonandpresumablywherehe,JohnHay,spenthisearlychildhood.
TodatetherearenorecordsofHay’searlylifeanditisn’tuntilhismarriage
in1791,andthesubsequentbirthofhisfirsttwochildren,thathecanbe
recordedaslivinginthenearbytownofHaddington.Thebaptismalrecordsof
hisfollowingfourchildren(1794-1797)allstate‘father,gardenerat
Prestonhall’.72Forthenextfivechildren(1799-1804)theirbaptismalrecords
states‘Collegehead’whichwasthenameofthehomefarmatArcherfield.73
Thefinaltwochildren(1810-1814)wereborninEdinburghwherethe
baptismalrecordsstatethatJohnHayis‘seedsmanonNicholsonStreet’.74
71InScotlanda‘feuar’istheowneroflandorproperty.72www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Search/results.aspx[accessed18June2016].73Ibid.[accessed18June2016].74Ibid.[accessed18June2016].
37
Fromotherrecords,includinghisownburialrecord,itisknownthatHaylived
inCatherineStreet,partoftheNewTown,untilhisdeathin1836and
subsequentburialinCaltonNewGraveyard,Edinburgh.75
InPatrickNeill’saccountofhistripin1817,accompaniedbyHayandJames
McDonald,HeadGardenertotheDukeofBuccleuch,hemakesreferencetoa
visittoMileEndNurseryinLondon‘whereJohnHayhadspentsometime35
yearspreviously’.76Ifwrittenin1817HaywouldhavebeenatMileEnd
Nurseryaround1782andagedabout24yearsold.Thatwouldhavebeen
quiteoldasanapprenticegardenersoonecanassumeHayhadalready
gainedexperienceelsewhere.Previousauthorshavecommentedonthefact
thatmanyofthegardenersinEnglandinthe18thcenturywereScottish,and
thatsomestayedthereandtookuppostsasheadgardenersandothers
progressedtobusinessesasseedsmanandnurserymen.77EvenGeorgeElliot
commented‘thatagardenerisScotchasaFrenchteacherisParisian’.78
JamesGordon,thefounderofMileEndNursery,wasonesuchman.Atthe
timeLondonwasthecentreofhorticulturalcommercialenterprisesandby
1691ClementsofMileEndisnoted.79Thissmallgardenpossiblywasthe
nucleusforthegreatMileEndNurseryformedbyJamesGordon(1702-1780).
HestartedoutasgardenertoDrJamesSherard(1666-1738)atElthamand
75Deathcertificate.76Robertson,PatrickNeill,p.83.77Robertson,EarlyScottishGardeners,p13.78SukiUrquhartTheScottishGardener:BeingObservationsmadeinaJourneythroughtheWhole
ofScotlandfrom1998to2004chieflyrelatingtotheScottishGardenerPast&Present(Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd,2005),p.159.79Robertson,EarlyScottishGardeners,p.5.
38
whenSherarddiedGordonbecamechiefgardenertotheyoungLordPetreof
ThorndonHallinEssex.WhenPetrediedtragicallyfromsmallpoxin1742
Gordon,withtheexpertisegainedfromworkingwiththesenotable
botanists,wasabletosethimselfupatMileEndwhichexistedasanursery
for95years.WiththeadditionofaseedshopinFenchurchStreetGordon
wasabletosecurealargesliceoftheLondontrade.80JohnAbercrombiein
hisbookTheGardener’sDailyAssistant,dated1786,listsalltheknown
nurserygardenersandseedsmenintheLondonarea‘andwithineightorten
milesthereof’.81JamesGordon&Co.isrecordedatMile-End,nearBow
(1742-70)andJamesGordon(ason),DermerandThompson,etc.in1837.
GordonwasahighlyrespectedhorticulturalistandaccordingtoPeter
Collinson(1694-1768),himselftheownerofoneofthemostfamousgardens
atthetimeatRidgewayPark,MillHill,‘Ineverkneworheardofanymanthat
couldraisethedustyseedsofthekalmias,rhododendrons,orazaleas’and
‘hissagacityinraisingallsortsofplantsfromcuttings,rootsandlayers
surpassesallothers…’.82Collinsonwastherecipientofplantsandseedsbeing
senttoLondonbyJohnBartram(1699-1777),anavidbotanistandplant
collectorlivingontheeastcoastofNorthAmericanearPhiladelphia.83Many
oftheplantsandseedswerepassedontotheburgeoningnurserytradersto
propagateandGordonappearstohavebeenoneofthemostskilful.
80Robertson,EarlyScottishGardeners,p.84.81TobyMusgrave,TheHeadGardeners,ForgottenHeroesofHorticulture(London:AurumPressLtd,2009),AppendixX.82Ibid.pp.45-6.83PenelopeHobhouse,PlantsinGardenHistory(London:PavilionBooksLtd,1994)pp.264-266.
39
In1760Linnaeus,thegreatSwedishbotanist,hadsentoneofhispupilsto
Gordon’snurserytosourceandreportonthenewAmericanplantswhich
werefloodingintoBritain.84WhenGordon’ssontookoverthenursery
followinghisfather’sdeathin1780,thehorticulturaltraditioncontinued,and
Haywouldhavehadtheopportunitytobecomefamiliarwithalltheleading
gardenersofthedayaswellasvisitingmanyofthegreatestatesinthesouth
ofEngland.ItisnotknownhowlongHayworkedatMileEnd,buthemust
havegainedconsiderableknowledgeofthenewplantscomingintoBritainas
wellaspracticalexperienceoftheirhorticulturalrequirements.Hayappears
tohavecontinuedlivingintheLothiansforapproximatelythenexttwenty
yearsbeforehismoveintoEdinburghcity.Bythistimehewasbestknownfor
combiningseveralroles.Hisskillsaretobefoundcataloguedinan
advertisementappearingintheEdinburghEveningCourantin1812and
revealaversatileandcompetentmanofparts(Figure1).85
84AndreaWulf,TheBrotherGardener(London:WindmillBooksLtd,2009),pp.132-135.85ConnieByrom,‘ThePleasureGroundsofEdinburghNewTown’,GardenHistory,Vol.23,No.1(1995),p.77.
40
Figure1.AdvertisementinEdinburghEveningCourant1812
41
a) Prestonhall
TheearliestwrittenrecordofHayplaceshimatthePrestonhallestatein
Midlothian,whenhehimselfstatesthat‘steamheatingfirstoccurredtome
abouttheyear1794whenemployedinerectingthehothousesat
Prestonhall’.86Genealogicalrecordsofhischildrenconfirmhimbeingatthe
Prestonhallestatearound1793-1798.Thiswouldaccordwiththetimethe
estatewasfirstacquiredbytheCallanderfamilyandwhenalterationswere
takingplace,includingthebuildingofthewalledgarden.Prestonhallestateis
locatedatthesmallvillageofPathhead,sometwelvemilessouthof
Edinburgh.
Figure2.AerialviewofPrestonhallHouseandwalledgarden
86MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,Vol.IV,p.582.
42
TheimposingGradeAlistedstonemansionisthoughttohavebeenbuilt
around1700forRobertMcKenzie,brotherofthe1stEarlofCromartieand
thedesignedlandscapewaslaidoutatthesametimeintheformalstyleof
theperiod(Figure2).
In1738thehousewaspurchasedbythe2ndDuchessofGordonandshe
commissionedWilliamAdam(1689-1748),theprominentEdinburgharchitect
andfatherofJohn,JamesandRobert,toembellishthehouse.The
predecessorsofthepresentownersofPrestonhall,theCallanderfamily,
cametoPrestonhallin1789andanotherEdinburgharchitect,RobertMitchell
(1791-1800),wascommissionedtoreconstructthehouseanditsoutbuildings
asitisinitspresentform.
Thelandscapetopographyisacombinationofmixedwoodland,parkland,a
seriesofpondsandattractivewalksalongtheTyneWaterasindicatedinthe
aerialphotograph87(Figure2).
Totheeastofthehousethereisacombinationofwoodedshelterbeltsand
extensiveproductiveagriculturalland.Onthefrontlawnisamagnificent
LebanonCedarwhichin2012wasestimatedtobeabout24mhigh,oneof
thelargestrecordedinScotland.Itisthoughttobetheonlytreeremaining
fromthe100differentspeciesplantedbyWilliamBurn-Callandararound
87HistoricEnvironmentScotland,PrestonHallpolicies,WalledGardenincludingSheds,Gazebos,GlassHouses,SundialandGardenersHouse,LB777.
43
1830.88TheextantwalledgardenisrecognisablefromaplanfoundinCharles
McIntosh’sTheBookoftheGardenVol1-Structuralwhichheincludes‘asan
exampleofHay’sstyleoflayingoutkitchengardens’89(Figure3).
Figure3.PlanofPrestonhallincludedinMcIntosh’sbook.
Itshowsthelargermiddleareaofthefouracrewalledgardendividedinto4
equalquadrants.90Alongthefulllengthofthesouth-facingwallisarunof
glasshouseswithutilitybuildingsandyardtotherear.Thereisafurtherarea
ofwalledgardenadjoiningthesouthside,whichwastheoriginalrose
88InterviewwithMrsJuneCallandar,currentowner,June2016.89CharlesMcIntosh,TheBookoftheGarden,p.50.90NationalRecordsofScotland,BoxGDS247153-155.
44
garden.Itisopentotheestateononesideandaccessedbyadecorative
archedgateway.Unfortunately,butnotunexpectedly,theglasshousesareall
demolishedwithonlythewhitewashedwallsandprotrudingnailstoshow
wherethefruithouseswouldhavebeenpresent(Figure4).McIntosh
appearstocommendtheplanand,exceptforafewrecommendations,states
that‘itwouldbeaperfectspecimenofagardenforacountrygentleman’.91
Figure412.Theextantnorthfacingwallindicatingwheretheglasshouseswouldhave
been.
Whattheplandoesnothighlightarethetwoattractivehexagonalgazebos
builtontopofthenorthwallandoverlookingthewalledgarden(Figure5).
Theyareaccessedfromoneoftherearbuildingsbyahangingstonestairway.
91McIntosh,TheBookoftheGarden,p.51.
45
Fromthefirstgazeboisanopenwalkway,boundedbyabalustradedwall
surmountedbystoneeagles,theemblemontheCallandarcoat-of-arms,
leadingtothesecondgazebo.Bothroomshaverooftopweathervaneswhich
projectdownintotheroomandindicatewinddirectionwithouttheneedto
ventureoutside–apracticalnicetyonthiseasterncoastofScotland.
Figure5.ThetwinGazebosviewedfromthebackyard.
46
EvenMcIntoshwasimpressedbythesegazebos,remarkingthatitwas‘a
featurewhichdiffersfromanyonewehaveseen’.92Andcontemporary
writersarestillintriguedbythesefeatures:InhisbookonScottishgarden
buildings,TimBuxbaumdescribesthemas‘amongthemostpleasantgarden
gazebosinScotland’.93
Attheendofthe18thcenturythesegazeboswereverypopularand
considered‘cuttingedge’althoughLoudondisagreedstating,
TheModernMethodofcarryingsummerhousesabovehothouseasat
PrestonHallhasaverybadeffectonscenery,besidestheirincongruitywhen
consideredasoverlookingthekitchengardenwhichcertainly,likethekitchen
itself,isnotanobjectofbeautyitself.94Currentlytheviewfromtherestored
gazebosisverypleasant(Figure6)!
However,by1842LoudonappearstohaverevisedhisopinionandThe
GardenersMagazinedescribedPrestonhallas‘anexcellentandsuperiorly
designedkitchengardenwithoverfortyvarietiesoffigscultivated’.95
92McIntosh,TheBookoftheGardenVol.1,p.51.93TomBuxbaum,ScottishGardenBuildings:fromFoodtoFolly,(Edinburgh:MainstreamPublishing,1989),p.49.94J.C.Loudon,AShortTreatiseonseveralimprovementsrecentlymadeinHothouses’,(Edinburgh:JohnTurnbull,1805),p.198.95LoudonTheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.18,(1842),p.582.
47
Figure6.Viewacrossthewalledgardenfromthewestgazebo.
AlthoughthegazebosatPrestonhallarenotthoughttobedesignedbyHay
similargardenroomsappearinothergardenswherehewascreditedwith
thedesign,forexampleatLocknaw,Wigtownshire,withitscornergazeboon
oneofthewallsoverlookingthegarden.Itmaynotbeasarchitecturally
spectacularastheonesatPrestonhall,butitoverlooksboththewalled
gardenanddramaticlochscenery.
Examinationofthevariousshedsandbothyinthenorthernouterwalledarea
revealtheworkingsoftheheatingsystem.Therearetwooldboilersstill
present,oneismarked‘BallantineandSons,NewGrangeFoundryBowness’.
Furtherresearchhasshownthatthisironfoundrywasfoundedin1876soit
48
wouldnotbetheboilerwithwhichHaycarriedouthisexperimentsonsteam
heating.96Thereisanotherboilerpresent,marked‘BostonMarine,Leeds,
England’buttodateresearchhasbeenunsuccessfulindeterminingitsage
(Figure7).Boththeseboilersandtheremainingpipeworkandcontrolswould
beworthyofstudybyanindustrialarchaeologist.
Figure7.OneoftheremainingboilersatPrestonhall.
ForanimpressionofwhatwasgrowninaScottishwalledgardenintheearly
20thcenturyoneofthemostdetailedaccountsisinalittle-knownbookby
MargaretH.Waterfield(1863-1953)publishedin1907.Shedescribesthe
variationsinflowerplantinginIrish,ScottishandEnglishgardensandofthe
96Grace'sGuide,A.BallantineandSons,www.gracesguide.co.uk/A_Ballantine_and_Sons[accessed14October2016].
49
twoScottishgardenschosenoneisPrestonhallandtheotherisDalhousie,
Midlothian,anotherofHay'sdesigns.97Althoughhervisitmusthavebeen
nearlyacenturyafterHay’sinvolvementherdescriptionisenthusiastic.Her
delightinPrestonhallisdescribedas‘anexampleoftheamazingwayin
whichherbaceousplantsgrow.Ineversawagreaterwealthofcolouror
healthierlookingplants’.98Highpraiseforthegardener!
WaterfieldincludestwowatercoloursofPrestonhallinherbook,butitisher
descriptionoftheplantsandthewaytheyaregrownthatrevealsthehigh
maintenanceandskillrequiredofthegardeners.Walkingintothegardenshe
isdelightedatthedelphiniums,8-10fthigh,liningthecentralwalk.She
commentsonhowtheflowersaredividedfromthevegetablesbyatrellis
andhighpostsandchains‘festoonedwithrosesandclematis’.Hersecond
watercolourisoftheflowergardenwhichadjoinsthemainwalledgarden
alonga‘finered-brickbuttressedwall...coveredwithcreepersalongitswhole
length’.Theouterboundaryoftheflowergardenisasemi-circularholly
hedge,andbeyondthat‘ashelterbeltofbigtrees’,boththehollyhedgeand
thetreebeltstilltheretoday.Therearenumerousreferencestothe
excellenceofPrestonhallintheyearsfollowingHayincludingthisreference
toameetingoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyin1815.Oneofthe
papersreadwas‘adescriptionofanimprovedSteamHothouse,withplan
andsection,byMrGeorgeOgilvie,gardenertoLadyCallandarat
97MargaretWaterfield,ed,FlowerGroupinginEnglish,ScottishandIrishGardens;Notesand56SketchesinColour,(London:J.M.Dent&Co.,1907),p.55.98Ibid.p.52.
50
Prestonhall’.99Althoughthearticledescribestheworkingsofthehothouseit
doesnotspecifythatitwastheoriginalasdesignedbyHay,butconsidering
thedateofthearticle,1815,onecanpresumeheisdescribingthesame
glasshouse.PrestonhallisstillprivatelyownedbytheCallanderfamily,who
haverestoredthecentralglasshousetoitsoriginaldesign.
99CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook,Vol1,March1815.
51
b) Archerfield(Collegehead)
WithnoneofhispersonalpaperssurvivingitisnotknownwhyHaymoved
thetwelvemilesnorthtoArcherfieldinabout1799(Figure8).
ThisestatewastheseatoftheNisbets,anextremelywealthylandowning
familywhohadacquiredtheruinedDirletonCastlein1663withoverseven
thousandacresoflandstretchingalongthecoastoftheFirthofForthand
inland.Theybuiltanewmansionhouse,Archerfield,andincorporatedthe
castleruinsintothedesignedlandscapeasagrandgardenornament.The
parkwaslaidoutaround1775byRobertRobertson,oneofthemain
proponentsoftheEnglishLandscapeMovementatthetime.Thehomefarm
atArcherfieldwas,andisstill,knownasCollegehead,whichiswhereHay
children’sbaptismalrecordswererecordedbetween1799and1810.
Figure8.PlanofArcherfieldalongsideaerialphotograph.
WhenHaywaslivingthereheundertookseveralcommissionsoutwiththe
estatesoperhapshewasondifferenttermsofemploymentorhadsufficient
52
meanstorentthefarm.Hestatesthathedesignedthenewglasshousesat
Archerfieldanddevisednewmethodsofheatingthem.Certainlyitwasa
timeofgeneralimprovementsattheestate:theestaterecordsshowseveral
accountsassociatedwiththewalledgardenaroundthistime.Unfortunately,
theestaterecordsdonotappearinanychronologicalorderandmanyare
incomplete.InDecember1778themasoncosts‘asmeasuredbyDavidBlair
andR.Robertson(includingworktothehothouses)’amountedto£171.100
ThereisafurtheramountpaidtoThomasBuchananforwoodandglazingfor
thehothouses.101Laterthereisanaccountfor‘stoveandflues’paidto
SamuelHeriot.102Maybetherewasadisputeabouttheheating
arrangementsasanotherentrystatesthatSamuelHeriot‘agreestoaccept
thesumof£16-4-0forthewholeofthefluesthatisexecutedinthenew
gardenofArcherfield’.103Theserecordspinpointthebuildingofthewalled
gardenandbuildingstoabout1778-9.Furtherrecordsshowthatin1797-8
thegardenersarelistedasJohnWaldieandJohnBlackie.Alatergardeneris
namedasDavidThompson(1823-1909)whowentasheadgardenerto
DrumlanriginDumfriesshirewhereheremainedforthirtyyears.Thisisthe
sameThompsonwhobecameeditorofTheScottishGardenermagazineanda
prolificauthor.104
100NationalRecordsofScotlandBoxGD6/1625/1.101Ibid.BoxGD6/1625/8.102Ibid.BoxGD6/1625/6.103Ibid.BoxGD6/1625/5.104SukiUrquhartandRayCox,TheScottishGardener,p.183.
53
WhateverHay’semploymentstatusatCollegeheaditseemsthathewas
specificallyengagedtodesignthenewhothousesbutalsoundertake
commissionsinotherpartsofthecountry.Oneofhisearliestrecordedworks
wasaPlanofImprovements,includingaSurveyoftheEstateofBarns,lyingin
theParishofmannerandCountyofPeebles.ThepropertyofJamesBurnett,
Esq.105
Dated1805itismoreofanestatesurveyratherthanadetailed
gardenplan.Theaerialphotographshowsaratherunremarkablewalled
gardenwithacurvedsouthwallwhichevidentlyincludedasummerhouse.
However,itisevidencethatHaywascapableofsurveyingaccuratelyand
drawingtoscale,andincorporatingattractivefeaturesinanotherwise
utilitariankitchengarden(Figure9).
Figure9.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBarnsalongsideaerialphotograph.
105
PlanofImprovements,includingaSurveyoftheEstateofBarns,lyingintheParishof
MannerandCountyofPeebles.ThepropertyofJamesBurnett,Esq'.Surveyed,designed
anddrawnbyJohnHay.http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/record/nrs/RHP74/plan-improvements-including-survey-estate-barns-peeblesshire/nrs[accessed09March2016].
54
Amuchmoredetailedandsophisticatedplanwasdrawnupforthekitchen
gardenatDalhousieCastle.Theestatesitsonanattractivepromontory
abovetheRiverEskasitflowsthroughMidlothian.Thecastleitselfwas
workedonbyGeorgePaterson(d.1789)andlaterbyWilliamBurn(1789-
1870),bothwell-knownEdinburgharchitects,106whilstthedesigned
landscapeisattributedtoJamesRobertson(before1750-1780).107The
gardendesigniscreditedtoWalterNicolabout1807,butthewalledgarden
appearstohavebeenHay’screationandiswelldescribedbyMrJoseph
Archibald,thegardenerfornineteenyears,inTheGardenersMagazine.108
TheplaninFigure10showsthelongsinuoussitethatprovidedadramatic
walkwayabovetheriverandevenimpressedMrArchibaldwhostated,
Theplanisverydifferentandinfactsurpassestheordinarymodeof
enclosinggardensbystraightwallsintheformofsquaresor
parallelograms.Thewallhereisfifteenfeethighhavingbeenbuiltin
acurvedandwindingdirectiontosuittheadjacentground.Thesite
hasbeenmuchadmiredbyeverypersonoftastewhohasvisitedit:
oneparticularbeautyconsistsinthenaturalfenceonthesouth
side,beingperpendicular,ruggedrocks,tothedepthof30to40
feettothebedoftheriver.109
106www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=20013[accessed08March2016].107Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening(1822),p.79.108Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(1826),p.251.109Ibid.,p.251.
55
Figure10.TheunusuallyshapedwalledgardenatDalhousie.
Hecontinueswithadescriptionofthehothouses,
Inowbegtogiveyouashortdescriptionofthegardenand
hothouses,whichweredesignedbyMr.JohnHay,thegarden
architectofEdinburghin1806.Therangeofglasshousesis205feet
longconsistingofagreenhouseinthecentre56feet,twovineries
77feetandtwopeachhouses45feeteach.Aboveoneofthe
glasshousesisanexcellentroomwherearedepositedsome
beautifulspecimensofnaturalhistoryandafewusefulbookson
botany,agriculture,gardening,etc.110
110Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(1826),p.251
56
ThisisasimilardimensiontotherangeofglasshousesatPrestonhallandthe
inclusionofaroomaboveoneoftheglasshousesisafeatureseeninseveral
ofHay’sdesigns.Dalhousie'sgardener,MrArchibald,appearstohavebeena
dedicatedhorticulturalistasthereisfurtherreferencetohimintheminutes
oftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyof1814whereitisrecordedthathe
notonlyreadapaperon‘protectingbloombycanvasscreens’but‘hada
modelwithhim’.111
WaterfieldchosetoincludeoneofherpaintingsofDalhousieinherbook.
Althoughthebookwaspublishedalmostahundredyearsafterthegarden
wasdesigned,Dalhousiewasrenownedforitsmagnificentflowergardens.
Shepaintsaliterarypictureof‘thegreatcurvingwall’with‘thewinding
pergolathroughwhichonecanseetothedeeprockybedoftheriver'and
statesthat‘therosesareverysuccessfulonawarmslopeofthewalled
garden’andadmiresthe‘richcarpetsofviolasandhedgesoffuchsias’.112
EvenLoudon,inhisbookTheArboretumBritannicum,commentedthat
Dalhousiehad‘anextensiverangeoftreesandshrubs,moreorless
remarkable’butthatthemid18thcentury'picturesque'landscapewasaltered
duringthemid19thcenturyandhasnowbeenlost.113Andithasbeenlost
furtherinthe21stcentury:DalhousieCastlehasbecomeahotelandthe
walledgardenaderelictcardump.Thereisnotraceoftheglasshousesorthe
‘excellentroom’above.
111MinutesoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,18March1814.112Waterfield,Flowergroupings,Facingp.60.113Loudon,TheArboretumBritannicum.
57
OneofHay’sfewreferencestohisworkismadeintheMemoirsofthe
CaledonianHorticulturalSocietywherehestates,
Intheyear1807IhadthehonourtobeconsultedbyhisGracethe
lateDukeofNorthumberlandwithaviewtorebuildingthe
hothousesatAlnwickCastle,whichchieflyconsistedofgrapeand
pinehouses,andwasdesiredbyhisGracetofurnishhimwithplans
forexecutingtheworkonthemostapprovedprinciples.HisGrace
directedmetoprovidefortheheatingofoneofthepinepitsby
steam,ashehadseenanattemptofthiskindinScotlandanumber
ofyearsbefore.114
TheDukeofNorthumberlandreferredtoisHugh,the2ndDuke(1742-1817)
whowaskeenonpromotingthecultivationofexoticfruitsandcouldafford
todoso,beingoneoftherichestmeninEnglandatthetime.Itisnotknown
wheretheDukehadseenapreviousexampleofHay’ssteamheating
althoughhisfirstwifewasadaughterofLordBute,aScottishnoblemanand
akeenbotanist,whichmayhaveprovidedtheconnection.Inhishistoryof
AlnwickCastletheformerarchivistShrimpton,statesthat‘thesecondDuke
investedinnewhothousesdesignedbyJohnHayofEdinburgh,includinga
fruitingpinestoveforpineapples,amushroomhouseandtwovineries’.115He
goesontoadd‘Apeachhouseoffourcompartmentswasalsoerectedanda
114MemoirsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,Vol.IV,p.582.115ColinShrimpton,AHistoryofAlnwickParksandPleasureGrounds(Derby:NorthumberlandEstates,2006),p.58.
58
gardenseedroom’.116ThisismoreextensivethanclaimedinHay’soriginal
statementanditseemslikelythatotherdesignerswereatworkandHaymay
onlyhavebeencalledintodesignthe‘new’steamheatingsystem.Loudon
reportedin1825thatthekitchengardenatAlnwickwas‘latelymuch
improvedbyarangeofhot-houseserectedfromthedesignsofJ.Hay,
Edinburgh.117InalaterpublicationLoudonrefersagaintoHay’sworkat
Alnwick,
In1807,apine-stovewasdesignedandexecutedfortheDukeof
Northumberland,atAlnwickCastle,byMr.Hay,inwhichachamber
belowthebark-bedwasfilledbystonesheatedbysteam;butasthe
pipesandsupplyofsteamweretoosmallforthemassofstones,
theuseofthismodeofheatingwasinthisinstancenotlong
continued.118
AnarchaeologicalsurveyiscurrentlybeingcarriedoutatAlnwickCastlein
theoldwalledgarden,inpreparationforanewpublicationonthehistoryof
thegardens.Discussionwiththeconsultantsworkingontheprojectconfirm
thatthereareseveralstructuresdatingfromtheearly19thcenturyintheold
walledgarden.119Howeverthegardenstructureshavebeenreworkedseveral
timesandunderstandablyitisdifficulttostatecategoricallywhichstructures
canbeattributedtoHay(Figure11).
116Shrimpton,AHistoryofAlnwickParksandPleasureGroundsp.58.117Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1825,p.1080.118Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1832,p.330.119JenniferProctor,Pre-ConstructArchaeologyLtd.DurhamDH65PD.
59
Figure11.PhotographsoftherecentexcavationoftheoldwalledgardenatAlnwick,
showingthenorthernhothousewhichmayhavebeenmodifiedbyHay.
60
c) Camperdown(LundieHouse)
AroundthesametimethatHaywasworkingontheglasshousesatAlnwick
hewasalsoinvolvedinthedesignofthewalledgardenatLundieHouse,an
estateownedbytheDuncanfamilyofDundee.AdamDuncan(1731-1804)
wasanAdmiralintheNavyandin1797,hecommandedandwontheBattle
ofCamperdownagainsttheDutchwhowerethreateningtoinvadeBritain,
forwhichhewascreatedViscountDuncanandBaronLundie.HissonRobert
wascreatedEarlofCamperdownin1831anditwashewhocommissioned
WilliamBurn,theEdinburgharchitect,todesigna'GreekRevival'mansion,
demolishedtheoldLundieHouseandnamedthenewoneCamperdown
(Figure12).120
Figure12.EngravingofCamperdownHousebyalocalengraver,G.Cummings.
120https://canmore.org.uk/site/247718/dundee-camperdown-house-walled-garden?display=image[accessed19July2017].
61
Robertalsodesignedthepark,withtheassistanceofDavidTaylor,aforester.
Between1805and1859DavidTaylorandhissonplantedmostofthetrees,
includingtheweepingelmknownasthe‘Camperdown’elm.
LoudoninhisEncyclopaediaofGardening(1824)devotesasectiontothe
problemofgettingsufficientwaterintothegarden,titledThecontrivancefor
wateringorwashingthefoliageofthewalltreesinDalmenygardens,laidout
bytheartist.121HeisreferringtoHaywhohaddesignedthekitchengardenat
Dalmeny,themansionhouseofLordRoseberryontheoutskirtsofEdinburgh.
Hayhadincorporatedawateringsystembyinsertingathree-quarterinch
metalpipeinagroovecutintothewallsofthekitchengardenjustbelow
groundlevel.Byaseriesofstopcockseveryfiftyfeet,aleatherhosecouldbe
attached.AtDalmenytheheadofpressurefromareservoirsituatedona
raisedareajustoutsidethenorthernwallensuredthattheappropriatebeds
couldbe‘wateredwiththegreatesteaseasrequired’.122Loudonstatesthata
similarsystemhadbeenusedatLundieand‘aftertheexperienceofseveral
yearshasbeengreatlyapprovedofandisthrownfromthepointofdirector
withgreatforce,andtoagooddistance’.123ThewalledgardensatLundie
wereextensive,dividedintoseveralcompartmentsandhadwalls
approximately15feethigh.124
121Loudon,EncyclopaediaofGardening,1824,p.463.122Ibid.,p.463.123Ibid.,p.463.124http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00082[accessed19July2017].
62
Figure13.OSsixinch1843-1882planofCamperdownwalledgarden.
Nowadaysthewalledgardenisthesiteofazoo;theglasshousesreplacedby
asmallersuiteofmodernaluminiumonesandvisitorfacilitieshavebeen
builtintheparkland(Figure13).Mostofthebackhouseshavebeenaltered
toaccommodateadifferentuse,buttherewasevidenceofaboilerandold
fluesysteminsidethem.Thereisaninterestingsmalladjoiningbuilding,
possiblyanOrangeryorrestroomfortheladies,whichwouldhavegiven
entrancetothewalledgarden.Eithersideoftheentrancedoorisaniche,
similartothatofSaltoun,althoughagainitsfunctionunknown(Figure14).
63
Figure14.Possiblyaformerorangery.ViewofoneofthebackbuildingsatCamperdown.
64
Chapter4:JohnHayandEdinburgh1810onward.
Sometimebetween1804and1810theHayfamilymovedtoEdinburgh.125It
wouldappeartomarkachangeintheworkundertakenbyHay:hisrangeof
projectsexpandedandrecognitionofhisskillsbecamemorewidelyknown.
OneofthecatalystsforthiswasprobablyHay’sinvolvementwiththe
CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyandthepeoplewithwhomhecameinto
contact.
125Basedonthegenealogicalrecordsofthechildren.AdaughterwasbornatDirleton(Archerfield)inOctober1804andthenextchildwasrecordedasborninEdinburghinApril1810.
65
a) TheformationoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety
TheformationoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietywasanimportant
eventnotonlyforthegardeningfraternityinEdinburghandthesurrounding
area,butalsoasarichdepositoryofthehistoryofhorticultureinScotland.
PatrickNeillwasadescendantofthefounderofaqualityprintingfirm;he
wasfinanciallywelloff,welleducatedandwellconnected.126Withsuch
advantageshewasinvolvedinmanyoftheintellectualandsocialsocieties
thatflourishedinEdinburghatthetime,andcameintocontactwithpeople
acrossawidevarietyofdisciplines.ButNeill’sgreatestcommitmentwasto
botanyandtohisgardenatCannonmillsCottageinEdinburgh.Itcontained
overthreethousanddifferentspeciesofplants,aswellasaconservatory,a
stove20ftlong(aheatedglasshouse),avinery,awarmpitandanorchid
frame.127
Onthe05December1809inthePhysiciansHall,intheNewTownareaof
Edinburgh,seventeengentlemengathered,‘inconsequenceofacircular
letter,dated25November,signedbyMessersWalterNicol,ThomasDickson,
DrJamesHome,MrAlexanderGibsonHunter,DrAndrewDuncansenior,and
MrPatrickNeill’,toagreetotheproposaltotheformationoftheCaledonian
HorticulturalSociety(Figure15).128
126Hisuncle,alsocalledPatrickNeill,wentintopartnershipwithtwobooksellersin1759.TheywereconsideredthemostrespectableretailbusinessinEdinburghproducinghighqualityprintingincludingpublicationoftheEncyclopaediaBritannica.127J.C.Loudon,TheGardener’sJournal(July1836),p.333.128OriginalMinuteBookoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.
66
Figure15.LetterofInvitationtoformahorticulturalsociety.
Therewasnodoubtingwhowastheinstigatorofthisproposal,andforthe
nextfortyyearsPatrickNeillwouldbetheSecretary.Oneofthe‘gentlemen’
attendingtheinauguralmeetingwasJohnHay,whowaselectedasoneof
the‘professional’membersoftheCouncil(Figure16).AlongsidehimwasMr
JamesMcDonald,gardenertotheRightHonourable,theEarlofDalkeith,who
waselectedaspresident.TheywereallfriendsofNeill'sbutthereisnodoubt
thesemenwererespectedamongstthehorticulturalmilieuofEdinburghand
itsenvirons.Theirplansanddecisionsweretohaveconsequencesstill
relevanttoday.
67
Figure16.MinuteBookoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyshowingJohnHayasone
ofthefoundermembers.
ThefocusofthenewSocietywasthe‘encouragementandimprovementof
thebestfruit,themostchoiceflowersandthemostusefulvegetables’129.The
annualsubscriptionforordinarymemberswasoneguineaandwithina
coupleofyearstheSocietyhadamembershipofoveronethousand.Manyof
thewellknownmembersofEdinburghsocietyweremembers:theartist
HenryRaeburn(1756-1823),thearchitectWilliamPlayfair(1790-1857)and
129Takenfromtheoriginalletterofinvitation.
68
thewriterWalterScott(1771-1832).Butthebackboneofmemberswerethe
gardeners,seedsman,horticulturalistsandestateownersofEdinburgh.The
meetingswereamixtureoftheoreticalandpracticalgardeningmatters,
paperswerereadfrommembersandexhibitsofflowers,fruitandvegetables
werebroughttothemeetings.Competitionswereorganisedandtheaward
ofcertificatesandmedalswasimportant.Hayismentionedfrequentlyinthe
records,proofthathewasanactivememberandonewhosegood
judgementandexpertisewasvalued.Onesuchcompetitionthathehelpedto
adjudicatewasthereportoncurlinpotatoesandthegooseberrycaterpillar
(Figure17)!
69
Figure17.NoteinCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook.
InMarch1811theminutesoftheSocietyrecordHayastheproposerofMr
AlexanderMelville,gardeneratOxenfoordCastle,asa‘corresponding
member’,presumablyacategoryofmembershipforthosemembersunable
toattendmeetingsinEdinburgh.130
Inanewspaperadvertisementin1812JohnHayquotesOxenfoordCastleas
beingoneofhisrecentsuccesses,thathe‘…continuestogivedesignsof
130
CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook,Vol.I,March1811.
70
gardens,plansallsortsofHot-Houses,GreenhousesandConservatories,'
someofwhichhehaslatelyexecutedonanewandimprovedprinciple,such
asthatatMilburnTowerandOxenfoordCastle.131
ThewalledgardenatOxenfoordCastleisstillextantandcurrentlyusedas
partofanorganicvegetablescheme,butsadlytheglasshouseshaveall
disappearedandonlytheimmensewhiterenderedwallindicateswherethey
oncestood(Figure18).Thebackshedsareallpresentbutnodetailed
examinationwascarriedoutforevidenceoftheheatingsystem.
Figure18.ThehighsouthfacingwallatOxenfoordCastle.
131
EdinburghEveningCourant,22August1812.
71
AnearlyambitionoftheSocietywasthecreationofanExperimentalGarden,
partlytogiveadviceonthebesthorticulturalpracticesandpartlytotest,
underlocalgrowingconditions,thenewplantsthatwerecomingintoBritain
(Figure19).132
Figure19.TheproposaltosetupanExperimentalGarden.
Tothisend,attheAnnualGeneralMeetingin1815,SirJohnSinclair
proposedthattworepresentativesfromtheSocietyshouldbecommissioned
tovisitEuropetodiscoverwhatadvanceshadbeenmadetoagriculture.
132
CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook.
72
FollowingthelongperiodofunrestintheareaandtheBattleofWaterloo,
visitorswereoncemoreabletotravel.PatrickNeillandthegardenerWalter
Nicol(1769-1811)werechosentogobutunfortunatelyNicoldied
unexpectedly.HisreplacementswereHayandJamesMcDonald.Thethree
mensailedfromLeithon01August1817andspentoverthreemonths
travellinginNorthernEurope.
AreportofthetripwasgiventothesocietyinDecember1817133.Amelon
hadbeenbroughttothemeeting,raisedfromseeds‘broughtbythe
delegationwhohadvisited’.134In1818therewasfurtherreferencetothetrip
whenitwasreportedtotheSocietythatgraftsofpearsandappleshadbeen
receivedandgraftedatMessersDicksons‘withperfectsuccess’,oneofthe
resultsofthemanycontactstheyhadmadewithcontinentalhorticulturalists
andfruitbreeders.135Intheprefacetohisjournaldetailingthetrip,Neill
summarisestheiropinionsbystating‘…ourownstyleofgardeningin
Scotlandisgenerallyspeaking,superiortowhatwewitnessedonthe
Continent…’.136
Unfortunately,thereisnowritingofHayregardingthecontinentallegof
theirtrip;hisappendixtoNeill’sjournalissolelyanaccountofthethreedays
hespenttouringgardensinthesoutheastofEngland.
133
CaledonianHorticulturalSocietyMinuteBook.Vol110December1817.134Ibid.June1818.135Ibid.June1818.136Robertson,PatrickNeill,p.103.
73
b) George’sSquareGarden
Hay’smoveintoEdinburghatappearstohavebroughthimintocontactwith
avarietyofpeopleandprojects.137Therewasstillatremendousamountof
designandconstructiontakingplaceinconnectionwiththeNewTownand
notjusttothemorewidelyrecognisednorthsideofthecity.Aportionof
landonthesouthsideoftheRoyalMilehadbeenboughtbyJamesBrown,a
builder,whoproceededtobuild‘ofsuitableelegance….finemansions’(Figure
20).138
Figure20.ThefeuingplanforGeorge'sSquare.
137Assumptionbasedonthebaptismcertificateoftwoofhischildren,Elizabethin1804statesDirletonandWilliamin1810statesEdinburgh.138RobertChambers,TraditionsofEdinburgh(Edinburgh:W&CTait,1825),p.38.
74
Haywascalledupontodesignthepleasuregroundatthecentreofthese
residences,knownasGeorge’sSquare,regardedbyAlexanderYoungasthe
firsttruemodernsquareinEdinburgh.139Thesimpledesignofthesquarestill
survives,gravelpathscrisscrossthegrassundertheoriginal,nowmature,
trees(Figure21).Unfortunately,onlyonesideofthesquareretainsits
Georgiangrandeur,theothersideshavingbeendevelopedbynewUniversity
buildings.
Figure21.George’sSquare,namedafterthebrotherofthebuilder,notthemonarch!
139AlexanderJ.Youngston,TheMakingofClassicalEdinburgh(Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1966),p.68.
75
c) BalnagownCastle
OneoftheearliestcommissionsafterthemovetoEdinburghappearstobe
the'PlanofImprovementsontheNewGardenatBalnagownCastle,drawn
fromIdeassuggestedbyGeneralWemyss,JohnHay,1814'(Figure22).The
planforthisestate,afewmilesnorthofInverness,hasneverbeenrecorded
ashavinganyassociationwithHay.Itunexpectedlycametolightduringthe
courseofthisresearch.140TheplanforthewalledgardenatBalnagownCastle
appearedatauctioninEdinburghinSeptember2015andwasboughtbya
Londondealerwhokindlyallowedtheexaminationoftheoriginal
watercolourandinkmanuscriptplan.Theproposedlayoutshowsan
orangery,grapehouses,pineshed,mushroomhouse,gardener'slodge,
melonground,forcingpit,melon-pit,melonandcucumberframes,stock
holes,hotwalltobecoveredwithglassforpeaches,hotwallforthefinest
Frenchpears,sun-dial,etc.141
140NotedbyChristopherDingwallonaninternetsearch.141TheauthortracedtheselleroftheplanwhostatedithadbeenfoundbyhisfathermanyyearspreviouslyinahousedemolitioninFife.
76
Figure22.JohnHay’splanofBalnagown,1814.
Avisittotheestateandexaminationofthe1808EstateSurveymapdoesnot
showanygardenpresentbutthepencilannotation'NewGarden’would
indicatethatthelocationofanewgardenwasbeingplanned(Figure23).
77
Figure23.EstatemapofBalnagownsurveyedbyGeorgeBrown1808('NewGarden'
annotatedinupperrightcorner).
TheOSmapof1843-1882showsthewalledgardenasindicatedontheHay
planwithitssemi-circularoutlinesuggestingHayhadaninputtoitsinitial
build(Figure24).Thereisnoevidenceonthegroundofanybackhousesor
thegardener’scottageeverhavingbeenbuiltandthegardenersworking
therecurrentlydonotrecallanydemolitiontakingplaceinthearea.
78
Figure24.OSsixinch1843-1882mapofBalnagownshowingsemi-circularwallgardenas
onHayplan.
Examinationoftheextantwalledgardenshowsnoevidenceofglasshouses,
althoughholesatthebaseofthewallmayindicatethatvineswereplantedin
theouterareaandbroughtthroughintoavinery.Itmaybethatthewalled
gardenhasbeen‘restored’sothoroughlythatnoremnantremainsof
79
redundantbuildings.AftervisitingBalnagownanoldpostcardcametolight
showingamoremodernglasshousepresent(Figure25).142
Figure25.PostcardofBalnagownwalledgarden.
OneofthereasonswhytheHayplanwasneverfullyexecutedmaybethe
untimelydeathoftheowner,SirCharlesRossin1814,leavingawidowand
twoyoungdaughters.Again,theestatearchiveisincomplete,butinheritance
issuesappeartohaveforcedahaltintheimprovementstotheestateandthe
onlyreferencetobefoundinthearchivesaroundthistimewasinan
142InterestamongthecurrentgardenersatBalnagownresultedinthesubmissionofthisoldpostcard.Astheauthorhasnotexaminedthepostcarditisdifficulttodateit,butitdoesshowglasshousesasbeingpresent,(althoughtheyappeartobeamoremodernstyle,possiblyearly20thcentury).
80
inventoryoffurniturethatincluded‘thatofAlexanderPyper,gardener,£7
total’.143
Nowadaystheestateisprivatelyownedandhasbeenhandsomelyrestored
althoughthewellkeptwalledgardenismostlyvacantwithasmallareagiven
tosoftfruits.
143NationalRecordsofScotland,GD129/1/8/14
81
d) BarganyandKilkerran
ThefollowingtenyearswerethebusiestandmostproductiveofHay’s
career.Around1814-15heundertookdesignsforwalledgardensandflower
gardensattheadjoiningestatesofKilkerranandBarganyinAyrshirewhere
thewivesoftheownersoftheestatesweresisters.144Hisinvolvementin
theseestatesmayhavecomeaboutbecauseofhisworkaround1807at
Camperdown,Dundee,forViscountAdmiralDuncan,theEarlof
CamperdownwhosedaughterJanemarriedSirHewDalrymple-Hamilton,the
ownerofBargany,in1800.145Jane’ssister,Henrietta,in1804marriedSir
JamesFergusontheownerofKilkerran,whereHayhaddesignedboththe
walledgardenandflowergardenin1814.146Therewaslittleneedto
advertisewhenrecommendationscamefromwithinthelandedfamilies.
The1300acreBarganyestateissituatedapproximately20milessouthofAyr
intherichagriculturalvalleyoftheRiverGirvan.Thelayingoutoftheestate
wasbegunbytheownerJohnHamiltoninthemidtolate18thcentury.
HeisreputedtohaveemployedWilliamAdamandlater,around1774,
GeorgeRobertsonpreparedanimprovementplanforthegrounds.Theonly
remainingpartofthisplanisthebowlinggreen.ThomasWhiteJunior(1764-
1836)andWilliamSawreyGilpin(1762-1843)alsoworkedthere.
144JamesFergusson,LowlandLairds(London:Faber&Faber,1949),p.105.145http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/search[accessed8July2017].146http://www.thepeerage.com/p6747.htm#i67468[accessed08July2017].
82
ThomasWhiteisthoughttohaveconstructedasmallwalledgardenalthough
notraceremains.Thehaphazardandfragmentedcharacterofthevarious
‘improvements’werecommentedonbyLoudononatriphemadetosouth
westScotlandin1832,remarkingthat‘thelasttwentyfiveyearshasbeenthe
sceneofextensiveimprovementsinthewayofroadmaking,drainageand
plantingetc’.147Henotedthatthekitchengarden,‘laidoutbyMr.Hay,has
fluedwallsandhothouses’and‘thewholeismosteconomicallyand
judiciouslymanagedbyMr.Dodd’.148Haylaidouttheoriginal13acresof
kitchengarden,includingaseparatepineapplehouse,around1818.He
includedasmallornamentalgardenattheeastendandasemi-circular
gardenatthewestendofthemainwalledgarden(Figure26).Therewasa
pineapplehousenexttothewestfacinghouse,withthesteamheatingwhich
Hayhadperfected.
Figure26.PlanofBarganyestatealongsideaerialphotograph.
147Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.VIII,(1832),p.330.148Ibid.,p.330.MrJamesDoddsislistedasamemberinMinutesofCaledonian
HorticulturalSociety,05December1809.
83
Asearlyas1711theownersofKilkerran,theFergusons,wererecognisedas
keenagriculturalimprovers.Theycommencedaprogrammeoftreeplanting
ontheestateandsurroundinghills,muchofwhichremainstodayandgives
theRiverGirvanvalleysuchapleasingview.Plansforthepoliciesweredrawn
upin1721,byWilliamBoutchart,'anexactplanofKilkerranshowingan
elaborateformaldesignbutreferencetoGeneralRoy'smapof1750would
suggestthatifimplementedithadbeenchangedbythen.149
ItwasSirJamesFergusson(1765-1838),whocommencedextensiveschemes
ofalterationstothehouseandgroundswaybeyondhismeanswhich
resultedintheestatefallingintodebt.Fergussonwasrecognisedasan
agriculturalimproverandwasthefounderoftheAyrshireAgricultural
Association.150In1814Haywascommissionedtodesignthenewgarden.His
plansincludedthefiveacrecurvedwalledgardenwhichwasformerlydivided
intosixcompartmentswithanorchardtothesouth.Intheexplanatorykeyof
hisplanHaynoted‘asmallorangerywithanalcoveseatwhichwillserveasa
RetreatinwalkingfromthehousetothetopoftheLadyGlen’(Figure27).151
149http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/GDL00238[accessed27July2016].150Fergusson,LowlandLairds,p.105151Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,p.146.
84
Figure27.Thebricked-upalcoveofthewalledgarden,formerlyaretreatfortheladies.
Thewestcompartmentisseparatedfromthemaingardenbyawalland,
frompaintingsinthehouseofc.1870,itwasplantedasanornamental
garden.Therearespecimentreestothesouthandwestofthewallsandalso
someoldrhododendrons,nowovergrown.Apathleadstothefamilyburial
groundonthesouthsideofthegarden.ItiscurrentlyinusebytheCamping
andCaravanningClub.
85
e) SaltounHall
AnotherHaydesignwhichtookaccountofthewidergardenwasinEast
Lothian.TheestatewasownedbytheinfluentialFetcherfamilywhom,ata
timeofgreatpovertyinthearea,hadsetupthefirstmillforproducingpot
barleyin1712.152Theywereaninnovativefamilywhowentontoacquirethe
secretofweavingfinelinen,andinordertopromotetheindustryformedthe
BritishLinenCompanyin1746.WithotherScottishfinanciersitbecamethe
BritishLinenBankandnowadaysissubsumedwithintheLloydsBanking
Group.153
Haywascalledupontodesigntheflowerandwalledgardenaround1818,
aboutthesametimeWilliamBurnwasdesigningthemassivenewTudor-
styledSaltounHall.154Hisconfidenceboostedbythesuccessofhisworksfor
someofthemosteminentScottishlandownersHaynowincludedamoss
houseandawoodenbridgeaswellaspeachandapricothouses.155
152www.johngraycentre.org/people/movers_shakers/saltoun[accessed04September2016].153www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/Our-Group/our-heritage[accessed14October2016].154www.parksandgardens.[accessed10September2016].155Tait,TheLandscapeGarden,p.146.
86
Figure28.‘Designforakitchen-garden,orchard,andflower&wintergarden,atSaltounHall,theseatofAndrewFletcher’JohnHay1818
OfthemanywalledgardenswhichHaydesignedtheoneatSaltounappears
themostconventional:arectanglewithnoembellishments(Figure28).
87
ThehighbrickworkwallsareaparticularlyfineFlemishbondwithplainsingle
doorways,theonebesidethebackshedshavingasmallrecessonthe
outside,similartotheoneatCamperdown.Theirpurposeisunknown:itmay
haveincludedareceptacleforakeyormaybealamp(Figure29).
Figure29.OneoftheentrancesintoSaltounwalledgardenshowinganichesimilarto
thatatCamperdown.
ThewalledgardenatSaltonisnowempty,anddeteriorationofsomeofthe
brickworkhasexposedtheintricatefluesystemoftheheatedwalls,
(Figure30).
88
Figure30.ThefluedwallatSaltoun.
AroundthesametimeasworkingonSaltounHaywasinvolvedinseveral
otherprojects;atCastleSemple,Renfrewshire,forColHarveyandplansfor
extensiveflowergardensatNewhailesHouse,Edinburgh,forMissChristian
Dalrymple.
AtCastleSemple,wheretheowner,ColHarvey,washimselfakeen
horticulturalist,Haywasinvolvedforseveralyears.Heinstalledbotha
systemofsteamheatingandalabour-savingwateringschemeforthewalled
garden,similartothatatCamperdown.
89
f) Newhailes
OneofthemoreextensiveflowergardensdesignedbyHayisNewhailes,now
aScottishNationalTrustpropertyontheoutskirtsofEdinburgh.Onceowned
bytheimportantinfluentialandextensivefamilyofDalrymples,itwas
inheritedbyChristina(1765-1838),daughterofLordHailes,Lordofthe
Judiciary,in1792.156Itwasunusualforadaughtertoinheritproperty,but
Christinadevotedasmuchofhertime,aspreviousgenerationshad,to
improvingboththelargemansionandthepleasuregrounds.She
commissionedHayin1818todesignaflowergardenforthesemi-circular
walledgardenalreadypresent,ascanbeseeninanestateplanofRobert
Bauchop,dated1798(Figure31).157
156NationalTrustforScotland,Newhailes,(Edinburgh:Stewarts,reprint2010),p.12.157Ibid.,p.54.
90
Figure31.BauchopplanofNewhailes1798.
RecentlytheNationalTrustforScotlandhasundertakenaseriesof
archaeologicalsurveysofthelandscapeincludingtheremainsoftheflower
garden.Detailsofvariousgardenpathswereidentified,includingpartofthe
curvingflowergardenwall(Figure32).Anevaluationtrenchlocatedatthe
rearofaruinedlater18thcenturyglasshouserevealedthebrick-lined'oven
pit'associatedwithitsinternallyheatedwall.Thisstillcontainedasupplyof
coal,astokeshovelanditscast-ironovendoor.158
158https://canmore.org.uk/event/797021[accessed16September].
91
Ablindfacadewasrecordedduringthesurvey,whichlaterwasusedtohidea
fruitstore.159TheslipgardenwasoriginallyanL-shapedyardtothenorth-
westoftheD-shapedflowergarden,andwasusedforpropagation.Several
brickedupuniform'cupboard'featureswerediscoveredintheinteriorwall,
whichmaybetheremainsofbeeboles.160
ChristinanevermarriedandNewhaileswasinheritedbyhernephew,Sir
CharlesDalrymple-FergussonofKilkerran,whereHayhadpreviouslyworked
onthewalledgardenandflowergarden.
Figure32.PhotographofNewhailestakenc.1880,showingChristinaDalrymple’sflower
gardenonsouthsideofhouse.
159http://www.johngraycentre.org/collections/getrecord/ELHER_MEL9563/[accessed16September2016].160Ibid.,[accessed16September2016].
92
93
g) EdinburghExperimentalGarden
During1822HaywasbusywiththeproposednewExperimentalGardenfor
theCaledonianHorticulturalSociety.In1823aportionoflandwasboughtby
theCrownandleasedtotheSocietyforthegarden.Whilsttheofficialhistory
oftheCaledonianHorticulturalSocietystatesthatin1825JamesMcNab,the
CuratoroftheBotanicGarden,drewupplansforthenewgarden,whichmay
wellbetrue,theminutesoftheSocietyrecordthattheplansweredrawnby
Hay(Figure33).
AttheAnnualElectionMeetinginDecember1825thePermanentVice-
President,DrAndrewDuncanreadinhisspeech,
Itgivesmepeculiarsatisfactiontobeabletoannouncetoyou,in
myofficialcapacity,thatyourCouncilhave,forthepresentyear,
awardedthisannualtestimonyofesteem,onourFellowMember,
MrJohnHay,Garden-Architect,onaccountoftheadmirablePlans
whichhehaspresentedtous,fortheconstructionof
Conservatories,Vineries,Pineries,andotherBuildings,bymeansof
which,aidedbyourcoalgivingheat,andourglassgivingprotection,
wemayenjoythemostdelicatefruitswhichanyportionofthe
earthcanafford,atanyseasonoftheyear.161
161PatrickNeill,ed,TransactionsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety(Edinburgh:1826),p.4.
94
Figure33.Theplanislabelled‘PlanofEdinburghExperimentalGarden,1825'.
Althoughalistofshareholderswasopened,andmoneycamefromasfar
awayasIndia,thefollowingyear,1824,afurthercallwentoutfor£2000to
‘fulfilMrHay’sgardenplan’(Figure34).162
162Neill,TransactionsoftheCaledonianHorticulturalSociety,AnnexeofShareholders(JohnLinning’spersonalcopyheldinRoyalBotanicGardenEdinburghLibrary)
95
Figure34.ReportoffundingfortheExperimentalGarden.
Eventuallythefinalsumwasraised,constructionbeganandthefirstshow
washeldin1828.Thegardenwasnotwithoutitsproblems,bothfinancially
andwithitspersonnel,butitcontinuestoday,albeitmuchalteredfromthe
originalplans,havingbeenabsorbedintotheEdinburghBotanicGarden.
Haywasnowinhismid-sixties.Whateverthereason,maybeofageorhealth,
therearenorecordedgardenplansafter1824.Theremaybeothergardens
withwhichhewasinvolvedbutnorecordswerefoundduringthecourseof
thisdissertation.Itwillbeforotherresearcherstouncover.
96
Chapter5:EvaluationandConclusion
Theresearchthathasbeenundertakenforthisdissertationgivesamodern
foundationforfuturestudiesofScottishwalledgardensandhorticultureand
thepeoplewhohavecreatedthemsincethe19thcentury.Althoughthe
dissertationfocusesontheworkofJohnHayitconsidersthecontextwithin
whichhewasworkingandsomeofthedifferencesbetweencontemporary
ScottishandEnglishhorticulture.Italsomarkssomeofthesignificantevents
occurringinScottishhorticultureandsuggestsareasforfurtherresearch.
Hay'ssystemofsteamheating,oranadaptationofit,wasadoptedbyalmost
allthebigestatesinScotlandintentonhavingthepineappleandmelonon
theirtable.Steamheatingbecamepopularinotherareasofindustryand
advancesinsteamtechnology,withthediscoveryofthesiphonbyThomas
Fowler,meantthatverticalcirculation,notjusthorizontal,waspossible.163
A.M.Perkinsdevelopedthehigh-pressuresystemwhichheatedwaterabove
boilingpointandallowedfastercirculation.Graduallysteamheatingwas
takenoverbycommercialconcernsforheatinglargebuildingssuchas
schools,hospitalsandprisonsandinhorticulturehotwatersystemsgradually
tookoverfromsteamheating.164
163Kohlmaier&Sartory,theArtificialClimate,KohlmaierandSartory,reproducedfromTheArtificialClimate,HeritageGroupWebsitefortheCharteredInstitutionofBuildingServicesEngineershttp://www.hevac-heritage.org/electronic_books/glasshouses/2-GLASSHOUSES-artificialclimate-1.pdf[accessed12and13November2016].164Ibid.,p.54.[accessed12and13November2016].
97
UndoubtedlyHaycontributedmuchtothedebateofheatingglasshouses
successfullyandhewasinnovativeintakinganewtechnologyandadaptingit
forhisprofession.AsLoudonstatedinhisreviewfortheCaledonian
HorticulturalSocietyin1829,
WeparticipateinthesatisfactionwhichMr.Haymustenjoy,aftera
longlifeassiduouslyspentinhorticulturalpursuits,inbeingthe
authorofsuchausefulinvention.ItappearsthatMr.Hayapplied
steamtoforcinghousesatPrestoninMidlothianin1794,andhe
maynowbeconsideredasperfectedinthismodeofheating.165
ButHayshouldalsoberememberedforthewalledgardensandother
gardensthathedesignedandthatareprobablyunrecorded.Havingseenthe
greatScottishmansionsdesignedandembellishedbyAdam,Robertson,Burn
andothernotablearchitects,Hayattemptedtodesignawalledgardenasa
fittingaccessorytothemainbuilding.Hiswalledgardensareworksofart
oftenwithunusuallycurvedwalls,beautifullyfinishedcopings,arched
doorwaysanddecorativebelltowers(Figure35).Manyofhiswalledgardens
haveattachedbuildingssuchassmallrecessedorangeries,cornerbuildings
orunusuallyshapedgazebos,buttheyareoftenoverlookedinfavourofthe
associatedimpressivemansion.PerhapsHayworkedinconjunctionwiththe
architectandisnotcreditedwiththerecognitionhedeserves,buthissigned
gardenplansdemonstratehehadskillsequaltothearchitect.
165Loudon,'ReviewofMemoirsofCaledonianHorticulturalSociety'inTheGardener’sMagazineVol.IV,PartII(1829),p.451.
98
OnecanunderstandthatwhenLoudonsawthesegardensonhisextensive
travelsnorthheformedtheopinionthatsettheparametersforthis
dissertation.
Figure35.(clockwisefromtopleft)ThebeautifullyarchedgatewayatOxenfoordwalledgarden,theBellfeatureatKilkerranwalledgarden,theoriginalgatesandkeyforthewalledgardenatLochnaw,andviewofaccessorybuildingthatHayoftenplacedinthecornersofhiswalledgarden.Theywereusedasshelters,toolstore,fruitstoreetc.
InDecember1825theCaledonianHorticulturalSocietyawardedHay‘the
annualpremiumforthemostinterestingcommunicationreceivedduringthe
year’.166In1829hewasawardedtheSilverMedalbytheSociety.Thiswas
probablythepinnacleofHay’scareer.Nofurtherrecordsregardinghiscareer
havebeenuncoveredduringtheresearchforthisdissertation.167Hay’sname
166
MemoirsofCaledonianHorticulturalSociety167AplanofthewalledgardenforTillicoutryhouseinFifewasfoundbyChristopherDingwallinMarch2017amongstthearchivesofBalkaskieHouseFife,signed‘JohnHay’
99
doesnotappearinthelistofmembersfortheCaledonianHorticultural
Societyafter1829,soonecanonlysurmisethatheretiredfromhorticultural
activities.
HisobituarywassoberlynotedinTheGardener’sMagazine,‘Mr.Hay,an
eminentgardenarchitect,whohascontributedmuchtotheimprovementof
walledgardensandhothousesinScotland’.168
Hisburialcertificaterecordshimasa‘gardenplanner’andthathediedofthe
‘decayofnature’on17November1836andis‘buriedinhisowntomb’in
NewCaltonBuryingGrounds,Edinburgh(Figure36).169
ThereisarichamountofgardenhistorysurroundingScottishkitchengardens
whichdeservesfurtherstudy,notjustonHay,butontheother
horticulturalistsworkingatthistimeinScotland.UntilthenJohnHaymust
remain‘themosteminenthorticulturalarchitectScotlandhasever
produced’.170
Figure36.BurialcertificateforJohnHay17December1836.
butundated.Theauthorhasbeenunabletofindanyfurtherrecordsinthemainrepositories.168Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine,Vol.5(December1836),p.451.169Copyofburialcertificate.170Loudon,TheGardener’sMagazine(December1837),p.543.
100
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