Los AngelesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"L.A." and "LA"
redirect here. For other uses, seeL.A. (disambiguation).This
article is about the U.S. city. For the county, seeLos Angeles
County, California. For other uses, seeLos Angeles
(disambiguation).
Los Angeles
City
City of Los Angeles
From top:Downtown Los Angeles,Venice Beach,Griffith
Observatory,Hollywood Sign
FlagSeal
Nickname(s):"L.A.", "City of
Angels",[1]"Angeltown",[2]"Lalaland", "Tinseltown"[3]
Location inLos Angeles Countyin the state of California
Los AngelesLocation in the United States
Coordinates:3403N11815WCoordinates:3403N11815W
CountryUnited States of America
StateCalifornia
CountyLos Angeles
SettledSeptember 4, 1781
IncorporatedApril 4, 1850
Government
TypeMayor-Council
BodyLos Angeles City Council
MayorEric Garcetti(D)
City AttorneyMike Feuer
City ControllerRon Galperin
Area[4]
City503sqmi (1,302km2)
Land469sqmi (1,214km2)
Water34sqmi (88km2) 6.7%
Elevation233 (city hall)ft (71m)
Population(2012)
City3,857,799
Rank2nd U.S.,48th world
Density8,225/sqmi (3,176/km2)
Urban15,067,000[6]
Metro16,400,000[5]
CSA17,786,419
DemonymAngeleno
Time zonePST(UTC-8)
Summer (DST)PDT (UTC7)
ZIP code9000190068, 9007090084, 9008690089, 90091, 9009390097,
90099, 9010190103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 9029190293, 9104091043,
9130391308, 9134291349, 9135291353, 9135691357, 9136491367,
9140191499, 9160191609
Area code(s)213,310/424,323,661,747/818
FIPS code06-44000
GNISfeature ID1662328
Websitelacity.org
Los Angeles(i/lsndls/,/lsls/ori/lsndliz/,Spanish:Los ngeles[los
axeles]meaningThe Angels), officially theCity of Los Angeles, often
known by its initialsL.A., is themost populous cityin theU.S.
stateofCaliforniaand thesecond-most populousin theUnited States,
afterNew York City, with a population at the2010 United States
Censusof 3,792,621.[7]It has a land area of 469 square miles
(1,215km2), and is located inSouthern California.The city is the
focal point of the largerLos AngelesLong BeachSanta Ana
metropolitan statistical areaandGreater Los Angeles Arearegion,
which contain 13 million[8]and over 18 million people in Combined
statistical area respectively as of 2010, making it one of themost
populous metropolitan areasin the world[9]and the second-largest in
the United States.[10]Los Angeles is also theseatofLos Angeles
County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically
diversecounties[11]in the United States, while the entire Los
Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the
nation's largest cities.[12]The city's inhabitants are referred to
asAngelenos.[13]Los Angeles was founded on September 4, 1781, by
Spanish governorFelipe de Neve.[14]It became a part ofMexicoin 1821
following theMexican War of Independence.[15]In 1848, at the end of
theMexicanAmerican War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were
purchased as part of theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby
becoming part of the United States.[16]Los Angeles
wasincorporatedas a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months
before California achievedstatehood.[17]Nicknamed theCity of
Angels, Los Angeles is aglobal city, with strengths in business,
international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion,
science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research and
has been ranked sixth in theGlobal Cities Indexand 9thGlobal
Economic Power Index. The city is home to renowned institutions
covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is
one of the most substantial economic engines within the United
States. The Los Angelescombined statistical area(CSA) has agross
metropolitan product(GMP) of $831billion (as of 2008), making it
thethird-largest in the world, after theGreater TokyoandNew
Yorkmetropolitan areas.[18]Los Angeles includesHollywoodand leads
the world in the creation of television productions, video games,
and recorded music; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture
production.[19]Additionally, Los Angeles hosted theSummer Olympic
Gamesin1932and1984.Contents[hide] 1History 2Geography 2.1Cityscape
2.1.1Landmarks 2.2Topography 2.3Geology 2.4Climate 2.5Environmental
issues 3Demographics 3.1Race and ethnicity 3.2Religion 4Economy
5Culture 5.1Museums and galleries 6Sports 7Government 7.1Crime
8Education 8.1Colleges and universities 8.2Schools and libraries
9Media 10Transportation 10.1Freeways 10.2Transit systems
10.3Airports 10.4Seaports 11Notable people 12Twin towns Sister
cities 13See also 14References 15Further reading 16External
linksHistoryHistorical affiliationsSpanish Empire17811821First
Mexican Empire18211823United Mexican States18231848California
Republic1846United States1848presentMain article:History of Los
AngelesSee also:Los Angeles in the 1920s
Los Angeles City Hall, shown here in 1931, was built in 1928 and
was the tallest structure in the city until 1964, whenheight
restrictionswere removed.The Los Angeles coastal area was first
settled by theTongva(or Gabrieleos) andChumashNative American
tribes thousands of years ago. A Gabrielino settlement in the area
was callediyang(written Yang-na by the Spanish), meaning "poison
oak place".[20][21]Juan Rodrguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born
explorer, claimed the area of southern California for theSpanish
Empirein 1542.[22]Gaspar de PortolandFranciscanmissionaryJuan
Cresp, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,
1769.[23]In 1771, Franciscan friarJunpero Serradirected the
building of theMission San Gabriel Arcngel, the first mission in
the area.[24]On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers
known as "Los Pobladores" founded the pueblo called "El Pueblo de
Nuestra Seora la Reina de los ngeles del Ro de Porcincula"; in
English it is "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of
thePorcincula River". The Queen of Angels is an honorific of
theVirgin Mary.[25]Two-thirds of the settlers
weremestizoormulattowith a mixture of African, indigenous and
European ancestry.[26]The settlement remained a small ranch town
for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650
residents.[27]Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic
district ofLos Angeles Pueblo PlazaandOlvera Street, the oldest
part of Los Angeles.[28]New Spain achieved its independence from
the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of
Mexico. During Mexican rule, GovernorPo Picomade Los AngelesAlta
California's regional capital. Mexican rule ended during
theMexicanAmerican War: Americans took control from
theCaliforniosafter a series of battles, culminating with the
signing of theTreaty of Cahuengaon January 13, 1847.[29]Railroads
arrivedwith the completion of theSouthern Pacificline to Los
Angeles in 1876.[30]Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923, the
discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil
producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum
output.[31]By 1900, the population had grown to more than
102,000,[32]putting pressure on the city'swater supply.[33]The
completion of theLos Angeles Aqueductin 1913, under the supervision
ofWilliam Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the
city.[34]In 1910, not only had the city of Los Angeles annexed
Hollywood, but there were already at least 10 movie companies
operating in the city. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's
film industry was concentrated in L.A.[35]The money generated by
the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic pain
suffered by the rest of the country during theGreat
Depression.[36]By 1930, the population surpassed one million.[37]In
1932, the city hosted theSummer Olympics.
TheLos Angeles Coliseumhosted the Olympic Games in 1932 and
1984.Following the end ofWorld War II, Los Angeles grew more
rapidly than ever,sprawlinginto theSan Fernando Valley.[38]In 1969,
Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of theInternet, as the
firstARPANETtransmission was sent from theUniversity of California,
Los Angeles(UCLA) toSRIinMenlo Park.[39]In 1984, the city hosted
the Summer Olympic Gamesfor the second time. Despite beingboycotted
by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more
financially successful than any previous,[40]and the second
Olympics to turn a profit until then the other, according to an
analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, being the 1932 Summer
Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.[41]Racial tensions erupted on
April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by aSimi Valleyjury of the
police officers captured on videotape beatingRodney King,
culminating inlarge-scale riots.[42]In 1994, the 6.7Northridge
earthquakeshook the city, causing $12.5billion in damage and 72
deaths.[43]The century ended with theRampart scandal, one of the
most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American
history.[44]In 2002, voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando
Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.[45]GeographySee
also:Los Angeles Basin,San Fernando Valley,Greater Los Angeles
Area,andLos Angeles County, CaliforniaCityscapeMain article:List of
districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed fromMulholland Drive. Left to
right:Santa Ana Mountains,downtown, Hollywood (foreground),Wilshire
Boulevard,Port of Los Angeles,Palos Verdes Peninsula,Santa Catalina
Island, andLos Angeles International Airport.
Hollywood, a well-known district of Los Angeles, is often
mistaken for an independent city (asWest Hollywoodis).The city is
divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods,[46]many of which
wereincorporated placesorcommunitiesthat were annexed by the
city.[47]Greater Los Angelesincludes a number of enclaves and
nearby communities. Generally, the city is divided into the
following areas:Downtown Los Angeles,East Los AngelesandNortheast
Los Angeles,South Los Angeles, theHarbor Area,Greater
Hollywood,Wilshire, theWestside, and the San Fernando andCrescenta
Valleys.Some well-known communities within Los Angeles includeWest
Adams,Watts,Leimert Park,Baldwin Hills,Venice, theDowntown
Financial District,Silver Lake, Hollywood,Koreatown,Westwoodand the
more affluent areas ofBel Air,Benedict Canyon,Hollywood Hills,Los
Feliz,Hancock Park,Pacific Palisades,Century City,
andBrentwood.LandmarksSee also:Category:Landmarks in Los Angeles,
California,List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles
area,andNational Register of Historic Places listings in Los
Angeles, CaliforniaImportant landmarks in Los Angeles includeWalt
Disney Concert Hall, theCathedral of Our Lady of the Angels,Angels
Flight, theKodak Theatre, theGriffith Observatory, theGetty Center,
theGetty Villa, theLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum, theLos Angeles
County Museum of Art,Grauman's Chinese Theatre, theHollywood Sign,
theBradbury Building,Hollywood Boulevard, theCapitol Records
Building,Los Angeles City Hall, theHollywood Bowl, theTheme
Building,BattleshipUSSIowa, theWatts Towers, theStaples
Center,Dodger Stadium,La Placita Olvera/Olvera Streetand
theChildren's Hospital Los AngelesSunset Bridge. L.A. Live TCL
Chinese Theatre Griffith Observatory Capitol Records Building
Angels FlightTopography
TheLos Angeles BasinLos Angeles is irregularly shaped and covers
a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302km2), comprising 468.7
square miles (1,214km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88km2) of
water.[4]The city extends for 44 miles (71km) longitudinally and
for 29 miles (47km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342
miles (550km).Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point
in the city is 5,074ft (1,547m)Mount Lukens,[48][49]located at the
northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of
theSanta Monica Mountainsstretches fromDowntownto thePacific
Oceanand separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando
Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include theMt.
Washingtonarea north of Downtown, eastern parts such asBoyle
Heights, theCrenshaw districtaround theBaldwin Hills, and theSan
Pedrodistrict.TheLos Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is
the primarydrainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51
miles of concrete by theArmy Corps of Engineersto act as a flood
control channel.[50]The river begins in theCanoga Parkdistrict of
the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north
edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the
city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port ofLong Beachat the
Pacific Ocean. The smallerBallona Creekflows into theSanta Monica
BayatPlaya del Rey.The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant
species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including
beaches,wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical
environment iscoastal sage scrub,[51]which covers the hillsides in
combustiblechaparral. Native plants include:California
poppy,matilija poppy,toyon,Coast Live Oak, andGiant Wildrye. Many
of these native species, such as theLos Angeles sunflower, have
become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though it is not
native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral
Tree (Erythrina caffra)[52]and the official flower of Los Angeles
is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).[53]Mexican Fan
Palms,Canary Island Palms, andCalifornia Fan Palmsare common in the
Los Angeles area, although only the last is native.GeologyLos
Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on thePacific
Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerousfaults,
which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern
California.[54]One of the major faults is theSan Andreas Fault.
Located at the boundary between thePacific Plateand theNorth
American Plate, it is predicted to be the source of Southern
California's next big earthquake.[55]Major earthquakes to have hit
the Los Angeles area include the 1994Northridge earthquake, the
1987Whittier Narrows earthquake, the1971 San Fernando
earthquakenearSylmar, and the1933 Long Beach earthquake.
Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not
felt.[54]The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at
risk fromblind thrust earthquakes.[56]Parts of the city are also
vulnerable totsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from
theValdivia earthquakein 1960.[57]ClimateMain article:Climate of
the Los Angeles Basin
MacArthur ParkLos Angeles has aSubtropical-Mediterranean
climate(Kppen climate classificationCsbon the coast,Csainland), and
receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid either
Kppen'sBShorBSk(semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles has
plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35
days with measurable precipitation annually.[58]The average annual
temperature in downtown is 66F (19C): 75F (24C) during the day and
57F (14C) at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature
typically ranges from 59 to 73F (15 to 23C) during the day and 45
to 55F (7 to 13C) at night. In the warmest month August the
temperature typically ranges from 79 to 90F (26 to 32C) during the
day and around 64F (18C) at night.Temperatures exceed 90F (32C) on
a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May,
June and November to three days a month in July, August, October
and to five days in September.[58]Temperatures are subject to
substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between
the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30
Fahrenheit (16 Celsius) degrees.[59]The average annual temperature
of the sea is 63F (17C), from 58F (14C) in January to 68F (20C) in
August.[60]Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from
an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average
of 12 in July.[61]The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena
typical of amicroclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature
in close physical proximity to each other. For instance, the
average July maximum temperature at theSanta Monica Pieris 75F
(24C) whereas it is 95F (35C) in Canoga Park.[62]The city, like
much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late
spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom." This
involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun
by early afternoon.[63]Downtown Los Angeles averages 15.14 inches
(384.6mm) of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during the
winter and spring (November through April), generally in the form
of moderate rain showers, but often as heavy rainfall and
thunderstorms during winter storms. The coast gets slightly less
rainfall, while the mountains get slightly more. However the San
Fernando Valley Region of Los Angeles can get between 16 and 20
inches (410 and 510mm) of rain per year. Years of average rainfall
are rare; the usual pattern isbimodal, with a short string of dry
years (perhaps 78 inches or 180200 millimetres) followed by one or
two wet years that make up the average. Snowfall is extremely rare
in the city basin, but the mountains within city limits typically
receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in
downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches (5cm) in 1932.[64]The highest
recorded temperature in downtown Los Angeles is 113F (45C) on
September 27, 2010[65]and the lowest recorded temperature is 24F
(4C) on December 22, 1944.
[hide]Climate data for Los Angeles (Downtown), 19812010
normals
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high F
(C)95(35)95(35)99(37)106(41)103(39)112(44)109(43)106(41)113(45)108(42)100(38)92(33)113(45)
Average high F
(C)68.2(20.1)68.6(20.3)70.2(21.2)72.7(22.6)74.5(23.6)78.1(25.6)83.1(28.4)84.4(29.1)83.1(28.4)78.5(25.8)72.8(22.7)67.7(19.8)75.2(24)
Daily mean F
(C)58.0(14.4)58.9(14.9)60.6(15.9)63.1(17.3)65.8(18.8)69.2(20.7)73.3(22.9)74.3(23.5)73.1(22.8)68.6(20.3)62.4(16.9)57.6(14.2)65.4(18.6)
Average low F
(C)47.8(8.8)49.3(9.6)51.0(10.6)53.5(11.9)57.1(13.9)60.3(15.7)63.6(17.6)64.1(17.8)63.1(17.3)58.7(14.8)52.0(11.1)47.5(8.6)55.7(13.2)
Record low F
(C)28(2)28(2)31(1)36(2)40(4)46(8)49(9)49(9)44(7)40(4)34(1)30(1)28(2)
Rainfall inches
(mm)3.12(79.2)3.80(96.5)2.43(61.7)0.91(23.1)0.26(6.6)0.09(2.3)0.01(0.3)0.04(1)0.24(6.1)0.66(16.8)1.04(26.4)2.33(59.2)14.93(379.2)
Avg.rainy days( 0.01
in)6.16.45.53.21.30.60.30.31.02.53.35.235.7
Mean monthlysunshine
hours225.3222.5267.0303.5276.2275.8364.1349.5278.5255.1217.3219.43,254.2
Source: NOAA (extremes 1877present, sun
19611977)[66][67][68]
[show]Climate data for Los Angeles (LAX, at thecoast)
[show]Climate data for Los Angeles (Canoga Park, in theSan
Fernando Valley)
Environmental issues
A view of Los Angeles covered in smogA Gabrielino settlement in
the area was callediyang(writtenYang-naby the Spanish), which has
been translated as "poison oak place".[20][21]Yang-nahas also been
translated as "the valley of smoke."[69][70]Owing to geography,
heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port
complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of
smog. TheLos Angeles Basinand the San Fernando Valley are
susceptible toatmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts
from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping,
manufacturing, and other sources.[71]The smog season lasts from May
to October.[72]Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear
smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380mm) of rain each year:
pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air
quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of
early national environmental legislation, including theClean Air
Act. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in
working to limit pollution by mandatinglow-emission vehicles. Smog
is expected to continue to drop in the coming years due to
aggressive steps to reduce it, which includeelectricandhybridcars,
improvements in mass transit, and other measures.The number of
Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per
year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite
improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of theAmerican Lung
Associationranked the city as the most polluted in the country with
short-term particle pollution and year-round particle
pollution.[73]In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted
and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[74]The
city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from
renewable sources in 2010.[75]The American Lung Association's 2013
survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and
fourth in both short term and year round pollution
amounts.[76]DemographicsMain article:Demographics of Los
Angeles
Map of Los Angeles County showing percentage of population
self-identified asMexicanin ancestry or national origin by census
tracts. Heaviest concentrations are in East L.A, Echo Lake/Silver
Lake, South Central, San Fernando and San
Pedro/Wilmington.Historical population
CensusPop.%
18501,610
18604,385172.4%
18705,72830.6%
188011,18395.2%
189050,395350.6%
1900102,479103.4%
1910319,198211.5%
1920576,67380.7%
19301,238,048114.7%
19401,504,27721.5%
19501,970,35831.0%
19602,479,01525.8%
19702,816,06113.6%
19802,966,8505.4%
19903,485,39817.5%
20003,694,8206.0%
20103,792,6212.6%
Est. 20123,857,7991.7%
source:[77][78]
The2010 United States Census[79]reported that Los Angeles had a
population of 3,792,621.[80]The population density was 7,544.6
people per square mile (2,913.0/km). The Census reported that
3,708,020 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households,
58,186 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and
26,415 (0.7%) were institutionalized.The age distribution was
874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to
24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%)
from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or
older.[80]The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females
there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there
were 97.6 males.[80]There were 1,413,995 housing unitsup from
1,298,350 during 20052009[80]at an average density of 2,812.8
households per square mile (1,086.0/km), of which 503,863 (38.2%)
were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters.
The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was
6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in
owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in
rental housing units.According to the 2010 United States Census,
Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,745, with 21.2% of
the population living below the federal poverty line.[81]Race and
ethnicity[hide]Racial
composition2010[80]1990[82]1970[82]1940[82]
White49.8%52.8%77.2%93.5%
Non-Hispanic28.7%37.3%61.1%[83]86.3%
Black or African American9.6%14.0%17.9%4.2%
Hispanic or Latino(of any race)48.5%39.9%17.1%[83]7.1%[84]
Asian11.3%9.8%3.6%2.2%
Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries
speaking 224 different identified languages.[85]Ethnic enclaves
likeChinatown,Historic Filipinotown,Koreatown,Little Armenia,Little
Ethiopia,Tehrangeles,Little Tokyo, andThai Townprovide examples of
thepolyglotcharacter of Los Angeles.According to the 2010 Census,
the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158Whites(49.8%),
365,118African Americans(9.6%), 28,215Native Americans(0.7%),
426,959Asians(11.3%), 5,577Pacific Islanders(0.1%), 902,959
fromother races(23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) fromtwo or more
races.[80]Hispanics or Latinosof any race were 1,838,822 persons
(48.5%).Non-Hispanic whiteswere 28.7% of the population in
2010,[80]compared to 86.3% in 1940.[82]Mexicansmake up the largest
ethnic group of Latinos at 31.9% of Los Angeles' population,
followed bySalvadorans(6.0%) andGuatemalans(3.6%). The Latino
population is spread throughout the city of Los Angeles and its
metropolitan area but it is most heavily concentrated in theEast
Los Angelesregion, which has a long established Mexican American
and Central American community.The largest Asian ethnic groups
areFilipinos(3.2%) andKoreans(2.9%), which have their own
established ethnic enclavesKoreatownin the Wilshire Center
andHistoric Filipinotown.Chinesepeople, which make up 1.8% of Los
Angeles' population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city
limits and rather in theSan Gabriel Valleyof eastern Los Angeles
County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably
inChinatown. Chinatown andThaitownare also home to
manyThaisandCambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles'
population, respectively.Japanesecomprise 0.9% of L.A.'s
population, and have an establishedLittle Tokyoin the city's
downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans
is located in theSawtelledistrict of West Los
Angeles.Vietnamesemake up 0.5% of Los Angeles'
population.Indiansmake up 0.9% of the city's population.The city of
Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are home to a largeMiddle
Easternpopulation, includingArmeniansandIranians, partially
residing in enclaves likeLittle ArmeniaandTehrangeles.African
Americans have the largest establishment inSouth Los Angeles,
including the industrial neighborhoods ofCrenshawandWatts.[86]In
1970, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 17.9% black,
61.1% non-Hispanic white and 17.1% Hispanic.[82]However, since the
1980s, there has been a large influx of immigration from Mexico and
Central America which have outnumbered the blacks in South Los
Angeles. South Los Angeles, as well as neighboring communities such
as the city ofComptonthat were home to predominant African American
populations are now transforming into Hispanic
communities.[87]Pacific Islanders make up 0.1% of Los Angeles'
population, and are concentrated in southwestern Los Angeles
County, namely inLong BeachandCarson, which are home to thousands
ofSamoan Americans.[88]Religion
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angelsis the mother cathedral for
the Los Angeles archdioceseSee also:Hinduism in Los AngelesTheRoman
Catholic Archbishop of Los Angelesleads the largestarchdiocesein
the country.[89]Cardinal Roger Mahonyoversaw construction of
theCathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September,
2002 in downtown Los Angeles.[90]Construction of the cathedral
marked a coming of age of the city's Catholic, heavily Latino
community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes
throughout Los Angeles.With 621,000Jewsin the metropolitan area
(490,000 in city proper), the region has the second largest
population of Jews in the United States.[91]Many of Los Angeles'
Jews now live on theWestsideand in theSan Fernando Valley,
thoughBoyle HeightsandNorthwest Los Angelesonce had large Jewish
populations. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the area,
includingReform,Conservative,Orthodox, andReconstructionist.
TheBreed Street ShulinEast Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the
largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.[92](It is
no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and
community center.)[93]TheKabbalah Centrealso has a presence in the
city.[94]
Built in 1956, theLos Angeles California TempleofThe Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsis the second largestMormontemple
in the worldTheLos Angeles California Temple, the second
largesttempleoperated byThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, is onSanta Monica Boulevardin theWestwood districtof Los
Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the firstMormontemple built in
California and it was the largest in the world when
completed.[95]The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several
significant headquarters, churches, and theCelebrity
CenterofScientology.Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic
population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced,
includingIslam,Buddhism,Hinduism,Zoroastrianism,Sikhism,Bah',
variousEastern Orthodox Churches,Sufismand others. Immigrants from
Asia for example, have formed a number of
significantBuddhistcongregations making the city home to the
greatest variety of Buddhists in the world.EconomyFurther
information:Los Angeles County EconomySee also:Los Angeles Chamber
of Commerce
Companies such asUS Bancorp,Ernst & Young,Aon,Manulife
Financial,City National Bank,Wells Fargo,Bank of
America,Deloitte,KPMGand theUnion Bank of Californiahave offices in
the Downtown Financial District.The economy of Los Angeles is
driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion
pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology,
petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Los Angeles is also the
largest manufacturing center in the western United States.[96]The
contiguous ports of Los Angeles andLong Beachtogether comprise the
fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in
theWestern Hemisphereand is vital to trade within thePacific
Rim.[96]Other significant industries include media production,
finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and
transportation.The Los AngelesLong BeachSanta Anametropolitan
statistical area(MSA) has agross metropolitan product(GMP) of
$735.7billion (as of 2010),[97]making it the third largest economic
center in the world, after theGreater Tokyo Areaand the New
York-Newark-Bridgeport CSA.[18]If counted as a country,
thesurrounding CSAhas the 15thlargest economy in the world in terms
of nominal GDP.[98]Los Angeles has been classified an "Alpha world
city" according to a 2012 study by a research group atLoughborough
Universityin England.[99]The city is home to sixFortune
500companies. They are energy companyOccidental Petroleum,
healthcare providerHealth Net, metals distributor Reliance Steel
& Aluminum, engineering firmAECOM, real estate groupCBRE
Groupand builderTutor Perini.Other companies headquartered in Los
Angeles include20th Century Fox,American Apparel,California Pizza
Kitchen,The Capital Group,Capstone Turbine,The Cheesecake
Factory,Cathay Bank,City National Bank,The Coffee Bean & Tea
Leaf,DeviantArt,Far East National Bank,Farmers Insurance Group,Fox
Entertainment Group,Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher,Guess?,Hanmi
Bank,Herbalife,J2 Global Communications,The Jim Henson Company,KB
Home,Korn/Ferry,Latham & Watkins,Mercury Insurance
Group,Oaktree Capital Management,OMelveny & Myers,Pabst Brewing
Company,Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker,Premier
America,Premiere Radio Networks,Rentech,Sunkist,The TCW
Group,Tokyopop,Triton Media Group,United Online,VCA Antech,
andViking Cruises.TheUniversity of Southern California(USC) is the
city's largestprivate sectoremployer and contributes $4billion
annually to the local economy.[100]According to the city's 2010
Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten employers in the
city as of 2009 were, in descending order, the City of Los Angeles,
theCounty of Los Angeles,University of California, Los
Angeles,University of Southern California,Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center,Kaiser Permanente,Fox Entertainment Group,Farmers Insurance
Group, TeamOne, andNorthrop Grumman.[101]Culture
TheDolby Theatre; venue for theAcademy Awards
Walt Disney Concert HallMain article:Arts and culture of Los
AngelesLos Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the
World," due to the fact that one in every six of its residents
works in a creative industry.[102]According to the USC Stevens
Institute for Innovation, "there are more artists, writers,
filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los
Angeles than any other city at any time in the history of
civilization."[103]Los Angeles is home to Hollywood, globally
recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A
testament to its preeminence in film, the city plays host to the
annualAcademy Awards, the oldest and one of the most prominent
award ceremonies in the world. Finally, Los Angeles is home to
theUSC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldestfilm schoolin the United
States.[104]The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles'
cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for
Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical
productions and 21 openings every week."[103]TheLos Angeles Music
Centeris "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the
nation," with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.[105]TheWalt
Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to
the prestigiousLos Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such
asCenter Theatre Group, theLos Angeles Master Chorale, and theLos
Angeles Operaare also resident companies of the Music Center.
Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as
theColburn Schooland theUSC Thornton School of Music.Museums and
galleriesSee also:Los Angeles City MuseumsThere are 841 museums and
art galleries inLos Angeles County.[106]In fact, Los Angeles has
more museums per capita than any other city in the world.[106]Some
of the notable museums are theLos Angeles County Museum of Art(the
largest art museum in the Western United States[107]), theGetty
Center(part of the largerJ. Paul Getty Trust, the world's
wealthiest art institution[108]), theBattleship Iowa, and theMuseum
of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are
located onGallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly
Downtown Art Walk there.[109]
TheFox PlazainCentury City, headquarters for20th Century
FoxSports
Dodger Stadiumis the home of theLos Angeles DodgersSee
also:Sports in Los AngelesandHistory of the National Football
League in Los AngelesThe city of Los Angeles is the home of several
major league professional sports teams. These Los Angeles teams
include theLos Angeles Dodgersof Major League Baseball, theLos
Angeles ClippersandLos Angeles Lakersof the National Basketball
Association, and theLos Angeles Kingsof the National Hockey
League.The Los Angeles metro area include additional major league
teams. TheLos Angeles GalaxyandClub Deportivo Chivas USAof Major
League Soccer are based inCarson. TheLos Angeles Angels of
Anaheimof Major League Baseball and theAnaheim Ducksof the National
Hockey League are in the Los Angeles media market and are based
inAnaheimin Orange County. The Angels began as an expansion
franchise team in Los Angeles in 1961 before moving to Anaheim in
1966.[110]The Ducks, who have played in Anaheim since their
inception as an expansion team in 1993, were originally owned by
Disney. The team adopted its current name in 2006, a year after
Disney sold the franchise.[111]Other notable sports teams include
theLos Angeles Sparksof the Women's National Basketball
Association. Los Angeles is also home to theUSC Trojansand theUCLA
Bruinsin the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in
thePacific-12 Conference.Los Angeles is the
second-largesttelevision marketin the United States but has
noNFLteam. At one time Los Angeles area had two NFL teams,
theRamsand theRaiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams
moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders heading back to their original
home of Oakland. Prior to 1995, the Rams called Memorial Coliseum
home (19461979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial
Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.
Staples Centeris home to theLos Angeles Lakers,Los Angeles
Clippers, andLos Angeles KingsSince the franchises' departures, the
NFL and individual NFL owners have attempted to relocate a team to
the city. Following the 1995 NFL season, theSeattle Seahawksplanned
to play in theRose Bowlunder a new team name and logo for the 1996
season, but theState of Washingtonfiled a lawsuit to prevent the
move.[112]Despite the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL
team, Los Angeles is still expected to return to the league through
expansion or relocation.[citation needed]On August 9, 2011, the LA
City Council approved plans to buildFarmers Field, which may become
home to an NFL team in the future.[113]Los Angeles has twice played
host to the Summer Olympic Games, in1932and in1984. When the tenth
Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was
renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the
city as well as multipleFIFA World Cupgames in1994including
thefinal. Los Angeles will host theSpecial Olympics World Summer
Gamesin2015.[114]Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues,
includingDodger Stadium,Los Angeles Coliseum,The Forum, theStubHub
Center, and theStaples Center. Staples Center also serves as the
home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of
the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles
Kings of the NHL. It was also home to the Los Angeles Avengers of
the originalAFL, a team that did not participate in that league's
ongoing revival.GovernmentMain article:Government of Los AngelesSee
also:Government of Los Angeles CountyLos Angeles is acharter cityas
opposed to a general law city. Theelected governmentconsists of
theLos Angeles City Counciland theMayor of Los Angeleswhich operate
under amayor-council government, as well as thecity attorney(not to
be confused with thedistrict attorney, a county office)
andcontroller. The current mayor isEric Garcetti. There are15 city
council districts.The city has many departments and appointed
officers, including theLos Angeles Police Department(LAPD), theLos
Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, theLos Angeles Fire
Department(LAFD), theHousing Authority of the City of Los
Angeles(HACLA), theLos Angeles Department of Transportation(LADOT),
and theLos Angeles Public Library(LAPL).The Charter of the City of
Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory
neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of
stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in
the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively
autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own
boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own
officers. There are currently about 90 neighborhood
councils.Residents of Los Angeles electsupervisorsfor the 1st, 2nd,
3rd and 4th supervisorial districts. They also elect the 45th,
46th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, 54th, 59th, 64th, and 70th districtState
Assemblymen, the 18th, 27th, 30th, and 35th districtState Senators,
and the 28th, 29th, 30th, 33rd, 37th, and 44th districtU.S.
Representatives.CrimeSee also:Crime in Los AngelesandList of
criminal gangs in Los Angeles
TheLAPDonMay Day2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7
HeadquartersLikemost American cities, Los Angeles has been
experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and
reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[115][116]This is
a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 populationa major decrease from 1993,
when the all-time high homicide rate of over 21.1 per 100,000 was
reported for the year.[117]This included 15 officer-involved
shootings. One shooting led to the death of aSWATteam member,
Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[118]Los Angeles in the
year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the
previous year. Police speculate that the drop resulted from a
number of factors, including young people spending more time
online.[119]TheLos Angeles crime familydominated organized crime in
the city during theProhibition era[120]and reached its peak during
the 1940s and 1950s as part of theAmerican Mafiabut has gradually
declined since then with the rise of various black
andHispanicgangs.[121]According to the Los Angeles Police
Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into
450 gangs.[122]Among them are theCripsandBloods, which are both
African American street gangs that originated inSouth Los Angeles.
Latino street gangs such as theSureos, a Mexican American street
gang, andMara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members
ofSalvadorandescent, all originated in Los Angeles. The18th
Streethas a predominately Latino membership but is multiethnic.
This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of
America".[123]EducationColleges and universities
Second branch of theCalifornia State Normal Schoolin downtown
Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882.There are three public
universities located within the city limits:California State
University, Los Angeles(CSULA),California State University,
Northridge(CSUN) andUniversity of California, Los
Angeles(UCLA).Private colleges in the city include theAmerican Film
Institute Conservatory,Alliant International University,Syracuse
University(Los Angeles Campus),American InterContinental
University,American Jewish University,The American Musical and
Dramatic Academy Los Angeles campus,Antioch University's Los
Angeles campus,Biola University,Charles R. Drew University of
Medicine and Science,Fashion Institute of Design &
Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM),Los Angeles Film
School,Loyola Marymount University(LMU is also the parent
university ofLoyola Law Schoollocated in Los Angeles),Marymount
College,Mount St. Mary's College,National Universityof
California,Occidental College("Oxy"),Otis College of Art and
Design(Otis),Southern California Institute of
Architecture(SCI-Arc),Southwestern Law School, andUniversity of
Southern California(USC).The community college system consists of
nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community
College District:East Los Angeles College(ELAC),Los Angeles City
College(LACC),Los Angeles Harbor College,Los Angeles Mission
College,Los Angeles Pierce College,Los Angeles Valley
College(LAVC),Los Angeles Southwest College,Los Angeles
Trade-Technical CollegeandWest Los Angeles College.Schools and
libraries
The Los Angeles Central Librarylocated in downtown Los
Angeles.See also:Los Angeles County, California#Colleges and
universitiesandList of high schools in Los Angeles County,
CaliforniaLos Angeles Unified School Districtserves almost all of
the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding
communities, with a student population around
800,000.[124]AfterProposition 13was approved in 1978, urban school
districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become
known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained
campuses, although its 162Magnet schoolshelp compete with local
private schools. Several small sections of Los Angeles are in
theLas Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County
Office of Education operates theLos Angeles County High School for
the Arts. TheLos Angeles Public Librarysystem operates 72 public
libraries in the city.[125]Enclaves of unincorporated areas are
served by branches of theCounty of Los Angeles Public Library, many
of which are within walking distance to residents.MediaMain
article:Media in Los AngelesSee also:List of television shows set
in Los AngelesandList of films set in Los AngelesThe major daily
English-language newspaper in the area is theLos Angeles Times.La
Opininis the city's major daily Spanish-language paper,The Korea
Timesis the city's major dailyKorean languagepaper, and TheLos
Angeles Sentinelis the city's majorAfrican-Americanweekly paper,
boasting the largestBlackreadership in theWestern United
States.Investor's Business Dailyis distributed from its L.A.
corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey.
Los Angeles Times HeadquartersThere are also a number of smaller
regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including
theLos Angeles Register,Daily News(which focuses coverage on theSan
Fernando Valley),LA Weekly,L.A. Record(which focuses coverage on
the music scene in theGreater Los Angeles Area),Los
Angelesmagazine,Los Angeles Business Journal,Los Angeles Daily
Journal(legal industry paper),The Hollywood
ReporterandVariety(entertainment industry papers), andLos Angeles
Downtown News.In addition to the major papers, numerous local
periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages,
including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese,
Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles
also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and
availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods.
Examples includeThe Daily Breeze(serving theSouth Bay), andThe Long
Beach Press-Telegram.Los Angeles and New York City are the only two
media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to
them.[126]The city has major broadcast channels as well as
threePBSstations. World TV operates on two channels and the area
has several Spanish-language television networks.KTBN40 is
theflagship stationof the religiousTrinity Broadcasting Network,
based out ofSanta Ana. A variety of independent television stations
also operate in the area.TransportationMain article:Transportation
in Los AngelesFreewaysMain article:Southern California freewaysThe
city and the rest of theLos Angeles metropolitan areaare served by
an extensive network of freeways and highways. TheTexas
Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility
Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in
the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per
traveler.[127]The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72
hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles
was followed bySan Francisco/Oakland,Washington, D.C.andAtlanta,
(each with 60 hours of delay).[128]Despite the congestion in the
city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter
than other major cities, includingNew York
City,PhiladelphiaandChicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work
commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San
Francisco and Washington, D.C.[129]Among the major highways that
connect LA to the rest of the nation includeInterstate 5, which
runs south throughSan DiegotoTijuanain Mexico and north
throughSacramento,Portland, andSeattleto theCanadian
border;Interstate 10, the southernmost eastwest,
coast-to-coastInterstate Highwayin the United States, going
toJacksonville, Florida; andU.S. Route 101, which heads to
theCalifornia Central Coast, San Francisco, theRedwood Empire, and
theOregonandWashingtoncoasts.Transit systemsMain article:Los
Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
CurrentLos Angeles Metro Railand Metro Transitway map showing
existing lines.The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as
well assubwayand light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a
combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of
38.8million as of September, 2011. The majority of this
(30.5million) is taken up by the city's bus system,[130]the second
busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average
the remaining roughly 8.2million boardings per month.[130]In 2005,
10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public
transportation.[131]Thecity's subway systemis theninth busiest in
the United Statesand its light rail system is the country'ssecond
busiest.[132]The rail system includes theRedandPurplesubway lines,
as well as theGold,Blue,Expo, andGreenlight rail lines. TheMetro
OrangeandSilverlines arebus rapid transitlines with stops and
frequency similar to those of light rail. The city is also central
to thecommuter railsystemMetrolink, which links Los Angeles to all
neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.Besides the rail
service provided byMetrolinkand the Los Angeles County Metropolitan
Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city
passenger trains fromAmtrak. The main rail station in the city
isUnion Stationjust north of Downtown.Airports
The Theme Building at LAXThe main Los Angeles airport isLos
Angeles International Airport(IATA:LAX,ICAO:KLAX), commonly
referred to by its airport code,LAX. The sixth busiest commercial
airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States,
LAX handled over 66 million passengers and close to 2 million tons
of cargo in 2013.Other major nearby commercial airports include:
(IATA:ONT,ICAO:KONT)LA/Ontario International Airport, owned by the
city of Los Angeles; serves the Inland Empire.
(IATA:BUR,ICAO:KBUR)Bob Hope Airport, formerly known asBurbank
Airport; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys
(IATA:LGB,ICAO:KLGB)Long Beach Airport, serves the Long
Beach/Harbor area (IATA:SNA,ICAO:KSNA)John Wayne Airportof Orange
CountyOne of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also
located in Los Angeles,Van Nuys
Airport(IATA:VNY,ICAO:KVNY).[133]Seaports
A view of theVincent Thomas Bridgereaching Terminal
IslandThePort of Los Angelesis located inSan Pedro Bayin theSan
Pedroneighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32km) south of Downtown.
Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex
occupies 7,500 acres (30km2) of land and water along 43 miles
(69km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separatePort of Long Beach.The
sea ports of thePort of Los AngelesandPort of Long Beachtogether
make up theLos Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[134][135][136]Together,
both ports are the fifth busiestcontainerport in the world, with a
trade volume of over 14.2millionTEU'sin 2008.[137]Singly, the Port
of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States
and the largest cruise ship center on theWest Coast of the United
States The Port of Los Angeles' World Cruise Center served about
800,000 passengers in 2009.[138]There are also smaller,
non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles' coastline. The port
includes four bridges: theVincent Thomas Bridge,Henry Ford
Bridge,Gerald Desmond Bridge, andCommodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge.
Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city ofAvalononSanta
Catalina Islandis provided by Catalina Express.Notable peopleMain
article:List of people from Los AngelesAs home to Hollywood and its
entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors and other
entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles.Twin towns
Sister cities
A sign nearCity Hallpoints to the sister cities of Los
AngelesLos Angeles has 25sister cities,[139]listed chronologically
by year joined: Eilat, Israel (1959) Nagoya, Japan (1959) Salvador,
Bahia, Brazil (1962) Bordeaux, France (1964)[140][141] Berlin,
Germany (1967)[142] Lusaka, Zambia (1968) Mexico City, Mexico
(1969) Auckland, New Zealand (1971) Busan, South Korea (1971)
Mumbai, India (1972) Tehran, Iran (1972) Taipei, Taiwan, Republic
of China (1979) Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (1981)[143]
Athens, Greece (1984) Saint Petersburg, Russia (1984) Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada (1986)[144] Giza, Egypt (1989) Jakarta,
Indonesia (1990) Kaunas, Lithuania (1991) Makati, Philippines
(1992) Split, Croatia (1993)[145] San Salvador, El Salvador (2005)
Beirut, Lebanon (2006) Ischia, Campania, Italy (2006) Yerevan,
Armenia (2007)[146]In addition, Los Angeles has the following
"friendship cities":[147][148] London, England, United Kingdom d,
Poland Manchester, England, United Kingdom Los Angeles also has an
exchange partnership withTel Aviv, Israel.[149]See also 1992 Los
Angeles riots East Los Angeles (region) Largest cities in the
Americas Largest cities in Southern California List of hotels in
Los Angeles List of museums in Greater Los Angeles County List of
museums in Los Angeles, California List of people from Los Angeles
List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles Los Angeles in popular
culture National Register of Historic Places listings in Los
Angeles, California California portal Southern California portal
Greater Los Angeles portal New Spain portal
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smog?.Popular Mechanics. p.65.ISSN0032-4558. Retrieved
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100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population: April 1, 2010 to July
1, 2011"(CSV).United States Census Bureau, Population Division.
July 1, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-08-09. Retrieved
2012-08-09.79. Jump up^All data are derived from theUnited States
Census Bureaureports from the2010 United States Census, and are
accessible on-linehere. The data on unmarried partnerships and
same-sex married couples are from the Census report
DEC_10_SF1_PCT15. All other housing and population data are from
Census report DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Both reports are viewable online or
downloadable in a zip file containing a comma-delimited data file.
The area data, from which densities are calculated, are available
on-linehere. Percentage totals may not add to 100% due to rounding.
The Census Bureau defines families as a household containing one or
more people related to the householder by birth, opposite-sex
marriage, or adoption. People living in group quarters are
tabulated by the Census Bureau as neither owners nor renters. For
further details, see the text files accompanying the data files
containing the Census reports mentioned above.80. ^Jump up
to:abcdefg"Los Angeles (city), California".State & County
QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-12-16.81. Jump
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of American Synagogues".Jewish Heritage Report(1). March 1997.
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Saved by Politicians".Jewish Heritage ReportII(12). SpringSummer
1998. Retrieved 2011-10-23.94. Jump up^Luscombe, Belinda (August 6,
2006)."Madonna Finds A Cause".Time Magazine. Retrieved
2011-10-23.95. Jump up^"LDS Los Angeles California Temple". Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Retrieved 2011-10-23.96.
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2011-10-07.97. Jump up^"Gross Metropolitan Product". Greyhill
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2009: GDP (official exchange rate)". October 2008. Archived fromthe
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LA: Tapping L.A. Innovation". USC Stevens Institute. Retrieved
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(March 16, 2009)."Getty slashes operating budget after severe
investment losses".Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-10-20.109.
Jump up^Mather, Kate (August 5, 2011)."Downtown L.A. Art Walk
safety changes planned".Los Angeles Times. Retrieved
2011-10-20.110. Jump up^Leonard Pitt, Dale Pitt (1997).Los Angeles
A to Z.University of California Press.
pp.560561.ISBN0-520-20530-8.111. Jump up^"Ducks History: The Ducks
Look". National Hockey League. Retrieved 2011-10-22.112. Jump
up^"Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring announces move of NFL
franchise". Business Wire. February 2, 1996. Retrieved
2011-10-22.113. Jump up^"L.A. NFL stadium agreement approved by
City Council on 12-0 vote latimes.com". Los Angeles Times. August
9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-22.114. Jump up^"Los Angeles To Host
2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games". Special Olympics.
September 14, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-09.115. Jump up^"Crime rate
lowest in 50 years, LAPD says".Los Angeles Wave. Wire services.
January 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-14.[dead link]Northeast
Edition.116. Jump up^"LAPD year-end crime statistics". Retrieved
2010-04-13.117. Jump up^"LAPD Online Crime Rates"(PDF). Retrieved
2010-04-13.118. Jump up^"Simmons, Randal".LAPD. Retrieved
2008-07-09.119. Jump up^"LAPD City Murder Rate Drops 16 Percent".
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three 6 mafia. mafia". Mafia.z04.org.ua. November 12, 1926.
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(2007).The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa
Nostra. Tate Publishing. p.154.ISBN1-60247-254-8. Retrieved
2012-09-06.122. Jump up^"Los Angeles Police Department Gang
subsite". Lapdonline.org. Retrieved 2010-04-13.123. Jump up^"Police
target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs". Reuters AlertNet.
Archived fromthe originalon 2008-02-18.124. Jump up^"US Census,
District information". Census.gov. Retrieved 2011-10-24.125. Jump
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2011-10-20.127. Jump up^Woolsey, Matt (April 25, 2008)."Best And
Worst Cities For Commuters".Forbes. Retrieved 2011-10-24.128. Jump
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Retrieved 2011-09-29.140. Jump up^"Bordeaux - Rayonnement europen
et mondial".Mairie de Bordeaux(in French). Archived fromthe
originalon 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29.141. Jump
up^"Bordeaux-Atlas franais de la coopration dcentralise et des
autres actions extrieures".Dlgation pour lAction Extrieure des
Collectivits Territoriales (Ministre des Affaires trangres)(in
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Office. Archived fromthe originalon 24 October 2012. Retrieved
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Archived fromthe originalon 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2008-08-07.[dead
link]Further readingGeneral Carey McWilliams(2009).Southern
California: An Island on the Land(9th ed.). Peregrine
Smith.ISBN978-0-87905-007-8. Richard White(1991).It's Your
Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West.
University of Oklahoma Press.ISBN978-0-8061-2567-1. David
Rieff(1992).Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World.
Touchstone.ISBN978-0-671-79210-7. Peter Theroux(1994).Translating
LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City. Norton.ISBN978-0-393-31394-9. Paul
Glover(1995).Los Angeles: A History of the Future.
Greenplanners.ISBN978-0-9622911-0-4. Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt
(2000).Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County.
Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-20530-7.
Kevin Starrand David Ulin (2009). Jim Heimann, ed.Los Angeles:
Portrait of a
City.TaschenAmerica.ISBN978-3-8365-0291-7.Architecture and urban
theory Reyner Banham(2009).Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four
Ecologies(2nd ed.). Berkeley:University of California
Press.ISBN978-0-520-26015-3. Mike Davis(2006).City of Quartz:
Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. Verso.ISBN978-1-84467-568-5.
Robert M. Fogelson (1993).The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles
18501930. Berkeley: University of California
Press.ISBN978-0-520-08230-4. Norman M. Klein (1997).The History of
Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory.
Verso.ISBN978-1-84467-242-4. Sam Hall Kaplan (2000).L.A. Lost &
Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles. Hennessey and
Ingalls.ISBN978-0-940512-23-8. Wim de Wit and Christopher James
Alexander (2013).Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940-1990.
Getty Publications.ISBN978-1-60606-128-2.Race relations Rodolfo
Acua(1996).Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los
Angeles. Verso.ISBN978-1-85984-031-3. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Lynell
George (1992).No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of
Angels. Verso.ISBN978-0-86091-389-4. Josh Sides (2006).L.A. City
Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to
the Present. Berkeley: University of California
Press.ISBN978-0-520-24830-4. Eduardo Obregn Pagn (2006).Murder at
the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. The
University of North Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-8078-5494-5. R. J.
Smith (2007).The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last
African American Renaissance.
PublicAffairs.ISBN978-1-58648-521-4.LGBT Lillian Fadermanand Stuart
Timmons (2006).Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power
Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books.ISBN0-465-02288-X.
Daniel Hurewitz (2007).Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of
Modern Politics. Berkeley: University of California
Press.ISBN0-520-24925-9.Environment Marc Reisner(1986).Cadillac
Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water.Penguin
Books.ISBN978-0-14-017824-1. Chip Jacobs and William Kelly
(2008).Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los
Angeles. Outlook Hardcover.ISBN1-58567-860-0.Art and literature
David L. Ulin, ed. (2002).Writing Los Angeles: A Literary
Anthology.Library of America.ISBN978-1-931082-27-3. Ccile Whiting
(2008).Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s. Berkeley:
University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-25634-7.External
linksFind more aboutLos Angelesat Wikipedia'ssister projects
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