Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century Ch 16 Notes.

Life at the Turn Life at the Turn of the 20of the 20thth Century CenturyCh 16 NotesCh 16 Notes

16. 1: The Expansion of 16. 1: The Expansion of EducationEducation

Public SchoolsPublic Schools By Civil War, more than ½ of nation’s white children By Civil War, more than ½ of nation’s white children

were attending free public schoolswere attending free public schools Many left at early age to workMany left at early age to work 1870: only 2% of 17 yr olds graduated from high 1870: only 2% of 17 yr olds graduated from high

schoolschool School year was November to April to help in fields School year was November to April to help in fields

with farmingwith farming People realized more schooling was required with People realized more schooling was required with

industrializationindustrialization Pressured state govs to increase school funding, lengthen Pressured state govs to increase school funding, lengthen

the school year, and limit child laborthe school year, and limit child labor

Education Cont.Education Cont.

By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring children between 8 and 14 to attend children between 8 and 14 to attend schoolschool

By 1910, nearly 72% of American By 1910, nearly 72% of American children attending schoolchildren attending school Graduation rate among 17 yr olds rose to Graduation rate among 17 yr olds rose to

8.6%8.6%

SchoolsSchools

One-room schoolsOne-room schools Learned many lessons by roteLearned many lessons by rote Read aloud from texts called McGuffey Read aloud from texts called McGuffey

ReadersReaders Studied geography, history, grammar, Studied geography, history, grammar,

reading, writing, and mathematicsreading, writing, and mathematics Teachers disciplined with the threat of Teachers disciplined with the threat of

physical punishmentphysical punishment

Immigrants and EducationImmigrants and Education

Many immigrants valued American public Many immigrants valued American public education as way for their children to become education as way for their children to become successful Americanssuccessful Americans

Wanted their children to be literateWanted their children to be literate Not only children went to schoolNot only children went to school Played important role in assimilating Played important role in assimilating

immigrants (American cultural values, cook immigrants (American cultural values, cook American foods, play American sports/games)American foods, play American sports/games) Some resisted AmericanizationSome resisted Americanization Immigrant cultures mixed with American tooImmigrant cultures mixed with American too

Uneven Support for Uneven Support for SchoolsSchools

Not everyone benefited equallyNot everyone benefited equally Whites and African Americans were Whites and African Americans were

segregated and African American schools segregated and African American schools received less fundingreceived less funding

Mexican Americans and many Asians were Mexican Americans and many Asians were also separated and their schools got less $also separated and their schools got less $

In 1900, only small percentage of Native In 1900, only small percentage of Native American children received any formal American children received any formal schoolingschooling

High Education ExpandsHigh Education Expands

Between 1880 and 1900 >150 new colleges Between 1880 and 1900 >150 new colleges and universities openedand universities opened

Wealthy Americans endowed (gave $ or Wealthy Americans endowed (gave $ or property to) institutions of higher learningproperty to) institutions of higher learning

College enrollment >doubled between 1890 College enrollment >doubled between 1890 and 1910 (still small %)and 1910 (still small %)

By 1915 some middle class families were By 1915 some middle class families were beginning to send their children to collegebeginning to send their children to college

Advanced education made US differentAdvanced education made US different

Women and Higher EdWomen and Higher Ed

Private women’s colleges opened like Private women’s colleges opened like New York’s Vassar College in 1865New York’s Vassar College in 1865

Increased pressure on men’s colleges to Increased pressure on men’s colleges to admit womenadmit women Many opened private schools for women like Many opened private schools for women like

Harvard opened Radcliffe College in 1879Harvard opened Radcliffe College in 1879 Coeducational opportunities also increasedCoeducational opportunities also increased

Women’s ed continuedWomen’s ed continued

Most scholarships went to menMost scholarships went to men Women faced discrimination against Women faced discrimination against

educating womeneducating women Struggled to gain access to most state-Struggled to gain access to most state-

funded institutionsfunded institutions Faced prejudice within the collegesFaced prejudice within the colleges

African Americans and African Americans and Higher EducationHigher Education

Only a few colleges accepted African Only a few colleges accepted African AmericansAmericans

In 1890 only 160 African Americans were In 1890 only 160 African Americans were attending white collegesattending white colleges

Some African American colleges openedSome African American colleges opened Many accepted women but the number was Many accepted women but the number was

small because of financial issuessmall because of financial issues

Perspectives on African Perspectives on African American EdAmerican Ed

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Teach skills and attitudes Teach skills and attitudes

that would help succeed that would help succeed Put aside desire for political Put aside desire for political

equality and prove economic equality and prove economic securitysecurity

Vocational educationVocational education Will get white acceptance Will get white acceptance

eventuallyeventually

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois First African American to First African American to

earn PhD from Harvardearn PhD from Harvard Brightest African Americans Brightest African Americans

must step forward and lead must step forward and lead their people in quest for their people in quest for political and social equality political and social equality and civil rightsand civil rights

Seek liberal education not Seek liberal education not just vocationaljust vocational

Founded Niagara Movement Founded Niagara Movement that called for full civil that called for full civil liberties and end to racial liberties and end to racial discriminationdiscrimination

Worked with NAACP for long Worked with NAACP for long timetime

16.3: World of Jim Crow16.3: World of Jim Crow

Post-Reconstruction DiscriminationPost-Reconstruction Discrimination Voting Restrictions: Voting Restrictions:

Poll taxPoll tax Literacy testsLiteracy tests Grandfather clauses meant to get poor white vote Grandfather clauses meant to get poor white vote

backback

SegregationSegregation De facto: result of customDe facto: result of custom Jim Crow laws (many in South but all over)Jim Crow laws (many in South but all over)

Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)(1896)

Supreme Court upheld many Jim Crow Supreme Court upheld many Jim Crow lawslaws

““Separate but equal” doctrineSeparate but equal” doctrine Segregation is ok as long as it’s separate Segregation is ok as long as it’s separate

but equalbut equal Separate was NOT equalSeparate was NOT equal

Violence Broke OutViolence Broke Out

System of customs or etiquette required System of customs or etiquette required black people to show deference to white black people to show deference to white peoplepeople Small breaches of this could lead to serious Small breaches of this could lead to serious

trouble for African Americans like losing their trouble for African Americans like losing their jobs or being subjected to violencejobs or being subjected to violence

LynchingLynching

Murder of an accused person by a mob Murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trialwithout a lawful trial Estimated 1,200 black people lynched Estimated 1,200 black people lynched

between 1882 and 1892between 1882 and 1892 Sometimes included a mock trialSometimes included a mock trial Sometimes body was mutilated before being Sometimes body was mutilated before being

hanged or shot uphanged or shot up Those who did it were rarely punishedThose who did it were rarely punished Most were in South but some in NorthMost were in South but some in North

Race Relations in NorthRace Relations in North

Not perfectNot perfect Many African Americans moved there to Many African Americans moved there to

escape violence and legal segregationescape violence and legal segregation Found de facto discrimination instead in Found de facto discrimination instead in

schools, housing, and employmentschools, housing, and employment Race riots in NYC in 1900 and Race riots in NYC in 1900 and

Springfield, IL in 1908Springfield, IL in 1908

Resisting DiscriminationResisting Discrimination

Black leaders began to find new approaches to Black leaders began to find new approaches to race problemsrace problems

Some supported emigration to AfricaSome supported emigration to Africa Niagara Movement: under Du Bois in 1905 to Niagara Movement: under Du Bois in 1905 to

denounce all discriminationdenounce all discrimination NAACP formed in 1909 to abolish segregation NAACP formed in 1909 to abolish segregation

and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African Americansgain civil rights for African Americans

Works primarily through courtsWorks primarily through courts First real victory in 1915 when Supreme Court First real victory in 1915 when Supreme Court

declared grandfather clauses unconstitutionaldeclared grandfather clauses unconstitutional

Overcoming ObstaclesOvercoming Obstacles

Early 1900s African American mutual aid Early 1900s African American mutual aid and benefit societies multipliedand benefit societies multiplied

Young Men’s and Young Women’s Young Men’s and Young Women’s Christian Associations developed Christian Associations developed separate programs for African American separate programs for African American youthyouth

National Urban League (1911) improved National Urban League (1911) improved job opportunities and housing for blacksjob opportunities and housing for blacks

Continued…Continued…

Intellectuals published literature, history, Intellectuals published literature, history, and groundbreaking sociological studiesand groundbreaking sociological studies George Washington Carver became known George Washington Carver became known

for scientific and agricultural research at for scientific and agricultural research at Tuskegee InstituteTuskegee Institute

American Negro Academy est in 1897American Negro Academy est in 1897 Black-owned businesses were estBlack-owned businesses were est

Washington founded National Negro Washington founded National Negro Business League in 1900 to helpBusiness League in 1900 to help

Still more…Still more…

Madam C.J. Walker spoke at annual meeting Madam C.J. Walker spoke at annual meeting of Negro Business League in 1912of Negro Business League in 1912 Developed a successful business styling hair for Developed a successful business styling hair for

African American women, opened mail-order African American women, opened mail-order business for hair products, and est a chain of beauty business for hair products, and est a chain of beauty parlors and training schoolsparlors and training schools

Moved to NYC and African American leaders Moved to NYC and African American leaders gathered in her homegathered in her home Gave speeches for black welfare, education, and civil Gave speeches for black welfare, education, and civil

rightsrights

16.2: New Forms of 16.2: New Forms of EntertainmentEntertainment

Vaudeville: inexpensive variety showVaudeville: inexpensive variety show Minstrel Show: perpetuated racial stereotypesMinstrel Show: perpetuated racial stereotypes

Movies (nickelodeons)Movies (nickelodeons) Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

CircusCircus Amusement ParksAmusement Parks Sports (baseball, horse racing, boxing, football, Sports (baseball, horse racing, boxing, football,

basketball)basketball) Some for women tooSome for women too

What were people What were people reading?reading?

NewspapersNewspapers Yellow journalism: sensationalisticYellow journalism: sensationalistic Joseph Pulitzer: St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the Joseph Pulitzer: St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the

New York WorldNew York World William Randolph Hearst: New York JournalWilliam Randolph Hearst: New York Journal

MagazinesMagazines CosmopolitanCosmopolitan

Popular FictionPopular Fiction Huck FinnHuck Finn

Musical DiversionsMusical Diversions

African American SpiritualsAfrican American Spirituals Folk songs performed for white audiencesFolk songs performed for white audiences

Ragtime and JazzRagtime and Jazz Ragtime: originated in South and MidwestRagtime: originated in South and Midwest Jazz: originated in New OrleansJazz: originated in New Orleans

Became VERY popularBecame VERY popular

Music at HomeMusic at Home player piano, phonograph (birth of music biz)player piano, phonograph (birth of music biz)

16.4: Changing Roles of 16.4: Changing Roles of WomenWomen

Work in the Home Work in the Home Less physically demanding and time Less physically demanding and time

consumingconsuming Vacuums, canned foodsVacuums, canned foods

Becoming ConsumersBecoming Consumers Departments stores: Macy’s in NYCDepartments stores: Macy’s in NYC Rural free delivery (RFD)Rural free delivery (RFD) Mail-order catalogs (Sears Roebuck and Co)Mail-order catalogs (Sears Roebuck and Co)

Working Outside the Home Working Outside the Home

1870: nearly 2 mill women/girls worked 1870: nearly 2 mill women/girls worked outside the homeoutside the home Many were singleMany were single Domestic work (servants)Domestic work (servants) Factory work (16-24)Factory work (16-24) Nurses or teachersNurses or teachers Clerical work (typists)Clerical work (typists) Few physicians, ministers, and lawyersFew physicians, ministers, and lawyers

VolunteeringVolunteering

During Civil War volunteer work neededDuring Civil War volunteer work needed Continued afterwardContinued afterward

Organizations for intellectual and social Organizations for intellectual and social reasonsreasons

Groups combined into national associationsGroups combined into national associations Women’s Christian Temperance Assoc.Women’s Christian Temperance Assoc. National American Woman Suffrage Assoc.National American Woman Suffrage Assoc.

New IdeasNew Ideas

Women wanted economic and political Women wanted economic and political rightsrights

Dress and behavior changed: shorter Dress and behavior changed: shorter hairstyles, higher hemlines, skirts and hairstyles, higher hemlines, skirts and blousesblouses

Courting and Marriage customs changedCourting and Marriage customs changed Higher expectations of fulfillmentHigher expectations of fulfillment

Divorce rate roseDivorce rate rose