ABSTRAKEcology is a science that includes one of the branches of
biology. Ecological study of the mutual relationship between
organisms with other organisms in the population and other
populations, as well as the mutual relationships between organisms
and the physical factors of the environment. Analysis was by
studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition)
and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. In
determining a plant vegetation can use several methods. Common
methodologies and a highly effective and efficient if it is used
for research, namely squares method, line method, the method
without plot and quaternary method, Vegetation is a collection of
herbs, usually consists of some kind that live together in one
place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction
both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other
organisms so it is a system that is alive and growing, and dynamic
. how to conduct research begins by making a plot with certain
sizes use a ruler, then list all the species present in the plot.
after all data has been collected, the data can be processed in the
data of R so that the results can be displayed. However, in this
lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods and method
interception point line. The higher diversity of species found in
the area, more extensive sample plots / plots used. The shape of
the minimum area can be square, rectangular.
CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONA. BackgroundEcology is a science that
includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of the
mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the
population and other populations, as well as the mutual
relationships between organisms and the physical factors of the
environment. In relation to the previous description, it can be
stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the
relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology
involves three main aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the
knowledge of how to live animals, quantitative information
concerning the measures of environmental conditions and the limits
of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental
factors, and analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their
influence by means of varying the conditions certain factors under
controlled conditions of other factors. In studying the science of
ecology we will discuss about the individual, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000).Vegetation is a
collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live
together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present
close interaction both amongst individual vegetation component
itself or with other organisms so it is a system that is alive and
growing, and dynamic. Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying
the composition (component type) and form (structure) of vegetation
or plant communities. Observations of vegetation parameters based
life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as
the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic
and abiotic components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of
the biotic components that occupy particular habitats such as
forest, grassland, scrub and others. The structure and composition
of vegetation in an area affected by the other components of the
ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in
the region is actually a reflection of the result of the
interaction of environmental factors and may change dramatically
due to anthropogenic influences. Thus, in an area of vegetation in
general there will be a certain area, and the area had already
demonstrated the specificity of vegetation called the minimum area
keseluruhan.yang area. Practicum entitled, "Analysis of Vegetation
(Species Area Curve)" aims to study the diversity of plant species
in an environment and to determine the extent of the minimum map
can represent the Communist type being analyzed for ecological
purposes.Minimum area or species area curve is the initial step
used untu analyzed using a vegetation sample plots (squares).
Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area)
were considered representative with a vegetation type in a
particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close
relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher
diversity of species found in the area, then increasingly broad
swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can be
square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum
sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of
vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of
vegetation with squares method.Analysis was by studying the
composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form
(structure) of vegetation or plant communities. To a large forest
conditions, the activity is closely related to the analysis of
vegetation sampling, meaning we simply put some sample plots to
represent the habitat. In this sampling, there are three things to
note, that the number of sample plots, laying way sample plots and
vegetation analysis techniques were used. The principle of the
determination of the size of the plot is the plot should be large
enough so that the individual species present in the sample can
represent the community, but it should be small enough so that no
individual can be separated, counted and measured without
duplication or omission. Because the focus of the analysis lies in
the composition of vegetation type and if we can not determine the
extent of sample plots that we think can represent the community,
it can use techniques Species Area Curve (KSA). By using this
curve, it can be determinedMinimum area or species area curve is
the first step that is used to analyze the vegetation that uses
sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a
sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a
vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of
sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found
in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, the
bigger the sample plots dgunakan. The shape of the minimum area can
be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum
sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of
vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of
vegetation with squares method.
B. PurposeThe purpose of this lab is to determine the extent of
the minimum plot represents the type of community that is being
analyzed.
C. BenefictThe benefits of this lab is the practitioner can
determine the extent of the minimum plot represents the type of
community that is being analyzed.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the composition
(component type) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant
communities. Observations of vegetation parameters based life form
trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as the
target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and
abiotic components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the
biotic components that occupy particular habitats such as forest,
grassland, scrub and others. The structure and composition of
vegetation in an area affected by the other components of the
ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in
the region is actually a reflection of the result of the
interaction of environmental factors and may change dramatically
due to anthropogenic influences. Analysis was by studying the
composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form
(structure) of vegetation or plant communities. To a large forest
conditions, the activity is closely related to the analysis of
vegetation sampling, meaning we simply put some sample plots to
represent the habitat. In this sampling, there are three things to
note, that the number of sample plots, laying way sample plots and
vegetation analysis techniques were used. The principle of the
determination of the size of the plot is the plot should be large
enough so that the individual species present in the sample can
represent the community, but it should be small enough so that no
individual can be separated, counted and measured without
duplication or omission. Because the focus of the analysis lies in
the composition of vegetation type and if we can not determine the
extent of sample plots that we think can represent the community,
it can use the technique ( Marpaung andre, 2009).Vegetation is a
collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live
together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present
close interaction, both amongst individual vegetation component
itself or with other organisms that constitute a living system and
the growing and dynamic (Swamarno, 1977). Vegetation, soil and
climate are closely linked and in each place has a specific
balance. Vegetation somewhere will vary with vegetation in places
1ain because different environmental factors. Forest vegetation is
something dynamic system, always evolving in accordance with the
state of their habitat. Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying
the structure and composition of vegetation or in the form
(structure) of vegetation from plants. Vegetation structure element
is a form of growth, stratification and canopy closure. For the
purposes of vegetation analysis required data type, diameter and
height to determine the index of the importance of the forest
community penvusun. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained
quantitative information about the structure and composition of a
plant community. When it comes to vegetation, we can not be
separated from the components of the vegetation itself and
components is exactly the focus of the measurement of vegetation.
Components making up a plant vegetation generally consists of
(Andre, 2009).Vegetation in ecology is the term for the entire
community of plants. Vegetation is a part of life that is composed
of plants that occupy an ecosystem. Various types of forest,
gardens, meadows, and tundra vegetation are examples. Analysis was
by studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition)
and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. In forest
ecology investigation unit is a stand, which is a concrete
association (Rohman and Sumberartha, 2001). Analysis of vegetation
can be used to study the structure and form of vegetation or plant
communities (Rohman and Sumberatha, 2001): 1. Studying forest
stands, ie tree level and regeneration levels. 2. Study the plants
stand down, which meant lower plants is a type of vegetation that
are below the base except forest stands regeneration of forest
trees, pasture / reeds and scrub vegetation.In vegetation science
has developed various methods to analyze the vegetation is helpful
in decrypting a vegetation according to its purpose. In this case,
a methodology is growing rapidly as (Syafei, 1990). Observations of
vegetation parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A
natural ecosystems as well as the target is always made up of two
main components, namely biotic and abiotic components. Vegetation
or plant communities is one of the biotic components that occupy
particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others
(Syafei, 2010).The structure and composition of vegetation in an
area affected by the other components of the ecosystem interact, so
that the vegetation that grows naturally in the region is actually
a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental
factors and may change drastically due to the influence of
anthropogenic (Setiadi, 2010). Common methodologies and a highly
effective and efficient if it is used for research, namely squares
method, line method, the method without plot and quaternary method.
However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods
and method interception point line (without plot method) (Syafei,
2010).Quadrant method is one idak using sample plot method
(potless). This method is very good for a suspect community in the
form of a tree and Tihang Minimum area or species area curve is the
initial step used untu analyzed using a vegetation sample plots
(squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample
(sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation
type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has
a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The
higher diversity of species found in the area, then increasingly
broad swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can
be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum
sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of
vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of
vegetation with squares method (Setiadi, 2010). Ecology is a
science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological
study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other
organisms in the population and other populations, as well as the
mutual relationships between organisms and the physical factors of
the environment. In relation to the previous description, it can be
stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the
relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology
involves three main aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the
knowledge of how to live animals, quantitative information
concerning the measures of environmental conditions and the limits
of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental
factors, and analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their
influence by means of varying the conditions certain factors under
controlled conditions of other factors. In studying the science of
ecology we will discuss about the individual, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000). Some of the
properties contained in the individual plants in the form of the
population, where the properties - its permanence in the analysis
will help in determining community structure. Nature - the nature
of these individuals can be divided into two major groups, where
the analysis will provide data that are qualitative and
quantitative. Quantitative analysis include the following:
distribution of plants (frequency), density (density), or number
(Setiadi, 2010).
Minimum area or species area curve is the first step that is
used to analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots (squares).
Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area)
were considered representative with a vegetation type in a
particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close
relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher
diversity of species found in the area, the bigger the sample plots
dgunakan. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular,
and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing
the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a
benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method. 1. The
minimum area of a plot that could represent a habitat that will be
measured,2. The minimum number of plots so that the results
represent the state of the standor if the path length is
represented using lines. The trick is to register the types
contained in a small plot, then the plot is enlarged twice and
species rediscovered registered. Work stopped until broad swath
where the addition does not lead to significant increase in the
number of types. This broad set basic minimum if the addition of
broad swath cause an increase in the number of species is not more
than 5-10% .For the initial swath depends surveyors, can use x1m 1m
or 2m wide x 2m or 20m x 20m, because the important thing is
consistency which is a broad swath of the next two times the size
of the initial plot and the process capability in the field
(Setiadi, 1984). Plotting is divulging how to take a sample unit of
ecosystem with how to create and define regions on areas seen as
the study area. The plot is made usually rectangular. Usefulness
plot made are: 1. To study the structure of the ecosystem of an
area based on the much plots were studied. 2. To determine
quantitatively and qualitatively respective individuals that exist
in the area 3. To determine the development or change in the life
of one city to another, or from time to time. Plotting is usually
very effective when used for the study vagetasi, although sometimes
also effective for animal studies. Vegetation is a collection of
herbs, usually consists of some kind that live together in one
place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close
interaction, both between individual sesame vegetation component
itself or with other organisms so it is a system that is alive and
growing and dynamic (Marsono, 1977). In vegetation communities,
plant ties between them, may trees, shrubs, grasses, lichens and
Thallophyta, these herbs more or less occupy the strata or layers
from top to bottom horizontally, this is called stratification.
Individuals who occupy different layers showing differences of
growth form, every layer of the community sometimes includes
classes such as morphology different individuals, the highest
strata of the canopy of trees or lianas. For this purpose, plants
have different morphological classes were formed in the "sinusie"
such trees in sinusie trees, epiphytes and epiphytes in
sinusiesebagainya.Metodologi common methodologies and a highly
effective and efficient if it is used for research, the method of
squares, line method, the method without plot and quaternary
method. However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical
methods and method interception point line (Setiadi, 1984;
Sundarapandian and Swamy, 2000). Analysis of vegetation is a way of
studying the arrangement and or vegetation composition in the form
(structure) of vegetation vegetationcommunitiesplant. Vegetation
structure element is a form of growth, stratification and canopy
closure. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained
quantitative information about the structure and composition of a
plant community. This method should be chosen, because putting any
plot will not achieve the goal. The location and distribution of
the plots should be set in accordance with its objectives, in
addition to simplify the analysis / interpretation of data. How to
capture the plot should be random, scattered with the same distance
(how quadrant), following a predetermined compass direction (the
direction of the transect), transect direction alternation and
quadrant-shaped or stratified. The sampling method is carried out
and the line transect method sample plots (Transect Line Plot). At
each study site created three pieces of line transect sampling in
the area using the rope. Along the transect line made plots
measuring 10 x 10 m were placed randomly. In the plots of 10 x 10 m
was made subplots size of 5 x 5 m ilakukan identification of the
type found in each plot. At 10 x 10 m plots were counted number of
species found. (Syafei, 1990) Variations in the structure and
composition of plants in a community influenced by phenology,
dispersal, and the birthrate. Success will be a new individual is
influenced by different vertilitas and ekunditas each species so
that there are differences in the structure and composition of each
species (Kimmins.1987). A frequency value types directly affected
by the density and distribution patterns. Value distribution can
provide information about the presence of certain plants in a plot,
and yet can give an idea of the number of individuals in each plot
(Greig-Smith .1983) The minimum area method is done by determining
the area of vegetation sample will be taken and in which there are
various types of vegetation. Requirements to be a representative
sampling of all vegetation analysis. This situation can be returned
to the general nature of the vegetation is the vegetation in the
form of a plant community that is shaped by a variety of
populations. In other words, the role of individuals of a species
is very important. The nature of the community will be determined
by the circumstances of individuals in the population (Setiadi,
1984).Species-area curve, in ecology, is a graph illustrating the
relationship between the number of species with sizes of squares
(the plot). Graph it usually shows a pattern in the number of types
of relatively sharp on the size of the small squares up to a
certain point and then leveled off with increasing the size of the
squares. SAC can be used to determine the extent of minimum single
squares representing a plant community in terms of the type of
constituent. In sampling squares, there are four properties that
must be considered and addressed, as this will affect the data
obtained from the sample. The four properties are (Dedy 2010): 1.
Plot size.2. Forms plot.3. The number of plots. 4. How to put the
plot in the field.Abundance of each individual species or type of
structure is usually expressed as a percent of the total number
spesises available in the community, and thus is a measurement
relatife. From this relative value, a value that would be obtained
merupak IVI. This value is used as the basis for naming a
diamati.Secara vegetation together, abundance and frequency are
very important in determining community structure (Michael, 2005).
Things to consider in the analysis of vegetation is the withdrawal
of samples or sample unit. In pengukuruan are two types of
measurements to obtain the desired information or data. Both types
of measurements are measurements that are destructive (destructive
measures) and measures that are not destructive (non-destructive
measures). For the purposes of the study so that the results can be
considered valid data (valid) statistically, the use of both types
of measurements are an absolute must to use a unit sample (sampling
units), especially for a researcher who took the forest objects
with wide area coverage. With sampling, a researcher / surveyor can
obtain information / data they want faster and more accurately with
less cost and effort when compared with a full inventory (census
method) to the members of a population. For the purposes of the
description of the vegetation there are three kinds of quantitative
parameters is very important vegetation is generally measured by a
type of plant community that is density (density), frequency, and
cover (kelindungan) (Irwanto, 2010). Density is the number of
individuals of a species in a certain area, for example, 100
individuals / ha.Dalam measure density usually appears a problem
with respect to edge effects (side effects) and life form (plant
form). To measure the density of trees or other vegetation forms
that have stems that are easily distinguished from each other
generally do not pose significant difficulties. However, for plants
that spread by shoots on his books and berrhizoma (rooted rhizome)
there will be a difficulty in calculating the individual. To
overcome this, we must create a separate criteria on individual
understanding of the vegetation types. Another issue that must be
addressed is the effect of the squared edge with respect to the
existence of most plant species that are on the edge of the
squares, so we must decide whether the plant species considered to
be in a square or outside the squares. To overcome this agreement
that is usually used when> 50% of the parts of the plants are in
squares, then the plant is considered to be in the squares and
certainly barns calculated density measurements (Irwanto, 2010).
Frequency is the number of plant species, sample plots where the
discovery of a number of types of sample plots were made. Usually
the frequency is expressed in a percentage scale. For example, the
type of Avicennia marina (fires) are found in 50 sample plots of
100 sample plots were made, so that the frequency of these types of
fires is 50/100 x 100% = 50%. So in the determination of this
frequency there is no counting, but only a perisalahan about the
existence of a type only (Irwanto, 2010). Kelindungan is the
proportion of the soil surface covered by plant canopy projection.
Therefore, kelindungan always expressed in units of percent. For
example, Rhizophora apiculata (mangrove) has projected canopy area
of 10 sqm in a sample plot of 100 m, then kelindungan mangrove
species is 10/100 x 100% = 10%. The total number of kelindungan all
types of plants in a plant community may be more than 100%, because
it is often projected canopy of the plant with other plants overlap
(overlapping). In lieu of the area canopy, it could also imply
kelindungan basal area projection on a surface area measured by
planimeter tanah.dan luasannya or dotgrid system with graph paper
(Irwanto, 2010).In an area of vegetation in general there will be a
certain area, and the area had already demonstrated the specificity
of the overall vegetation. So the area is called the minimum area.
How to determine the minimum area as follows: 1. Made by the size
of the sample plot example (0.5 x 0.5) m2 plot 1.2. Calculate the
number of species present in the plot. 3. The plot was expanded two
times the size of plots 1, this plot to 2.4. Calculated number of
species present (cumulative sum). 5. The addition of wide swath
terminated if the number of species does not grow again. From the
data that has been obtained is made curve: 1. The area of sample
plots as the abscissa (X sb) 2. The number of species as the
ordinate (Y sb)3. Then calculated 10% of that achieved wide and 10%
of the species. Then resultansinya line drawn from (from 10%
earlier). After the drawn tangent to the curve is parallel to the
resultant. Then from the point of tangency to a line drawn parallel
to the abscissa ordinate. Then the minimum area of plot (plot) can
be determined. Minimum area or species area curve is the first step
that is used to analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots
(squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample
(sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation
type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has
a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The
higher diversity of species found in the area, the broad swath of
the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can be square,
rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots
representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be
used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares
method (Anonimb, 2010).Excellent quadratic size used depends on the
terms (items) to be measured. if the cover itself is important,
then size is not a factor. reality can be reduced to the square of
the one-dimensional line or a point without dimension. but the
number of plants per unit area or pattern of dispersal should be
measured, then the size of the squares is very important. One good
measure is to use a one-size-squared of at least twice the size of
the average area of canopy species using the other large square
size allows only one or two species to be present in all the
squares. Another case using quadratic size that allows most species
to be present no more than 80% of all squares (Hardjosuarno,
2008).minimum plot size can be determined by means of a preliminary
survey to determine the square footage minimum plot. determine the
minimum area plots can be done by making a wide curve at least
first. to form a square plot begins by making a plot (plane) square
in the stands with a quadratic (wide) the smallest, such as for
lawns is 25 x 25 Cm2, subsequently recorded plant species present
in the squares. then squared expanded twice the size of the
original and then the addition of new species contained in the
squared area in note (Suprianto, 2001). Squares method, the shape
of the sample or the sample can be either a rectangle or a circle
that describes a particular area. The extent may vary in accordance
with the prescribed form of vegetation or extensive first minimum.
For analysis using this method calculation of the variable density,
shade, and frequency (Surasana, 1990). Abundance of each individual
species or type of structure is usually expressed as a percent of
the total number spesises available in the community, and thus is a
measurement relatife. Taken together, the abundance and frequency
are very important in determining community structure (Michael,
1994). Systems Analysis with squares method: The diversity of
species can be taken to indicate the number of species in a
particular area or a number of species among the total number of
individuals of all species present. This relationship dapaat
expressed as a numerical index or the index value of diversity is
important. The number of species in a community is important
ecologically because of the diversity of species seems to increase
when the community becomes more stable (Michael, 1994). The
importance of a price that is obtained from the sum of the relative
value of a variable number yangb been measured (relative density,
canopy relative, and relative frequency). If disususn in the form
of the formula will be obtained: Important Value = Cr + Dr + Fr
This relative price can be found by a comparison between the price
of a variable derived from a type to the total value of the
variable for all types obtained, multiplied by 100% in the table.
Plant species are arranged in order of price importance, from the
largest to the smallest. And two types of plants that have the
largest critical value prices can be used to specify names for the
vegetation (Surasana, 1990).Important Value Index (IVI) is used to
establish the dominance of a particular type to other strains or in
other words illustrate the importance of the position of an
ecological community types. Important Value Index is calculated
based on the sum of the value of the Relative Density (KR),
Relative Frequency (FR) and Relative Dominance (DR), (Soerianegara
and Indrawan, 2005).The density, determined by the number of
individuals of a population of plants in the area. Canopy closure
area is determined based on footage by populations of plants. In
this lab, specifically for variable density and shade, which is
used in the calculation is based on the method of least-class
density and canopy class written by Braun Blanquet (1964). While
the frequency is determined by the frequency of plant species found
in the area a number of samples (n) compared to the total area of
the sample were made (N), usually in percent (%) (Surasana,
1990).Dominance index is used to determine the concentration and
distribution of the dominant types. If dominance is more
concentrated on one type, dominance index value will increase and
vice versa if some kind of jointly dominate the dominance index
value will be low. To determine the value of the index used formula
domination Simpson (1949) in Misra (1973) as follows: Dominance (D)
= (basal area of a species) / (wide swath example) Relative
Dominance (DR) = (Dominance of a species) / (total dominance of all
types) X 100%Another way to describe the visual richness of species
is by describe the species accumulation curves. The basis of this
curve is the species-area curve explained that with increasing
area, the species were found to be more a lot. On species
accumulation curves, it is assumed that with increasing sample
(time, repetition, list type), then the species were found to be
increased to at a time no longer increase and the curve will be
flat (the asymptote). shape horizontal curve can be interpreted
that it is relatively all species that exist in the area has been
found. These curves can also give you an idea whether the sample we
do is enough or not. The shape of the curve is still moving up
shows that we still have add sample to be able to record all
existing species. Species accumulation curves can be applied to
data obtained from the various methods. The most common use is in
the data 20-species list (list types 20 species) were developed by
MacKinnon.According to Munthe (2013) Species Area Curve useful for
showing representation system of forest vegetation is represented
so that the analysis carried out can represent forests studied.
Steps to create the curve Species Areas are: 1. Preparation of the
initial plot where the plot is located intentionally in the area
research by researchers representing all existing types. According
to Wihyawari (2013), widely Species Area Curve plot size depends on
the researchers, the important thing is consistency hereafter
devised plot size twice the size of the initial plot. 2. Calculated
number of plant species found in the plot 1,2,3, ... and so on. 3.
Species Area Curve Created by connecting between the size of the
plot the number of species (Figure 2). 4. From Species Area Curve
can be determined minimal or extensive plot minimum area used. When
the plot is no longer vast additions University of North Sumatra
cause an increase in the number of types of more than 5%, then the
size of the plot used the area.
Calculation of vegetation analysis was performed by the method
of terraced pathways Further (continuous sampling plots) with each
lane measuring 20 feet x 100 meters. According Soerianegara and
Indrawan(1988) primary data collection conditions by conducting an
inventory of the vegetation with terraced path method in three
forest formations namely peat forest, transitional forest (Ecoton)
and forest. Dipterocarpaceae above. In each forest formations made
with broad lines of 0.2 ha, which is 20 m wide and 100 m long. The
number of plots that are created are five plots for each line of
vegetation analysis. Vegetation Inventory conducted for determine
the structure and composition of vegetation Sumatran orangutan
habitat
Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the structure and
composition of vegetation vegetationvegetation structure. For the
purposes of vegetation analysis required data type, diameter and
height to determine the index constituent community of the
importance of the forest. With the analysis of vegetation can be
obtained quantitative information about the structure and
composition of plant communities (Greig-Smith, 1983). Communities
will be determined by the circumstances of individuals or
populations of all plant species as a whole. in addition, the
analysis of vegetation is a study to determine the composition and
structure of the plant. Based on the purpose of the quantitative
estimation of vegetation communities grouped kedalam3 categories:
(1) estimate the composition of the vegetation in an area with
boundaries of types and compare with other areas or the same area
but different observation times; (2) the suspect on species
diversity in an area; and (3) make the correlation between the
difference in vegetation with certain environmental factors or
environmental factors (Greig-Smith, 1983). To study the composition
of vegetation can be terraced method (squared sampling technique:
single or double plots, Strip Method, Method terraced lines) and
Method Without Plot (random pairs method, quadrant center point,
touch-point method, the touch-line method, Method Bitterlich)
(Kusuma, 1997). Community pattern was analyzed by the method
according to Mueller Dombois ordination and E1lenberg, (1974)
sampling plots can be done with a random, systematic or
subjectively or particular environmental gradient factors. To
obtain information objectively vegetation ordination with the
method used to line examples (releve) based on dissimilarity
coefficient. Variations in releve is fundamental to look for
patterns of vegetation. With the ordination of vegetation releve
obtained in the form of geometric models are such that the most
similar releve base composition of species and their abundance
would have a position adjacent to each other, while releve be
different from each other. Ordination can also be used to connect
the distribution pattern of the changes in the types of vegetation
lingkungan.Analisis factor is a way of studying the structure and
composition of vegetation or in the form (structure) of vegetation
plant communities. Vegetation structure element is a form of
growth, stratification and canopy closure. For the purposes of
vegetation analysis required data type, diameter and height to
determine the index of the importance of the forest community
penvusun. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained
quantitative information about the structure and composition of a
plant community. Based on the purpose of the quantitative
estimation of vegetation communities grouped vegetation, climate
and soil are closely related and in each place has a specific
balance. In vegetation science has developed various methods to
analyze the vegetation is helpful in decrypting a vegetation
according to its purpose. In this case, a methodology is growing
rapidly along with the progress in the fields of knowledge, but
should be taken into account the various constraints that exist
(Anon. 2009).Quadrant method is generally performed only if
tree-level vegetation yagng so penelitiaan material. This method is
easier and faster digunan to determine the composition, the
dominance of trees and menksir volume. Analysis of vegetation is a
way of studying the composition (component type) and form
(structure) of vegetation or plant communities. Forests are
important habitat components for life, therefore, the condition of
the plant community in both forest plant species composition,
species dominance, density of canopy closure or to be investigated
is a stand, which is a concrete association. There are various
methods that can be used to analyze this vegetation. Such as by
using the quadrant method is often called the quarter. This method
is often referred to as the plot method for not less membutrhkan
plot of a certain size, the area just a point shots. This method is
suitable for use in individuals who live scattered so as to analyze
the premises performing calculations membutuhkanwaktu one by one
would be a very long time, this method usually used for vegetation
in the form of forest or other complexA natural ecosystems as well
as the target is always composed of two main components and biotic
components abiotic. Vegetation or plant community is one of the
biotic components that occupy habitats such as forest, grassland,
scrub and others. The structure and composition of vegetation in a
the area affected by the other components of the ecosystem
interacting, so the vegetation growing naturally in the region
actually is a reflection of the result of the interaction of
various factors environment and can undergo drastic changes because
anthropogenic influences (Setiadi, 1984; Sundarapandianand Swamy,
2000). The presence of vegetation in a landscape will a positive
impact on the balance of the ecosystem on a broader scale. In
general, the role of vegetation in an ecosystem associated with
setting balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air,
improvement of the physical, chemical and biological soil, setting
groundwater system and others. Although in general the presence of
vegetation in an area impacted positive, but the effect varies
depending on the structure and composition of vegetation in the
area that. For example, vegetation in general will reduce the rate
of soil erosion, but the amount depends structure and composition
of the formations that make up the vegetation of the area. The big
difference in the effect of vegetation type on water system in an
area partly because each species has an architectural model
different. The architectural model is usually applied to plant a
tree berhabitusmorphological picture at a time which is one phase
of a series of tree growth. The Certain models of tree architecture
affect translocation of rain water into the stem the flow rate, the
water translucent canopy, infiltration and surface flow rate in an
area related to the role of vegetation in reducing the rate of
erosion in the area. In relation to the hydrological cycle, Bennett
(1995) suggests that the thick forests and grass vegetation types
are more effective in arresting erosion if compared with
multi-cropping, crop cotton and corn crops. On the ground is
overgrown forest with slope between 8.75 to 16.5% erosion happens
only 0.002 to 0.31 tons / acre / year, whereas on multi-cropping
ranged from 14.28 to 27.8 tons / acre / year, the cotton crop from
23.23 to 65.6 tons / acre / year and for non-vegetated land rate
erosion of about 111.7 tons / acre / year. In addition, the
conversion forest to agriculture (Rahim, 1988), can also be
increase the erosion rate of 157% in the third year and 470% in the
fifth year after conversion.The presence of vegetation in a
landscape will a positive impact on the balance of the ecosystem on
a broader scale. In general, the role of vegetation in an ecosystem
associated with setting balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the
air, improvement of the physical, chemical and biological soil,
setting groundwater system and others. Although in general the
presence of vegetation in an area impacted positive, but the effect
varies depending on the structure and composition of vegetation in
the area that. For example, vegetation in general will reduce the
rate of soil erosion, but the amount depends structure and
composition of the formations that make up the vegetation of the
area. The big difference in the effect of vegetation type on water
system in an area partly because each species has an architectural
model different. The architectural model is usually applied to
plant a tree berhabitusmorphological picture at a time which is one
phase of a series of tree growth. The Certain models of tree
architecture affect translocation of rain water into the stem the
flow rate, the water translucent canopy, infiltration and surface
flow rate in an area related to the role of vegetation in reducing
the rate of erosion in the area. In relation to the hydrological
cycle, Bennett (1995) suggests that the thick forests and grass
vegetation types are more effective in arresting erosion if
compared with multi-cropping, crop cotton and corn crops. On the
ground is overgrown forest with slope between 8.75 to 16.5% erosion
happens only 0.002 to 0.31 tons / acre / year, whereas on
multi-cropping ranged from 14.28 to 27.8 tons / acre / year, the
cotton crop from 23.23 to 65.6 tons / acre / year and for
non-vegetated land rate erosion of about 111.7 tons / acre / year.
In addition, the conversion forest to agriculture (Rahim, 1988),
can also be increase the erosion rate of 157% in the third year and
470% in the fifth year after conversion.Ecology is a science that
includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of the
mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the
population and other populations, as well as the mutual
relationships between organisms and the physical factors of the
environment. In relation to the previous description, it can be
stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the
relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology
involves three main aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the
knowledge of how to live animals, quantitative information
concerning the measures of environmental conditions and the limits
of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental
factors, and analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their
influence by means of varying the conditions certain factors under
controlled conditions of other factors. In studying the science of
ecology we will discuss about the individual, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000).
CHAPTER IIIOBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and placeTime:Saturday, September 27th 2014 Place:Beside
of UlilAlbab
B. Tools and materialTools:1. A meter of length2.
KnifeMaterials:1. Plants 2. Bamboos3. Raffia fibers4. Paper5.
Pen
C. Data analyze
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data#---Penentuanlokasidirektorisetwd('E:/EKTUM/KULIAH/SEMESTER
V')dataku