Kingframe SFS Steel Framing Systems Design …images7.kingspanpanels.co.uk/file/asset/12584/original/...Kingframe SFS Steel Framing Systems Design Guide September 2017 Steel Building

Kingframe SFS Steel Framing Systems Design GuideSeptember 2017

Steel Building Solutions UK & Republic of Ireland

2 Kingframe SFS Design Guide

Steel Building Solutions

4 5Kingframe SFS Design Guide

Kingframe SFS Design Guide



IntroductionIntroduction

SFS is a lightweight cold-rolled galvanised steel framing system

that is assembled on-site.

Bene ts– High build speed, quickly achieving a watertight shell and

enabling follow-on trades thereby saving on cost.

– Lightweight, sustainable and safe.

e tu es– Quick and easily installed cladding support system.

– Rapidly achieves a watertight frame enabling follow-on trades.

– Full in-house design, from frozen data ensuring a prompt start on-site.

un tion– Provides a fully designed lightweight cladding frame as an

alternative to traditional builds.

and external cladding systems.

– Capable of achieving high spans and forming complex curves





Technical ManualTechnical Manual

A Technical Guide to the Kingframe SFS System

Quality & Cost– Precision engineered products which are dimensionally stable

– Incorporates a vast array of architectural treatments and

Building Physics2

Features

Speed of Build

– Rapid dry envelope – reduced time to achieve a watertight

Design

Sustainability– High strength to weight ratio and therefore reducing

Introduction Technical Manual

Introduction 4Introduction 4

Business Case 6

Technical Summary 8

Service & Support 10

Technical Manual 14System Overview 20

SFS Standard Components 26

SFS Standard Fixings 36

Oversail SFS 42

Typical Details 44

Cladding Treatments 70

COSHH & Technical Data 76

Kingspan Steel Building Solutions Support Services 79

Kingframe High Bay Walls 80

KingPin® Rainscreen Support System 82

Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel System 84

Unitised SFS Façade 85

3Kingframe SFS Design Guide


Installer Information Design & Estimating Software

Installer Information 86 SFS In nity Design & Estimating Software 92

Building Information Modelling (BIM) 94





Installer InformationInstaller Information

– Health & Safety – Cleats, Brackets & Ancillaries

– Quality Control

– COSHH & Technical Datasheets

Features





Features®

Pro ide in nite functionality, design and s eci cation solutions



Introduction

SFS is a lightweight cold-rolled galvanised steel framing system

that is assembled on-site.

Features– Quick and easily installed cladding support system.

– Rapidly achieves a watertight frame enabling follow-on trades.

– Full in-house design, from frozen data ensuring a prompt start on-site.



Introduction

Bene ts– High build speed, quickly achieving a watertight shell and

enabling follow-on trades thereby saving on cost.

– Lightweight, sustainable and safe.

Function– Provides a fully designed lightweight cladding frame as an

alternative to traditional builds.

and external cladding systems.

– Capable of achieving high spans and forming complex curves



Introduction - Business Case

Speed of build– Risk to the client is reduced through predictability and

on investment in comparison to traditional building methods.

– Rapid dry envelope – SFS assists in reducing the time to achieve a watertight structure when compared to traditional building methods. This facilitates earlier access for follow–on trades which subsequently reduces the build programme.

Sustainability

and therefore reduces material usage over traditional materials.

– Steel sections are 100% recyclable. This is increasingly important as the lifetime environmental impact of buildings is further scrutinised to meet tighter

– Light gauge steel reduces the overall weight of walling relative to blockwork reducing loads imposed on foundations.

Quality and Cost– Lightweight cold-rolled steel sections are precision

engineered products manufactured to tight tolerances ensuring exact performance resulting in less time spent on-site correcting errors and solving problems.

shrinkage.

– Tight tolerances – high dimensional accuracy of construction gives long term reliability.

– The rapid construction characteristic of Kingframe SFS

compared to traditional building methods.

– SFS can incorporate a vast array of architectural treatments and features and allows large spans and large structural openings to be formed with reduced requirement for windposts.

– ‘Just-in-time’ – delivery of components as needed allows construction on tight sites, lowering costs in site management and storage facilities.

– Kingframe SFS has been assessed and is CE Marked in line with the Kingspan Declaration of Performance No: CPR-2013.SFS.001. Covered by Harmonised Standard BS EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011.

Design– If requested, schemes can be fully detailed prior to rolling, exposing potential clashes at the design stage thereby resolving them before they become costly problems on-site.

– If required, our in-house design team can be involved at all

solution.



Introduction - Business Case

Design Fle ibility, Aesthetic Appeal

Quality & Cost

SustainabilitySpeed of Build



Introduction - Technical Summary

Slotted Stud De ection ead DetailPurpose > The SFS slotted stud detail is used to accommodate

amb Construction Single Slotted Stud & rap around TracPurpose > SFS opening constructions can be designed to incorporate tall vertical spans facilitating the use of

environments.

intel ConstructionPurpose > SFS can incorporate most structural openings with both narrow and wide horizontal spans.

Base Trac to Concrete Connection

to ensure integrity.

Cill ConstructionPurpose > SFS sections are designed to form window cills

accommodating both narrow and wide horizontal spans.

ersail estraint Detail

continuous unbroken façade facilitating various

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

2

3

5

6

between a hot rolled or concrete frame and oversail systems which

frame.

4



1

2

3

4

5



Introduction - Service & Support

Depending on the characteristics of the project, Kingspan are able

service and support.

Proposal– Upon receipt of a request for SFS, Kingspan create a proposal

detailing and any non-standard details.

– This document can be used to price the work and becomes the basis for proceeding to Basic or Full Design.

NB: Load bearing structures are outside the scope of this document - Seek advice from Kingspan Technical Department.

Design Ser ice Critical Success Factor Early In ol ement

7 Days

Proposal

Design appraisal > Feasibility study > Bay Design > Proposal document

Feedback to client > Requests for information

> Issued for comments

CLIENT APPROVAL

Structural Appraisal

2–4 Weeks 3–6 Weeks

6-9

Design rder

Design Freeze

Approval Issue

Beswic , Manchester, UK

Time lines noted are indicative only. Each scheme is assessed and works are programmed wherever possible to meet the demands of the site programme.On larger schemes phasing the works can assist in this area.



Introduction - Service & Support

Full Drawing Information– Kingspan are able to provide detailed plan, section and

elevation drawings for the areas of SFS on the project so there is no doubt what the framing sections are for any given part of the building. Kingspan also ensures that its drawings are passed through the relevant approval procedures, so that installation proceeds with the assurance that it has been approved by the project architect, and that they are available for submission to the client as part of the CDM and O&M requirements.

Project Management Support– Kingspan understands that you cannot accurately estimate

cost for every possibility on a project and that programmes can vary due to the unpredictable nature of site. Kingspan is your representative in the design decision making process and will always serve your interests to prevent cost and the programme from over-running. Kingspan has gained

country’s largest and most prestigious construction projects.

Full Design Ser ice

e loo at e ery aspect of your project when underta ing full design and for that reason, e ery project is assessed on its own merits so we can o er the most e cient and coste ecti e solution for you

Detailed Structural Calculations

Kingspan can provide detailed calculations to the relevant codes of practice for submission to Building Control.

Site ando er

the start of every project Kingspan issue a copy of the Technical and Installation manuals. This ensures that the client is aware of the design requirements of the SFS system. A Designers Risk Assessment is also issued to highlight care points for site erectors.

Site Inspection For peace of mind that the SFS has been installed correct to the Kingspan Drawings we can perform a site inspection, highlighting any areas which may require remediation to site personnel. We will then follow up with a detailed site report outlining areas where work is required.

> Revised to comments

CLIENT APPROVAL

Material Order

1 Week 2 Weeks

weeks depending on client approval times

Construction Issue

Site Erection



Product Scope and Summary of Certi cateKingspan have developed a fully integrated management system which combines all the common elements of ISO 9001: 2015 (Quality Management), ISO 14001: 2015 (Environmental Management) and OHSAS 18001: 2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Management) into one system. This simple coherent business management system enables the organisation to successfully achieve its purpose and mission to ensure that quality, health and safety and the environment are considered in all aspects of the business process.

Kingframe SFS has been assessed and is CE Marked in line with the Kingspan Declaration of Performance No: CPR-2013.SFS.001. Covered by Harmonised Standard BS EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011

SCI assessed design engine





Technical Manual

A Technical Guide to the Kingframe SFS System

Features

Speed of Build– Quick and easily installed cladding support system.

structure.



Technical Manual

Quality & Cost

– High dimensional accuracy.

features.

Building Physics2

Design

– Components fully detailed and engineered prior to rolling.

Sustainability

material.

– A ratings in the BRE Green Guide.



Technical Manual - Document Guide

SFS Designer’s Risk Assessment

http://www.kingspanpanels.co.uk/sbs/resource-centre/

Product Brochure


Technical & Installation Manual

SFS framing.


British Board of Agr ment (BBA) Certi cate


guidance on the correct application of design and engineering principles of the Kingframe Steel Framing System.



Operational Energy Savings

Paris Agreement.

construction professionals.

standards and national codes of practice. Testing is generally

carries a further complication in that the formation of

appropriately and the likelihood of condensation forming on internal surfaces is also increased. The methods for calculating

methods used for these processes are mathematically complex

Recyclability

of the steel content.

terms of cost and material consumption.

elements.



BREEAM

SCI Certi cation

product is fully tested and accredited.

SCI Assessed

NHBC

Waste Streams

Guaranteed Performance



Technical Manual - Contents

Typical Details 44

Cladding Treatments 70

Insulated Render 71Terracotta Rainscreen 72Dri-Design Aluminium Rainscreen

Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel

Product Hazards 76

COSHH Data 77

Kingspan Steel Building Solutions Support Services 79

Kingframe High Bay Walls 80

KingPin® Rainscreen Support System 82

Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel System 84

Unitised SFS Façade System 85

System Overview 20

Design Considerations 23Design Guidance 24

SFS Standard Components 26

Kingspan Section Range 27Secondary Products 27

Ancillary Products 34

SFS Standard Fixings 36

In ll SFS 40

Additional Details 41

Oversail SFS 42Design Principles 42

Splicing of Sections 42 Structural Openings 42

Additional Details 42 Fixings 42



Technical Manual - Document Guide

External References

Industry / Regulatory Bodies

http://www.steel-sci.org/

http://www.the s.org/

http://www.steelconstruction.org/

http://www.bre.co.uk/

http://www.bbacerts.co.uk

http://www.nhbc.co.uk/

http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/

Publications

of Practice for Design of Cold Formed Thin Gauge Sections.

and channels for stud and sheet partitions and linings using

for cold forming.





installation contractor and not Kingspan.

industrial properties.

structural frame if the correct tolerance scheme is adopted.

Both systems achieve early weather protection of the building allowing other internal tting trades to work inside the structure and removing external cladding from the critical path. Furthermore, these systems also provide lateral support to most cladding materials including masonry, pro led metal sheets, proprietary panels, insulated render systems, terracotta and timber rain screen systems. It should be noted that SFS is not intended to provide vertical support for masonry façades.

external façade.



the SFS.

Building Regulation RequirementsThe installer should refer to the main contractor and the

Design Considerations

Design Life

of the façade insulation applied to the external face of the SFS.

1 is that a design life

1

Maximum de ection Span between supporting columns

360



Design Guidance

® Mounting Brackets.



inspection.

statement for handling of long span studs. Consider

system.

Assessment and the SFS Installation Manual.

any risk to the installer during construction of the SFS. Kingspan

Construction (Design & Management) (CDM)



Technical Manual - SFS Standard Components

T Li

T

FF

T

B

A CC

B

A

T

Basic Components

2.

2 2.

‘C’ Section Stud

Angles, Cleats & Brackets ‘Z’ Bar

Flat Straps

‘U’ Section Track




Kingspan Section Range

Secondary Products

Section Ref. Weight (kg/m) A (mm) B (mm) C (mm) T (mm)

Angles & Cleats

Brackets

Strap Products

‘Z’ Bar Products

KingPost 15kg eachOversail Cleats

C 100 050 120

U 104 055 120

FS 100 ~ 12

B 135 105 60

L 70 50 20

L 70 50 20 L




‘C’ Section Range3

3

Dimensions Gross

xx Iyy 2 4 4

ri





Section Major Axis Bending Minor Axis Bending Compression

rx ry Zxx Zyy Ixx Zxx3 3 2

4 3




3

‘C’ Section Range3

Gross Iyy 3 4

ri 2





I iy i Iyy NZ Q4 3 3

4 3




‘U’ Section Range4

xx Iyy 2 4 4

ri

4




rx ry Zxx Zyy Ixx Zxx3 3 2

4 3




4

Ancillary Products

‘U’ Section Range4

Gross Iyy 3 4

ri 2





I iy i Iyy NZ Q4 3 3

4 3



Technical Manual - SFS Standard Fixings

Application Supplier Product Code Description Tools Picture

Self tapping TEK

Self tapping TEK

Self tapping TEK

Self tapping TEK

Self tapping TEK

Self tapping

Self tapping

Self tapping TEK

SFS to SFS Connections Flush nish

SFS to SFS Connections Non ush

nish

SFS to Hot Rolled Steel Flush nish4mm to 12.5mm




SFS to Hot Rolled Steel Non ush

nish

12.5mm HRS

SFS to Hot Rolled Steel Connections

HRS


Self tapping

Self tapping

Self tapping

Self tapping

Self tapping




SDS Drill

SDS Drill

SDS Drill

expanding anchor

expanding anchor


Recommended Fixings

Bracket to Hot Rolled Steel Connections5mm to 8mm

SFS to Concrete Connections

concrete

Bracket to Concrete

to Concrete




insulation thickness

Board to max. 2.25mm Phillips No.2 SFS sections

Board to max. 2.25mm Phillips No.2 SFS sections

SFS sections Phillips No.3

and hot rolled steel up to Phillips No.3 12mm gauge


Brick tie channels to SFS

Sheathing Board / Timber to SFS

steel gauge prior determines the

Kingspan engineers

Rigid phenolic insulation board to SFS

Internal Lining: Plasterboard / Chipboard / Ply / OSB to SFS



Design Principles

Structural Openings

Splicing of Sections

the default.

Type 3 – Block and Bracing

section.

Type 4 – Head Track Blocking

Masonry Cladding

the element useless and result in damage to the local area.



Colour-coded Stud

coding to SFS to simplify site installation for contractors.

making costly remediation

matching those used in our ®

location.

construction.

Additional Details

– Braced Bays

– Brise Soleil

Please contact the Technical Department for Further Information.

Figure 1 - Typical head track detail



Design Principles

Splicing of Sections

Structural OpeningsStructural openings are formed in the same manner as the

of the technical manual.

Please refer to guidance on page 38.

Additional details

– Braced Bays

– Brise Soleil

Please contact the Technical Department for Further Information.

Fixings





Technical Manual - Typical Details

‘A’ Series – Basic Connections

System Applications:

Components:

System Conditions:

Fixing Type Connection Description

uncracked concrete

Notes






Components:

System Conditions:


OR

Notes






Components:


uncracked concrete

Notes






Components:


Notes






Components:


Notes

Gap





Components:


Notes







Components:


Notes





Components:


OR

Hot rolled section

Notes







Components:


Notes




‘B’ Series – Construction Details


Components:

System Conditions:


Notes





Components:

System Conditions:


Notes

‘C’ Series – Opening Construction





Components:

System Conditions:


Notes







Components:

System Conditions: Typically located at patio doors.


Notes

min.

117mm Max55mm Min






Components:

System Conditions: small spans.


Notes




‘C’ Series – Lintel zone less than 600mm deep


Components:







Components:

System Conditions: small spans.


Notes






Components:

System Conditions:


Notes Head Connection






Components:

System Conditions:


Notes Base Connection




Kingpost - Lintel Connection

each side of post

post position only

Building Solutions.

cripple stud 2mm Min. gauge.

hatch highlighted holes only.

Fixings to primary steel through cross-hatch highlighted holes

5.5mm TEKS to each track.




Kingpost - Cill Connection

at post position only

each side of post

Building Solutions.

cripple stud 2mm Min. gauge.

hatch highlighted holes only.

Fixings to primary steel through cross-hatch highlighted holes

5.5mm TEKS to each track.




In ll Framing - Head Track Fixing to PFC Parapets

A.25a SFS Track Fixing to Parapet PFC

A

BA

SFS Angle Fixing to Parapet PFC





Components:

System Conditions:


Notes

‘D’ Series – Oversail Details






Components:

System Conditions:


design only

Notes






Components:

System Conditions:


design only

Notes






Components:

System Conditions:


design only

OR

Notes




‘F’ Series – Finishes Details


Components:

System Conditions:

Notes

Additional Stud

See note 2 regarding Rainscreens



Technical Manual - Cladding Treatments

Masonry

Brick Tie Studs

NHBC

Kingspan SFS stud

deferred to in all instances.




Insulated Render

Direct Applied Systems

system adopt principles for Terracotta Rainscreen.

Kingspan SFS stud

Kingspan Kooltherm®

Bedding mortar and reinforcing mesh




Kingspan Kooltherm® K15 Rainscreen Insulation

Kingspan Kingpin®

Kingspan SFS stud

Terracotta Rainscreen

supporting rails.




Dri-Design Metal Façade


Kingspan Kingpin®

Kingspan SFS stud

Dri-Design Aluminium Rainscreen (BENCHMARK by Kingspan)




Timber Rainscreen

use of the Kingspan Kingpin system as detailed.

Metal Rainscreen Stone Panels

The setting out and direction of span of the stone is critical to

engineers.


Kingspan Kingpin®

Kingspan SFS stud




Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel (BENCHMARK by Kingspan)

connected to the outer face.

The SFS-QuadCore Karrier System can

2.

Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel System

Kingspan SFS stud



General Speci cation Notes

ProductsCold rolled components are manufactured from pre-hot dipped

2

of practice.

Procurement

produce a cutting list and order Kingspan materials. This should

Erection of Components

in right angled connections. It is important that all ends are

completion of erection.

of the structure during construction.

Products:

Supplier:



COSHH Technical Data

Use

Typical Composition

Steel

2.

Handling of Product

contractor as part of the installation training course.

sections from the unloading point to any intermediate storage

Storage of Product

length of the pack.

Disposal of Product

Products:

Supplier:



COSHH Technical Data

Precautions

tools of any sort.

First Aid

medical attention. It is also recommended that if a cut is

Lacerations of the skin can occur from sharp corners and edges

Steel sections at atmospheric temperatures do not emit any fumes or gasses.

Please contact the Kingspan Technical Team.

person carrying out the task of using the product is experienced and

product and application.

that person.

recommendations of this safety sheet are not adhered to.



Technical Manual - Kingspan Steel Building

Head O ce Kingspan Steel Building Solutions

Malton

Technical, Estimating & Site Support Kingspan Steel Building Solutions

Birmingham

Customer Order Services Kingspan Steel Building Solutions Pleck Road



Framing principles are generally the same as for external SFS

design stage.

Contact Kingspan for further design guidance or to make use of

foundations.





Technical Manual - KingPIN® Rainscreen Support System

The KingPin®

Thermal Performance

approximately eight times less than aluminium alloys of typical

the air tightness performance of the system.KingPin®

thermal loss.

– Features

– Function

façade thickness.

– Bene ts

KingPin®



Technical Manual - KingPIN® Rainscreen Support System

Structural Performance Detailing Simplicity

Brackets for

applications



Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel System

Kingspan SFS stud

Technical Manual - Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel System

Kingspan QuadCore Karrier Panel (BENCHMARK by Kingspan)

the outer face.

The SFS QuadCore Karrier System can

2.



Technical Manual - Unitised SFS Façade System

2 recessed system and 175m2

construction method.

– All panels are manufactured utilising a controlled management

to eliminate condensation risk and maximise insulation

contractor to ensure all

and condensation principles

Unitised SFS Façades are

industry standard types of

thermal performance.

Structure

methods up to any height.

Foundations

construction and incorporate

types of foundation design for



Installer Information

Features– CDM Regulations

– Material Ordering

– Tools & Fixings

Installer Guide to the Kingframe SFS System




– Health & Safety

– Oversail SFS

– Cleats, Brackets & Ancillaries

– Interfacing Elements

– Quality Control

– COSHH & Technical Data Sheets




CDM Regulations– Obligations of the Installer

– Site Visits

– Remedial Works Arising from Site Report

– Competency of the Installer and Training

Site Speci c Design Information– Drawing Submissions

– Reading Design Drawings

Material Ordering– Price Lists & Order Requirements

– Scope of Supply

– Building Regulation Requirements

– Pre-Order Checks

Tools & Fixings– Hand Tools & Accessories

– Measuring & Setting Out Tools

– Cutting Tools

– Fixing Tools

Health & Safety– Edge Protection

– PPE

– Manual Handling

– Method Statements

– Risk Assessments

– Access Equipment

Material Inspection & O oading– Method of Delivery

– Safe Handling

– Safe Storage

– Damaged Material

In ll SFS– Site Preparation

– Basic Installation Principles

– Detailed Installation

Oversail SFS– Site Preparation

– Basic Installation Principles

Cleats, Brackets & Ancillaries– Jamb Cleats

– Lintel & Cill Cleats

– Flat Straps

– ‘Z’ Bars

– Face Fix Angles

Interfacing Elements– External Sheathing Board

– Masonry

– Render

– Rainscreen

Quality Control

– Remedial Works

– Kingspan Site Support

COSHH & Technical Data Sheets

– COSHH Data Sheet

– Cutting Tools / Drilling tools

The SFS Installer manual available from Kingspan covers the following areas:






Installer Information - SFS Installer Training

Content includes: Health & Safety with SFS

Product Overview

KingFrame Oversail SFS

KingFrame Loadbearing SFS

Workmanship

Tolerances

Follow-on Trades

Photo Test

IntroductionThe training is designed to give the attendee a deep

and installation principles helping to increase productivity, reduce costs and minimise SFS related health and safety issues.

completion and be listed as a Kingspan recognised installer.

The SFS Installer Training Session is intended for Installers, Site Managers and Main Contractors to establish a good understanding of the system and to ensure installation compliance with Kingspan Engineering



Installer Information - SFS Installer Advantages

A comprehensive Installation Guide is available to download at: www.kingspanpanels.co.uk/sbs

Building Physics:– Warm frame construction from lightweight cold rolled steel

sections can be designed to easily achieve high levels of

excellent thermal and acoustic performance ahead of Building Control requirements.

Speed of build:– Risk to the client is reduced through predictability and

investment.

– Rapid dry envelope – reduced time to achieve a watertight structure over a traditional build allows access for follow on trades earlier and further reduces the build programme.

Sustainability:

therefore reduces material usage over traditional materials.

(2007).

– Steel sections are 100% recyclable. This is increasingly important as the lifetime environmental

impact of the buildings is increasingly scrutinised to meet tighter Government legislation.

– Light gauge steel reduces the overall weight of walling relative to blockwork minimising the requirements for foundations.

Quality & Cost:– Lightweight cold rolled steel sections are precision engineered products manufactured to tight tolerances ensuring exact performance resulting in less time spent on- site correcting errors and solving problems.

shrinkage.

– Operational cost – lifetime savings thanks to highly energy

– Tight tolerances – high dimensional accuracy of construction gives long term reliability.

– SFS can incorporate a vast array of architectural treatments and features and allows large spans and large structural openings without the need for windposts.

– Just-in-time – delivery of components as needed allows construction on tight sites, lowering costs in site management and storage facilities.

Design:– If requested, schemes can be fully detailed prior to rolling,

exposing potential clashes at the design stage there by resolving them before they become costly problems on-site.

– If required, our in-house design team can be involved at all

solution.

CE Marked:– Kingframe SFS has been assessed and is CE Marked in

line with the Kingspan Declaration of Performance No: CPR-2013.SFS.001. Covered by Harmonised Standard BS EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011

traditional techniques.



Features®

Provide in nite functionality, design and speci cation solutions





Within the highly competitive eld of construction, the adaptation of new technology enhancements is considered an essential requirement. BIM Technology is being rolled out and Kingspan are at the forefront of this development.

Why We Need BIM (“Building Information Modelling”)

BIM in Kingspan’s History

Government Vision and Kingspan’s Mission



Delivering SFS in BIM

Current BIM Bene ts









Kingspan Steel Building Solutions

Kingframe SFS Steel Framing Systems Design …images7.kingspanpanels.co.uk/file/asset/12584/original/...Kingframe SFS Steel Framing Systems Design Guide September 2017 Steel Building

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