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Kinetic approach to combustion processesin a recombination reaction
Fiammetta Conforto
Department of Mathematics – University of MessinaV.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31 – 98166 Messina – Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
VI Edition of the Summer School Methods & Models of Kinetic TheoryPorto Ercole, Italy, June 3 - 9, 2012
joint work withMaria Groppi and Giampiero Spiga, University of Parma, Italy
Roberto Monaco, Politecnico of Torino, ItalyAngela Ricciardello, University of Messina, Italy
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 1 / 53
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The problemSteady 1–D combustion problems are investigated in a binary gas mixturemade up by atoms A, of mass m, and diatomic molecules A2, of mass 2m,undergoing an irreversible exothermic two–steps reaction through anunstable molecule Aexc
2 , with a very short mean lifetime
A + A→ Aexc2 → A2
The energy of chemical link of the molecule A2 is E0 > 0.The transition state Aexc
2 , endowed with a variable internal energy E > 0,gets de–excited to its ground state A2, supplying its excitation energyE + E0 to the gas mixture in the form of thermal energy.
I. Müller, in Asymptotic Methods in Nonlinear Wave Phenomena, World Scientific, 2007.
M. Bisi, M. Groppi, G. Spiga, Kinetic and Related Models, 3, (2010).F. C., M. Groppi, R. Monaco, G. Spiga, Kinetic and Related Models, 4, (2010).F. C., M. Groppi, R. Monaco, G. Spiga, in Proceedings WASCOM 2011, in press.
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 2 / 53
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The Combustion Problem
Schematic diagram of a stationary one–dimensional combustion wave.
Unburned State (x → −∞)
c0 = 1, n0 > 0 , u0 > 0 , T0 > 0 , J0 = 0 , q0 = 0 ,Metastable Equilibrium State: A >> KT0, A activation energy
Burned State (x → +∞)
ceq = 0, neq > 0 , ueq > 0 , Teq > 0 , Jeq = 0 , qeq = 0 .Equilibrium State
K.K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 3 / 53
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Common Assumption in Combustion Modelsreacting mixture can be treated as a continuum with ideal gas EOSsimple, one step, forward fast irreversible reactionLewis, Schmidt, and Prandtl numbers equal to oneequal mass diffusivities for all species and validity of Fick’s law ofdiffusionconstant specific heatsuniform pressure for low–speed combustion processDufour and Soret effects are negligible
K.K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 4 / 53
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The Combustion Problem - The Hugoniot Diagram
Hugoniot curve and Rayleigh lines on p versus 1/ρ plane.
K.K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
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The Governing Equations
Kinetic description The reactive gas is a mixture of three species, labeledby indices 1, 2, 3 for species A, A2, Aexc
2 respectively, described bydistribution functions f1(v), f2(v), ϕ3(v,E ), varying with time t andposition x. Reactive Boltzmann equations read as
∂f1∂t + v · ∂f1
∂x = Q11(f1, f2) +Q12(f1, f2) + J1(f1, f2, ϕ3) ,
∂f2∂t + v · ∂f2
∂x = Q21(f2, f1) +Q22(f2, f2) + J2(f1, f2, ϕ3) ,
∂ϕ3∂t + v · ∂ϕ3
∂x = J3(f1, f2, ϕ3) ,
where mechanical (elastic) collision integrals Q have standard forms andproperties, and chemical collision operators J , accounting forrecombination (superscript r) and inelastic scattering (superscript i) takethe form
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 6 / 53
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J1 =
∫B i13(g ′ ,E )Π1,i
13 (v′ ;w′ ,E ;→ v)f1(v′)ϕ3(w′ ,E )dEdv′dw′
− f1(v)
∫B i13(g ,E )ϕ3(w,E )dEdw− 2f1(v)
∫Br11(g)f1(w)dw ,
J2 =
∫B i31(g ′ ,E )Π2,i
31 (v′ ,E ;w′ ;→ v)ϕ3(v′ ,E )f1(w′)dEdv′dw′
+ 2∫
B i23(g ′ ,E )Π2,i
23 (v′ ;w′ ,E ;→ v)f2(v′)ϕ3(v′ ,E )dEdv′dw′
− f2(v)
∫B i23(g ,E )ϕ3(w,E )dEdw ,
J3 =
∫Br11(g ′)Π3,r
11 (v′ ;w′ ;→ v,E )f1(v′)f1(w′)dv′dw′
− ϕ3(v,E )
∫f1(w)B i
31(g ,E )dw− ϕ3(v,E )
∫f2(w)B i
32(g ,E )dw .
M. Groppi, A. Rossani, G. Spiga, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 33 (2000).
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 7 / 53
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Bαij denotes the microscopic collision frequency for a collision of type
α between species i and j ;g denotes relative speed |v−w|;Π2,i31 (v′ ,E ;w′ ;→ v) represents the probability density that the
outcoming particle 2 attains velocity v as a result of inelasticscattering of a particle 3 at velocity v′ and energy E with a particle 1at velocity w′ ;the recombination transition probability is completely determined bymomentum and energy conservations, and takes the form
Π3,r11 (v′ ;w′ ;→ v,E ) = δ
(12(v′ + w′)− v
)δ
(14m(v′ −w′)2 − E
)in terms of Dirac delta functions, from which one infers∫
dE∫
Π3,r11 (v′ ;w′ ;→ v,E )dv = 1 ,∫
dE∫
2vΠ3,r11 (v′ ;w′ ;→ v,E )dv = v′ + w′ ,∫
dE∫
(mv2 + E )Π3,r11 (v′ ,w′ ;→ v,E )dv =
12mv ′2 +
12mw ′2 ;
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 8 / 53
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chemical conservation laws are expressed by∫J1(v)dv + 2
∫J2(v)dv + 2
∫J3(v,E )dvdE = 0 ,∫
vJ1(v)dv + 2∫vJ2(v)dv + 2
∫vJ3(v,E )dvdE = 0 ,∫ 1
2mv2J1(v)dv +
∫(mv2 − E0)J2(v)dv
+
∫(mv2 + E )J3(v,E )dvdE = 0 ,
to be combined with the well known conservation properties of theelastic collision operators.
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 9 / 53
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The sequence (m, 2m, 2m) yields the continuity equation
∂ρ
∂t +∇ · (ρu) = 0 .
The sequence (mv, 2mv, 2mv) yields the momentum conservation equation
∂
∂t (ρu) +∇ · (ρu⊗ u + P) = 0 .
The sequence (mv2/2,mv2 − E0,mv2 + E ) yields the energy conservationequation
∂
∂t (E + Ech) +∇ · [(E + Ech)u + P · u + q + qch] = 0 ,
where
E =12ρu2 +
32nKT , Ech = −E0n2 +
∫Eϕ3(v,E )dEdv ,
qch = −E0n2(u2 − u) +
∫(v− u)Eϕ3(v,E )dEdv .
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 10 / 53
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The number density of molecules is N = n2 + n3, the number density ofparticles is n = n1 + N, and the mass density is given by ρ = m(n1 + 2N).The number of atoms is not preserved by reactions, and in fact the weakform corresponding to the sequence (1, 0, 0) is not a conservation, butreads
∂n1∂t +∇ · (n1u1) = −2S , S =
∫Br11(g)f1(v)f1(w)dvdw .
It is easy to show that the following state
f ∗1 (v) = 0 , f ∗
2 (v) = N∗M2(|v− u∗|,KT ∗) , ϕ∗3(v,E ) = 0 ,
whereMi (v , θ) =
( mi2πθ
)3/2exp
(−mi2θ v2
)is a normalized Maxwellian, is collision equilibrium for the kineticequations, with five free parameters N∗ (density of molecules), u∗ (massvelocity of the gas), and T ∗ (kinetic temperature of the gas).
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For a model of inverse power intermolecular potential
Br11(g) = kgαH
(g2 − 4A
m
),
with strength k and with an activation energy A accounted for by theHeavyside function H, an easy calculation provides, in dimensional form,
S = kn21(4KT
m
)α/2 2√π
Γ
(α + 32 ,
AKT
),
where Γ denotes incomplete Euler gamma function.The Fourier and Fick’s laws for a binary mixture of hard spheres
q(1) = −λ√
T ∇T , u(1)1 − u(1)2 = −D12n√
Tn1n2
∇c1 ,
with the constraintn2u(1)2 = −(1/2)n1u(1)1 .
S. Takata, K. Aoki, Phys. Fluids, 11 (1999).S. Takata, Phys. Fluids, 16 (2004).
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We are interested here in the physical regime in which the process is drivenby elastic and inelastic scattering, with slow recombination reaction,namely mechanical and de–excitation times are much shorter than themacroscopic scale, whereas the reactive recombination time is muchlonger. In this regime, a suitable non–dimensionalization leads then to thescaled equations
∂f1∂t + v · ∂f1
∂x =1ε
(Q11 +Q12) + εJ r1 +
1εJ i1 ,
∂f2∂t + v · ∂f2
∂x =1ε
(Q21 +Q22) +1εJ i2 ,
∂ϕ3∂t + v · ∂ϕ3
∂x = εJ r3 +
1εJ i3 ,
where ε is a small parameter, playing the role of the classical Knudsennumber.
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The asymptotic limit for ε→ 0 to first order accuracy is deduced byperforming a Chapman–Enskog analysis up to the Navier–Stokes level.Proceeding with the first order expansion for distribution functionsfi = f (0)i + ε f (1)i , i = 1, 2, ϕ3 = ϕ
(0)3 + εϕ
(1)3 , selecting n, n1, u, and T as
hydrodynamic fields, the reactive Navier–Stokes equations are obtained
∂n1∂t +∇ · (n1u) + ε∇ ·
(n1u(1)1
)= −2ε S ,
∂
∂t (2n − n1) +∇ · [(2n − n1)u] = 0 ,
∂
∂t [m(2n − n1)u] +∇ · [m(2n − n1)u⊗ u] +∇(nT ) + ε∇ · P(1) = 0 ,
∂
∂t
[m2 (2n − n1)u2 +
32nT − E0(n − n1)
]+∇ ·
[m2 (2n − n1)u2u +
52nTu− E0(n − n1)u
]+ε∇ ·
[P(1) · u + q(1) +
12E0n1u(1)1
]= 0 .
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The Steady 1–D Navier–Stokes EquationsThe 1–D governing equations for the state variables c, n, u, T , J , q read
ddx (cnu + J) = − 4k√
πc2n2 Γ
(32 ,
AKT
),
ddx [(2− c)nu] = 0 ,
ddx(m(2− c)nu2 + nKT
)= 0 ,
ddx
[12m(2− c)nu3 +
52nKTu − E0(1− c)nu +
E02 J + q
]= 0 ,
J = − 2D122− c
√T dc
dx ,
q = −λ√
T dTdx ,
where c =n1n , ρ = m(2− c)n, u =
n1u1 + 2n2u2n1 + 2n2
, J = n1u(1)1 , q = q(1).
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The Steady 1–D Combustion WaveIt is worth to introduce dimensionless field variables
n =nn0, u =
uu0, T =
TT0
, J =J
n0u0, q =
qmn0u3
0,
withc0 = n0 = u0 = T0 = 1 , J0 = q0 = 0 ,
ceq = Jeq = qeq = 0 , neq > 0 , ueq > 0 , Teq > 0 .Moreover,
x = x K n0u0λ√
T0, E0 =
E0KT0
, Tact =A
KT0,
M2 =u2
c2s, c2s =
5p3ρ =
5KT3m(2− c)
, M20 =
3mu20
5KT0,
L =λ
KD12, µ =
λk√
T0Ku2
0.
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The Steady 1–D Combustion Wave
From the conservation equations, n, T and q are expressed in terms of c,u and J as follows
n =1
(2− c)u ,
T = (2− c)
[(1 +
53M2
0
)u − 5
3M20u2
],
q =12 +
32M2
0+ 2u2 −
(52 +
32M2
0
)u +
3E5M2
0
(1− c2− c −
J2
).
Let us note thatn > 0 ⇒ u > 0
andT > 0 ⇒ 0 < u < umax := 1 +
35M2
0.
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From the remaining equations, we obtain
dcdx = −L
2 (2− c)J√T,
dudx = (2− c)−1
(1 +
53M2
0 −103 M2
0u)−1 1√
T
{−E0
1− c2− c
+J2
[E0 − L (2− c)
(1 +
53M2
0 −53M2
0u)
u]
+56M2
0
(u2 − 1
)+
52 (u − 1)
(1− 5
3M20u)}
,
dJdx = L J
(2− c)√
T− 4µ√
π
c2(2− c)2u2 Γ
(32 ,
TactT
).
Notice that the system admits the following critical value
ucrit :=12
(1 +
35M2
0
)=
12umax .
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The dynamical system admits the following two equilibria
u±eq =
38M2
0
1 +53M2
0 ±
√(M2
0 − 1)2 − 16
15E0M20
, ceq = 0 , Jeq = 0 ,
which are real only if the parameter M0 satisfies the inequalitiesM2
0 ≤ M−eq < 1 or M2
0 ≥ M+eq > 1 ,
where
M±eq = 1 +
815E0 ±
√64225E 2
0 +1615E0 .
When M20 = M−
eq or M20 = M+
eq , a unique equilibrium stateueq = us , ceq = 0, Jeq = 0,
is obtained. MoreoverM2 < 1 ⇐⇒ u < us ,
whereus =
58 +
38M2
0=
58umax =
54ucrit .
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The Steady 1–D Combustion Wave - Stability
For what concerns the stability analysis of the dynamical system, theassociated Jacobian matrix in the equilibrium state (0, u±
eq, 0) exhibitsthree real eigenvalues given by
λ1 = 0, λ2 =L
2√
T ±eq, λ3 = ∓
5√
(M20 − 1)2 − 16
15E0M20
4(1 + 5
3M20 − 10
3 M20u±
eq)√
T ±eq,
whereT ±
eq = 2(1 +
53M2
0 −53M2
0u±eq
)u±
eq
is the dimensionless temperature evaluated at the equilibrium (0, u±eq, 0).
The sign of the third eigenvalue depends on
u±eq < ucrit or u±
eq > ucrit .
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The Combustion Problem - The Hugoniot Diagram
From conservation equations, we get the dimensionless Rayleigh line
p − 1 = −53M2
0 (v − 1) ,
and the Hugoniot hyperbola(p +
14
)(v − 1
4
)=
Q2 +
1516 ,
withQ(c, J , q) = E0
1− c2− c −
12E0J −
53M2
0q .
Q is varying with xQ ∈
[Q0 = 0,Qeq =
E02
].
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The Combustion Problem - The Hugoniot DiagramThe Rayleigh line and the Hugoniot curve intersect at two points as long as
Q < Qcr , Qcr =1532
(M20 − 1)2
M20
.
The threshold of this range may be seen as the condition ensuring that
Qeq =E02 ≤ Qcr ⇐⇒ M2
0 ≤ M−eq , or M2
0 ≥ M+eq ;
moreover, for Q = Qeq = E0/2, ML ≡ M−eq and MU ≡ M+
eq.
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The Steady 1–D Combustion Wave
u−eq ≤ us ≤ u+
eq ⇔ M20 ≤ M−
eq or M20 ≥ M+
eq, ∀E0 > 0ucrit < us < umax , ∀M2
0 > 0, ∀E0 > 0u+
eq < umax ⇔ M20 >
35(3+E0)
:= M1, ∀E0 > 0
u+eq > ucrit , ∀M2
0 > 0, ∀E0 > 0u−
eq < ucrit ⇔ M20 < M−
2 < 1 or M20 > M+
2 > 1, ∀E0 > 0where
M±2 =
35
(2 + E0 ±
√1 + 4E0 + E 2
0
)ucrit < 1 ⇔ M2
0 > 3/5, ∀E0 > 0us < 1 ⇔ M2
0 > 1, ∀E0 > 0u±
eq < 1, ∀M20 > 1, ∀E0 > 0
M1 < M−2 < M−
eq < 1 and 1 < M+eq < M+
2 , ∀E0 > 0
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The Steady 1–D Deflagration Wave
Deflagration waves ⇔ M20 ≤ M−
eq, with E0 >14
In this regime, M1 < M−2 < M+
eq < 3/5 < 1.1a. if M2
0 ≤ M1, then1 < u−
eq < ucrit < us < umax ≤ u+eq
weak deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u−eq, 0), λ3 > 0
1b. if M1 < M20 ≤ M−
2 , then1 < u−
eq ≤ ucrit < us < u+eq < umax
weak deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u−eq, 0), λ3 > 0
discontinuous strong deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u+eq, 0), λ3 > 0
1c. if M−2 < M2
0 ≤ M−eq, then
1 < ucrit < u−eq ≤ us ≤ u+
eq < umax
discontinuous weak deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u−eq, 0), λ3 < 0
discontinuous strong deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u+eq, 0), λ3 > 0
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The Steady 1–D Weak Deflagration WaveThis simulation has been done by setting
Tact = 25 , E0 = 10 , L = 1 , M20 = 0.01 ,
for which ceq = 0, Jeq = 0, u−eq = 3.078, (T −
eq = 5.941), µ = 3695.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Q=1/2 E0
Q=0
Qcr
ueq+
ueq−
*
Hugoniot diagram
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of c
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
cHxL
E0=15, Μ=1449
E0=10, Μ=3700
E0=5, Μ=20500
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
cHxL
E0=15, Μ=28000
E0=10, Μ=3000
E0=5, Μ=6208
Comparison of c in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of u
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
uHxL
E0=15, Μ=1449
E0=10, Μ=3700
E0=5, Μ=20500
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
uHxL
E0=15, Μ=28000
E0=10, Μ=3000
E0=5, Μ=6208
Comparison of u in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 27 / 53
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of T
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
T
E0=15, Μ=1449
E0=10, Μ=3700
E0=5, Μ=20500
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T
E0=15, Μ=3000
E0=10, Μ=6208
E0=5, Μ=28000
Comparison of T in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of p
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p
E0=15, Μ=1449
E0=10, Μ=3700
E0=5, Μ=20500
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p
E0=15, Μ=3000
E0=10, Μ=6208
E0=5, Μ=28000
Comparison of p in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of J
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
JHxL
E0=15, Μ=1449
E0=10, Μ=3700
E0=5, Μ=20500
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
JHxL
E0=15, Μ=28000
E0=10, Μ=3000
E0=5, Μ=6208
Comparison of J in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 30 / 53
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of u
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
uHxL
M02
=0.046, Μ=80000
M02
=0.01, Μ=44500
M02
=0.001, Μ=40000
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
uHxL
M02
=0.075, Μ=10500
M02
=0.06, Μ=7400
M02
=0.047, Μ=5900
Comparison of u in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying M2
0 , with L = 1, Tact = 35, E0 = 10Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 31 / 53
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Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of T
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
M02
=0.046, Μ=80000
M02
=0.01, Μ=44500
M02
=0.001, Μ=40000
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
T
M02
=0.075, Μ=10500
M02
=0.06, Μ=7400
M02
=0.047, Μ=5900
Comparison of T in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying M2
0 , with L = 1, Tact = 35, E0 = 10Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 32 / 53
Page 33
Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of p
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p
M02
=0.046, Μ=80000
M02
=0.01, Μ=44500
M02
=0.001, Μ=40000
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p
M02
=0.075, Μ=10500
M02
=0.06, Μ=7400
M02
=0.047, Μ=5900
Comparison of p in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying M2
0 , with L = 1, Tact = 35, E0 = 10Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 33 / 53
Page 34
Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of J
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
JHxL
M02
=0.046, Μ=80000
M02
=0.01, Μ=44500
M02
=0.001, Μ=40000
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
JHxL
M02
=0.075, Μ=10500
M02
=0.06, Μ=7400
M02
=0.047, Μ=5900
Comparison of J in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying M2
0 , with L = 1, Tact = 35, E0 = 10Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 34 / 53
Page 35
Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of u
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
uHxL
Tact=35, Μ=44000
Tact=30, Μ=13400
Tact=25, Μ=3700
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
uHxL
Tact=35, Μ=88000
Tact=30, Μ=24500
Tact=25, Μ=6208
Comparison of u in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 10, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 35 / 53
Page 36
Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of T
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
Tact=35, Μ=44000
Tact=30, Μ=13400
Tact=25, Μ=3700
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
T
Tact=35, Μ=88000
Tact=30, Μ=24500
Tact=25, Μ=6208
Comparison of T in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 10, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 36 / 53
Page 37
Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of p
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p
Tact=35, Μ=44000
Tact=30, Μ=13400
Tact=25, Μ=3700
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p
Tact=35, Μ=88000
Tact=30, Μ=24500
Tact=25, Μ=6208
Comparison of p in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 10, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 37 / 53
Page 38
Continuous Weak Deflagration Wave - trend of J
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
JHxL
Tact=35, Μ=44000
Tact=30, Μ=13400
Tact=25, Μ=3700
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
JHxL
Tact=35, Μ=88000
Tact=30, Μ=24500
Tact=25, Μ=6208
Comparison of J in the regimes 1a. M20 < M1 (up) and 1b. M1 < M2
0 < M−2 (down)varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 10, M2
0 = 0.01 (up) and M20 = 0.05 (down)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 38 / 53
Page 39
The Steady 1–D Deflagration Wave
Deflagration waves ⇔ M20 ≤ M−
eq, with 0 < E0 ≤14
In this regime, M1 < M−2 < 3/5 ≤ M+
eq < 1.2c. if M−
2 < M20 ≤ 3/5, then
1 ≤ ucrit < u−eq < us < u+
eq < umax
discontinuous weak deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u−eq, 0), λ3 < 0
discontinuous strong deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u+eq, 0), λ3 > 0
2d. if 3/5 < M20 ≤ M−
eq, then
ucrit < 1 < u−eq ≤ us ≤ u+
eq < umax
weak deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u−eq, 0), λ3 < 0
strong deflagration from (1, 1, 0) to (0, u+eq, 0), λ3 > 0
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 39 / 53
Page 40
The Steady 1–D Detonation Wave
Detonation waves ⇔ M20 ≥ M+
eqIn this regime, 1 < M+
eq < M+2 , ∀E0 > 0.
a. if M+eq ≤ M2
0 < M+2 , then
ucrit < u−eq ≤ us ≤ u+
eq < 1 < umax
weak detonation solutions connecting (1, 1, 0) to (0, u+eq, 0);
strong detonation solutions connecting (1, 1, 0) to (0, u−eq, 0);
b. if M20 ≥ M+
2 , then
u−eq ≤ ucrit < us < u+
eq < 1 < umax
weak detonation solutions connecting (1, 1, 0) to (0, u+eq, 0);
discontinuous strong detonation solutions connecting (1, 1, 0) to(0, u−
eq, 0)
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 40 / 53
Page 41
The Steady 1–D Weak Detonation WaveThis simulation has been done by setting
Tact = 25 , E0 = 10 , L = 1 , M20 = 16 ,
for which ceq = 0, Jeq = 0, u+eq = 0.8212, (T+
eq = 9.473), µ = 20.95.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
v
p
Q=Qs
ueq−
ueq+
CJU
Q=0
Q=E0/ 2
Hugoniot diagram.
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 41 / 53
Page 42
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of u
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uHxL
E0=16, Μ=3.65
E0=15, Μ=5.05
E0=14, Μ=6.85
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uHxL
E0=15, Μ=6
E0=10, Μ=27
E0=5, Μ=350
Comparison of u in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M20 = 19.1 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 42 / 53
Page 43
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of T
200 400 600 800 1000x
5
10
15
T
E0=16, Μ=3.65
E0=15, Μ=5.05
E0=14, Μ=6.85
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
10
12
T
E0=15, Μ=6
E0=10, Μ=27
E0=5, Μ=350
Comparison of T in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M20 = 19.1 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 43 / 53
Page 44
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of p
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
10
p
E0=16, Μ=3.65
E0=15, Μ=5.05
E0=14, Μ=6.85
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
p
E0=15, Μ=6
E0=10, Μ=27
E0=5, Μ=350
Comparison of p in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M20 = 19.1 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 44 / 53
Page 45
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of J
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
JHxL
E0=16, Μ=3.65
E0=15, Μ=5.05
E0=14, Μ=6.85
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5JHxL
E0=15, Μ=6
E0=10, Μ=27
E0=5, Μ=350
Comparison of J in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying E0, with L = 1, Tact = 25, M20 = 19.1 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 45 / 53
Page 46
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of u
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uHxL
M02
=20, Μ=5.6
M02
=19, Μ=5.05
M02
=18, Μ=4.25
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uHxL
M02
=30, Μ=32
M02
=21, Μ=26.85
M02
=16, Μ=20.95
Comparison of u in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying M20 , with L = 1, Tact = 25, E0 = 15
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 46 / 53
Page 47
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of T
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
T
M02
=20, Μ=5.6
M02
=19, Μ=5.05
M02
=18, Μ=4.25
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
T
M02
=30, Μ=32
M02
=21, Μ=26.85
M02
=16, Μ=20.95
Comparison of T in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying M20 , with L = 1, Tact = 25, E0 = 15
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 47 / 53
Page 48
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of p
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
10
p
M02
=20, Μ=5.6
M02
=19, Μ=5.05
M02
=18, Μ=4.25
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
p
M02
=30, Μ=32
M02
=21, Μ=26.85
M02
=16, Μ=20.95
Comparison of p in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying M20 , with L = 1, Tact = 25, E0 = 15
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 48 / 53
Page 49
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of J
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
JHxL
M02
=20, Μ=5.6
M02
=19, Μ=5.05
M02
=18, Μ=4.25
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
JHxL
M02
=30, Μ=32
M02
=21, Μ=26.85
M02
=16, Μ=20.95
Comparison of J in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying M20 , with L = 1, Tact = 25, E0 = 15
Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 49 / 53
Page 50
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of u
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uHxL
Tact=30, Μ=8.95
Tact=25, Μ=5
Tact=20, Μ=2.65
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uHxL
Tact=30, Μ=60.5
Tact=25, Μ=26.9
Tact=20, Μ=11.3
Comparison of u in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 15, M20 = 19 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 50 / 53
Page 51
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of T
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
T
Tact=30, Μ=8.95
Tact=25, Μ=5
Tact=20, Μ=2.65
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
T
Tact=30, Μ=60.5
Tact=25, Μ=26.9
Tact=20, Μ=11.3
Comparison of T in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 15, M20 = 19 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 51 / 53
Page 52
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of p
200 400 600 800 1000x
2
4
6
8
p
Tact=30, Μ=8.95
Tact=25, Μ=5
Tact=20, Μ=2.65
200 400 600 800 1000x
1
2
3
4
5
p
Tact=30, Μ=60.5
Tact=25, Μ=26.9
Tact=20, Μ=11.3
Comparison of p in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 15, M20 = 19 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 52 / 53
Page 53
Continuous Weak Detonation Wave - trend of J
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
JHxL
Tact=30, Μ=8.95
Tact=25, Μ=5
Tact=20, Μ=2.65
200 400 600 800 1000x
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
JHxL
Tact=30, Μ=60.5
Tact=25, Μ=26.9
Tact=20, Μ=11.3
Comparison of J in the regimes a. M+eq < M2
0 < M+2 (up) and b. M2
0 > M+2 (down)
varying Tact , with L = 1, E0 = 15, M20 = 19 (up) and M2
0 = 21 (down)Fiammetta Conforto (Messina) Steady Combustion Waves M&MKT12 53 / 53