Kaatruveli February 2013 Issue

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Telephone No. 020 3489 6569 E-mail:- [email protected]

Price per copy:- 5.00 ( including postage in U.K. )

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. . : R.MAHENDRAN,

PLAISTOW,

LONDON E13 0JX. U K

: [email protected]

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(Late legends say that the third Sangam was held on the banks of the sacred

Pond of Golden Lotuses in Madurai.)

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filr; rq;fk; eheyk; gilj;j ef;fPudhiuj; jiyikahff; nfhz;L ehD}w;W ehw;gj;njhd;gJ (449) Gyth;fs; jkpo; tsh;g;gpYk;> Ma;tpYk; Nre;jk;G+jdhh;> ,se;jpUkhwd;> mwpTilaudhh;> ngUq;Fd;W}h;f;;fpohh;> Mrpupah; ey;ye;Jtdhh;> kUjepyehfdhh;> cf;fpug; ngUtOjp> mhprpy;fpohh; (JiwA+h;)> MT+h;f;fpohh;> ,jaq;fz;zdhh;> vapw;wpadhh;> IA+h; Kltdhh; (ciwA+h;)> xf;$h; khrhj;jdhh;> fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhh;> fy;yhldhh;> fhhpahrhd;> fPuq;fPudhh;> khNwhfj;Jf; fhkf;fzp eg;ghyj;jdhh;> Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh;> Nkhrp rhj;jdhh; vd;Nghh; xU rpyuhth;. ,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,r; rq;fj;Jld; 49 ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; njhlh;Gld; ,Ue;J jkpio tsh;j;jdh;. filr; rq;f fhyj;jpy; vOe;j rpy E}y;fisr; rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W mioj;jdu;. ,r; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshd gj;Jg; ghl;L> vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fisg; gjpndz; Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdTk;> NtW gjpndl;L E}y;fisr; Nrh;e;j njhFjpiag; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdTk; Kg;ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpj;Js;sdh; Md;NwhUk; rhd;NwhUk;. (1) gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fshtd :- (1) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> (2) nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> (3) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> (4) ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> (5) Ky;iyg;ghl;L> (6) kJiuf; fhQ;rp> (7) neLey;thil> (8) FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> (9) gl;bdg;ghiy> (10) kiygLflhk;. KUF nghUehW ghzpuz;L Ky;iy ngUF tlkJiuf; fhQ;rp kUtpdpa NfhyneL ey;thil $u;FwpQ;rp gl;bdg; ghiy gLflhk; gj;J. vd;W gj;Jg; ghl;ilAk; xU gok; ghlypy; moFw mikj;Jf; $wpa rpwg;gpidAk; fhz;f. NkYk;> ,g; gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fisAk; Nguhrphpah; Nfhgd; kfhNjth ( ijj;

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jpUehspy; xU GJ ntz;ghj; njhLj;Jr; rPuikj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ghq;fpidAk; ghh;g;Nghk;. ~jpUKUfhw;W| ~nghUeuhw;W| cld; ~ngUk;ghzhw;W| rpWghzhw;W| vDk; mUk;gok;ngaHNrH ~gil|fs; ehd;Fk; ~neUey;thil| ~kiygLflhk;| ~kJiuf;fhQ;rp| ~gl;bdg;ghiy| vDk; ngaHnfhz;l E}y;fs; ehd;Fk; ~FwpQ;rp|Ak; ~Ky;iy|g; ~ghl;L|fs; ,uz;Lk; nrwpe;JNrHe;jNj ~gj;Jg;ghl;L|. ,g; ghliyr; rhjhuz kf;fSk; gbj;J ,d;GWk; tz;zk; mike;jikAk;> mjd; nghUs; GhpAk; tifapy; mikj;jikAk;> E}y;fs; gj;ijAk; njspTwf; fhl;baikAk; ,g; ghlypd; rpwg;ngdyhk;. (2) vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fshtd :- (1) ew;wpiz> (2) FWe;njhif> (3) Iq;FWE}W (4) gjpw;Wg; gj;J> (5) gup-ghly;> (6) fypj;njhif> (7) mfehD}W> (8) GwehD}W. ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE} xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F ghpghly; fw;wwpe;N;jhh; Vj;Jk; fypNa mfk;Gwk; vd;W ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif. vd;W vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fisAk; thpirg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ ,g; gok; ghly; xd;W. (3) gjpndz; fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fshtd :- (1) ehybahh;> (2) ehd;kzpf; fbif> (3) fhh; ehw;gJ> (4) fstop ehw;gJ> (5) ,dpaJ ehw;gJ> (6) ,d;dh ehw;gJ> (7) Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> (8) Ie;jpiz vOgJ> (9) jpiz nkhop Ik;gJ> (10) jpiz khiy E}w;iwk;gJ> (11) ife;epiy> (12) jpUf;Fws;> (13) jpupfLfk;> (14) Mrhuf; Nfhit> (15) gonkhop> (16) rpWgQ;r%yk;> (17) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> (18) Vyhjp. ,g; gjpndz; E}y;fisAk; gpd;tUk; ehyb ntz;ghtpy; mikj;Jg; ghbAs;s jpwid nkr;;rhjpUf;f Kbatpy;iy.

74

ehyb ehd;kzp ehdhw;g ije;jpizKg; ghy;fLfq; Nfhit gonkhop kh%yk; ,d;dpiynrhy; fhQ;rpAl Ndyhjp nad;gNt ife;epiya thq; fPo;f; fzf;F. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh;> ehd;kzpf;fbif> ,dpait ehw;gJ> ,d;dh ehw;gJ> jphpfLfk;> Mrhuf; Nfhit> rpWgQ;r%yk;> gonkhop> KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp> Vyhjp Mfpa gjpndhU E}y;fSk; eP-jpia vLj;J kf;fSf;F ,ak;Gtd. jpUf;FwSk;> ehyba-hUk; ePjp $Wtjpy; xNu khjphpg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. ,uz;L mbfshy; jpUf;Fws; $w> ehY mbfshy; ehybahh; $Wfpd;wJ. jpUf;Fws; xNu Mrphpauhd jpUts;Stuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. gy Mrphpah;fspd; ghly; njhFg;Ng ehyba-huhFk;. rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;

rq;fk; kUtpa fhykhd jp.gp. ehd;fhk; (04) E}w;whz;LKjy; jp.gp. xd;gjhk; (09) E}w;whz;Ltiu Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fshd rPtf rpe;jhkzp> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> Fz;lyNfrp> tisahgjp (05) Mfpa E}y;fSk;> IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fshd #shkzp> ePyNfrp> aNrhju fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> cjaFkhu fhtpak; (05) Mfpa E}y;fSk; vOjg;gl;ld. rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa E}y;fs; gytw;Ws; rpwe;jdthff; fUjg;gLtd Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. NkYk; jpUthrfk;> gjpndz; rpj;ju;> cgepljq;fs;> jj;Jt E}y;fs;> ePjp E}y;fs; Nghd;wdTk; kdpj Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjtp epw;fpd;wd. ,ijaLj;Jj; jp.gp. xd;gjhk; (09) E}w;whz;LKjy; jp.gp. gd;dpuz;lhk; (12) E}w;whz;Ltiu tho;e;jJ rka ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;. ,jd; gpd;du; ngUfpaitfNs gpuge;j ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fSkhFk;. fe;j Guhzk; jp;.gp. 11Mk; E}w;whz;bYk;> ngupa Guhzk; jp.gp. 12Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; vOjg;gl;ld. Guhzf; fijfs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Rygkhfg; gutj;njhlq;fpd. mjdhy; Guhzf; fi-jfisr; rkaj;Js; GFj;jpdu;. ,jdhy; rkak; epiyj;J epd;W kf;fis ehbr; nrd;wJ.

75

njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jpUke;jpuKk; vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jg; ghl;L> jpUf;Fws; Mfpa E}y;fSf;F Kw;gl;lJ njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jpUke;jpuKkhFk;. filr; rq;fk; jp.gp %d;whk; E}w;whz;Ltiu kJiuapy; epiyj;J epd;W ,aq;fpaNjhL; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk; nropj;J tpsq;fpd. njhy;fhg;gpak

,ilr; rq;f fhyj;jpy; vOe;j njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; E}iyj; njhy;fhg;gpadhh; vd;w ngUk; Gfo; ngw;w Gytd; ghbaUspdhh; njhd;ik> nrOik> tsk;> nrg;gk;> tdg;G> ehfupfk;> ngUepiy Nghd;wtw;Wld; Njhd;wpf; fhyj;jhy; goik tha;e;j xU nghpa ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa caph;; E}yha; ek; kj;jpapy; cyh tUfpd;wJ. ,e;E}iy ahj;j njhy;fhg;gpadhh; jiyr; rq;f ,WjpapYk;> ,ilr; rq;fj; njhlf;fj;jpYk; tho;e;jtnud;W $Wth;.

Literary Doyens

Tholkappiar

~~,ilr; rq;fj;jhUf;Fk; filr; rq;fj;jhUf;Fk; E}yhapw;W njhy;fhg;gpak;.|| vd;W ef;fPudh; $wpAs;shh;. NkYk;> ~~njhy;fhg;gpak; gz;ilj; jkpoh;fspd; njhd;ikiaAk;> ehfhpfr; rpwg;igAk; tpsf;Fk; gok; ngUE}y;.|| vd;gJ lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhhpd; $w;whFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> nghUsjpfhuk; vd %d;W ngUk; mjpfhuq;fshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpYk; xd;gJ xd;gJ ,ay;fshf xUkpj;J 27 ,ay;fs; cs;sd. vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; 483 #j;jpuq;fSk;> nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; 463 #j;jpuq;fSk;> nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; 656 #j;jpuq;fSkhf xUkpj;J 1>602 #j;jpuq;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; cs;sd. Mdhy;> ,e;E}w; #j;jpuq;fs; 1>595 vd ,sk;G+uzUk;> 1>611 vd er;rpdhh;fpdpaUk; tFj;J ciu vOjpAs;sdh;.

76

jpUke;jpuk;

vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;

jd;id ed;whfj; jkpo;r; nra;AkhNw. (jpUke;jpuk; 81)

irtk; jkpo; Mfpa ngUe;Jiwfspy; mUk; ngUk; rpwg;Gj; jj;Jtq;fis vLj;jpak;Gtd jpUke;jpuk;> jpUf;Fws;> jpUthrfk; Mfpa %d;W Kjy; E}y;fshFk;. ,k; %d;W E}y;fspd; nja;tj;jd;ik fUjp jpU vd;w rpwg;G milnkhop ngw;W kf;fs; kj;jpapy; caph; E}y;fsha; tho;fpd;wd. ,e;E}y;fis ;Kk;kzpfs; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

jpU%yH

,e;E}iyj; jpU%yehadhh; mUspr; nra;jhh;. ,jd;fz; 3>000 jpUg;ghly;fs; je;jpukhd ke;jpuq;fsha; mike;Js;sd. ,jd; ngUik fhuzkhfj; jpU%yh; nrhy; vd;Wk; ,jid miog;gh;. jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;L. ,jpy; jpUke;jpuk; gj;jhk; jpUKiwahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. jpU%yu; mWgj;J%d;W ehad;khh;fspy; xUtuhth;. ,d;Dk; gjpndz; rpj;jh;fspy; jpU%yUk; xUth;. jpU%yhpd; ,aw;ngah; jpU%yud;W. Re;juehjd; vd;gJjhd; mthpd; ,aw;ngah;. ,iwg; gzpf;Fj; jk;ik mh;g;gzpf;f tpUk;gp> mq;F Xh; mur kuj;jbapy; Nahfj;jpy; Mo;e;J Mz;Lf;F xU ghlyhfr; rpe;ijapy; Cwitj;J %thapuk; ghly;fisg; ghbaUspdhh; jpU%yh;. ,g; ghly;fs; mlq;fpa E}ypd; ngah; ke;jpu khiy vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; nja;tj; jd;ikAk; rpwg;Gk; fUjp jpU vd;w milnkhopAld; jpUke;jpu khiy vd;w ngau; ngw;Wf; fhy Xl;lj;jpy; jpUke;jpu khiy RUq;fpj; jpUke;jpuk; MdJ. NkYk; Nahfpapd; rpwg;Gf; fUjp jpU vd;w milnkhopAk; Mu; vd;Dk;

77

rpwg;G tpFjpAk; ngw;W %yd; clk;ngLj;j Nahfp jpU%yh; Mfpdhh;.

,jpfhrq;fs; goq;fhyr; rhpj;jpuk; $Wk; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis ,jpfhrq;fs; vd;W $Wth;. ek; Kd;Ndhh; tuyhW vOJtjpYk; ghh;f;f ,jpfhrj;jpYk;> Guhzj;jpYNk ehl;lk; nrYj;jpdh;. ,e;j tifapy;> cyfk; Nghw;Wk; xg;gw;w ,jpfhrq;fshd ,uhkhazKk;> kfhghujKk; vOe;jd. ,itfs; ,uz;Lk; ghuj ehl;bd; fz;fs; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. kfhghujk; ,uhkhazj;ijtplg; nghpaJ. ,jpy; Xh; ,yl;rk; RNyhfq;fs; cs;sd. kfhghujf; fhyj;ijf; fzpj;Jf; $wtpayhJ. ,J Rkhh; Iahapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; epfo;e;j tuyhnwd;W $Wth;. ,jw;Fg; gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ele;jJ ,uhkhazk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,it tlehl;L tuyhWfshapDk;> jkpo; nkhopapYk; gilg;Gfs; vOe;J ,d;G+l;b tUfpd;wd. ,dp> ,uhkhazk; gw;wpAk;> kfhghujk; gw;wpAk; tphpT gLj;jpg; ghh;g;Nghk;.

,uhkhazk

thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ij NtW gf;fr; rhh;gpd;wp KjD}yhf tlnkhopapy; ahj;jth; thy;kPfp Mthh;. thy;kPfp ,uhkhazk;> - ghy fhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpa fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk;>

cj;ju fhz;lk; vd;w VO fhz;lq;fisAk;> 500 glyq;fisAk;> 24>000 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.

78

thy;kPfp thy;kPfp vd;w ngah; vOe;j fij xd;Wz;L. thy;kPfp Kdpth; ePz;l fhyk; jtj;jpyPLgl;lhh;. mg;NghJ mtiur; Rw;wpf; fiwahd; Gw;W tsh;e;J %bf;nfhz;lJ. ty;kPfk; vd;gJ fiwahd; Gw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;. gpd;dh; me;jg; Gw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gl;ljhy; thy;kPfp vd;w ngah; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;lhh;. %jwpQh; ,uh[h[p mth;fs; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtpr; rf;futh;j;jpj; jPUkfd ; vd;w ,uhkhazk; gw;wpa E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. uhkuhk vd;w xU jpUehkj;ij kf;fs; kdj;jpy; gjpf;fNt ,e;j ,jpfhrk; Njhd;wpajhfTk; fUjyhk;. ,uhk ehkj;ij cr;rhpj;Nj jk; tho;tpaiy epiwthf;fpf; nfhz;lth; kfhj;kh fhe;jp mbfs;. ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gd>; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtpf; fk;guhkhazk; vd;w ngUq; fhg;gpaj;ij ghbAs;shh;. fk;guhkhazk; - ghy fhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpa fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; vd;w MW fhz;lq;fisAk;> 112 glyq;fisAk;> 10>569 ghf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg; Nghy; ts;Sth; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy; G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy vd;Wk;> fy;tpr; rpwe;j jkpo;ehL> Gfo;f; fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL vd;Wk; ghujpahh; fk;giug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,d;Dk;> cyfj;jpNy kdpjdhfg; gpwe;jhy; ,uhkidg; Nghy; xOfNtz;Lk;. mjpy; rpwe;jJ NtnwJTkpy;iy vd;W nrhy;gtDf;F ,uhkd; nja;tk; vd;fpwhh; ghujp. fk;gd;

fk;gd; fhtpak; jkpouJ ftpj;Jtj;jpd; Ngnuy;iy vd;Wk;> fk;gh; fk;guhkhazj;ij fp.gp. 1178 ,y; ghbKbj;jhnud;Wk;> fp.gp. 1185 ,y; muq;NfwpaJ vd;Wk;

79

Jzpjy; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhFk; vd;Wk; $wpath; v];.itahGhpg;gps;is mth;fs;.

ftpkzp mth;fs; fk;gidAk;> NrhoidAk; fhj;jpLNthk; ghtpd; Ritf;fly; cz;nlOe;J fk;gd; ghhpw; nghope;j jPk;ghw;fliy ehtpd; ,dpf;fg; gUFNthNk! vd;W ghuhl;bAs;shh;.

kfhghujk;

tpahrghujk; xU %y E}y;. ,ij tpahr kfhp\p tlnkho-papy; vOjpAs;shh;. ,jpy; Xh; ,yl;rk; RNyhfq;fs; cs;sd. tpahrghujj;ijj; jOtpj; jkpopy; gy ghujq;fs; vOe;jd. ,tw;Ws;> tpy;ypGj;jho;thuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ ;tpy;yp ghujk; MFk;. ,d;ndhd;W ey;yh gps;is ghujk; MFk;. %jwpQh;

uh[h[papd; kfhghuj E}y; gy gjpg;Gfisf; fz;lJ. gy;fiy mwpQh; Nrh mth;fspd; k`hghujk; NgRfpwJ vd;w rpwpa E}y; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

tpahr kfhp\p

kfhghujj;jpy; Xh; ,yl;rk; RNyhfq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; gUtq;fs; gjpndl;L. mitahtd:- (1)Mjp gUtk;> (2) rgh gUtk;> (3) td gUtk;> (4) tpuhl gUtk;> (5) cj;jpNahf gUtk;> (6) gP\;k gUtk;> (7) JNuhz gUtk;> (8) fh;z gUtk;> (9) ry;ypa gUtk;> (10) nrsg;jpf gUtk;> (11) ];jphP gUtk;> (12) rhe;jp gUtk;> (13) mDrh]d gUtk;> (14) m];tNkjpf gUtk;> (15) M];uk thrg; gUtk;> (16) nks]y gUtk;> (17) kfhgpu];jhdpf gUtk;> (18) Rth;f;f MNuhfd gUtk; Mfpadthk;. je;ijf;F cjTk; xU kfd; gP];kh;> mwnewp; fhf;Fk; xU tpJud;> jh;kk;- cz;ik- ghrk; fhf;Fk; jUkh;> gPkd;> mh;r;Rdd;> eFyd;> rfhNjtd; Mfpa ghz;L Gj;jpuh;fs;> md;idf;Fhpa gz;Gs;s Fe;jp> rpwe;j nfhilahsp fh;zd;> jPa Fzq;fspd; cUtkhd JhpNahjdd;> $dp Nghy; xU

80

rFdp> Gj;jpu ghrj;jpw;Fj; jpUjuh];buDk;> fhe;jhhpAk;> FLk;gg; ngz;zhd xU ghQ;rhyp Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; gbg;gid Gfl;Lk; tho;f;iff;Fhpa mj;jid tplaq;fSk; kfhghujj;jpd; mlf;fkhFk;. kfhghujj;jpy; fh;zd; xU rpwe;j nfhilahsp; mUr;Rdd; ghh; Nghw;Wk; tpy; tpj;ij tPud;; tPkd; xU fjhAj tPud;. JhpNahjdDf;Fk; ghz;ltUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;Njwpa gjpndl;Lehl; Nghhpy; gjpndl;L mf;Nuhzpg; gil tPuh;fshd Kg;gj;njhd;gJ ,yl;rj;J Kg;gj;jhwhapuj;J mWE}W (39>36>600) giltPuh;fs; gq;Nfw;W mjpy; gj;Jg; (10) Ngh; jtpu kw;iwa midtUk; kbe;jdh;. NkNyhuhapDk; rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy jtWfis mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh nra;af; $Lk;> cyfpy; ahNu xU Fw;wk; ,yhjhh;?> Fw;wk; GhpNthh; jz;lid mDgtpj;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk;> jUkk; ntw;wp ngWk;> jUkk; fhf;f vt;tsNth jpahfk; Ghpa Ntz;Lk;> ,d;g Jd;gq;fs; Qhdpfis xd;Wk; nra;a KbahJ> kdpjh;fis ,d;g Jd;gq;fs; Ml;bg; gilf;fpd;wd vd;gJk; kfhghujk; czh;j;Jk; nra;jpfshFk;. KbTiu Kr; rq;fq;fspy; vOe;j E}y;fs;> mope;j E}y;fs;> rq;fq;fspy; mkh;e;J E}y;fs; ahj;j Gyth;fs;> rq;fq;fis tsh;j;j ghz;ba kd;dh;fs;> filr; rq;fj;jpy; vOe;j gj;Jg; ghl;L> vl;Lj; njhif> gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOe;j Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs;> IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;> mjd;gpd; vOe;j jpUthrfk;> gjpndz; rpj;jh;> cgepljq;fs;> jj;Jt E}y;fs;> ePjp E}y;fs;> ,ijaLj;J vOe;j rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;> gpuge;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fs;> vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jg; ghl;L> jpUf;Fws; Mfpa E}y;fSf;FKd; vOe;j njhy;fhg;gpak;> jpUke;jpuk;> ,jpfhrq;fshd ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; Mfpait gw;wp NkNy tphpTgLj;jpg; ghh;j;Njhk;. jkpo; E}y;fspy; ,we;jd Nghf> vQ;rpapUf;Fk; filr; rq;ffhy E}y;fshd gj;Jg; ghl;Lk; (10)> vl;Lj; njhifAk; (08)> gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;Fk; (18)> rq;f fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa

81

njhy;fhg;gpaKk;> jpUke;jpuKk; (02)> ,jpfhrq;fshd ,uhkhazKk;> kfhghujKk; (02)> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOe;j Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSk; (05)> Iq;FWq;fhg;gpaq;fSk; (05) Mfpa Ik;gJ (50) mUk; ngUk; goe;jkpo; E}y;fs; vk;Kld; ,Uf;fpd;wtiu jkpod; ngUi-kAk;> jkpoKjpd; ,dpikAk; Nkd;NkYk; tsh;e;J rpwg;GWk;. ,d;Dk;> Nkw; $wpa Ik;gJ E}w;fspd;gpd; vOe;j jpUthrfk;> gjpndz; rpj;ju;> cgepljq;fs;> jj;Jt E}y;fs;> ePjp E}y;fs; Nghd;wdTk; kdpj Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjtp epw;fpd;wd. ,t;tidj;J E}y;fSk; khz;GW kdpj tho;Tf;F top fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpaq;fsha; mike;Js;sd. -000-

82

. , , , , . . , . .. 2 , , .. 2

. . . . ( - 2, .191) .. . , , 300-400 . , , . , . , , , . , . . , . ... ( , .27) .

83

. . , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , ,

. . .

. , , . , . , , . . . .

. ,

. . . . (. ) . . , , , , , (), () . , ,

, . , . . .

84

. . . (3 : 1 : 199-20) , , , . . -, - . ( ) . , , , , . , , . . . .

. . . (, .8-9) . . , , . (, .15) . . , . . . , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , ( , .456) .

. ,

85

( ), . . . . . . , . , , , . , . . . . , . . . . ( ,2, .172) . . , . , . , . , . . . . . (, .429) . . . . .

. . . . .

86

. , , . , , . , . . . , , . . , , , , . , . . . , , , , , . ,

. . (, .430) . . . , 1. , 2. , 3. .

. . . . . . ,

87

. .

, . . . , . . . , , , , .

. . . . . () , , () . () () . . . . , , . , , . . , , . . . , , ,

. , .

88

. ( , .95-96) .. . , , , , , ,

, . . , ( - 25)

. , . , , . . , .. . . . . . . . . , , ( - 2, .159-160) . . , , , , , , , , , .

. .

89

. () . . , . ( , .458). . . . ..15 , , ()

..15 . ,

( , .378) . . .

, . . . ( , .382) . . . , . , . . , , (, .381-392) .

90

. . . , , , . . , , . . .. , .. . . . , , . . .. , .. . . .

. () . .. . , . , . , . , , .

91

. . , 1. , 2. . . . , , , , . , , , . , . ...

.

! (, .45) , . , , , . , . , , , ( , .34) . . , , , . .

. . , , , , , , , . , , , , .

92

, , , . , . ,

. . . , , ( , .9-10) . . , . , ,

, ... . . .. . (, .60) . 1550 . . , . , . ,

... ...

93

... .

. ... (, .60-61) . . .

, . ..629-645 520 657 . ..964-976 300 . ( , .275-276)

. . . : , , . . , 18 . . , , . ( , .39-40), . ( , .928) , ... ... . ( , .938) , , ... .

94

. .

. 1. , 2. . . . , , , , . , : , . , .

. : () , . , , , , . . , , , , , . . , , . . . . . .

95

, . , , . . Para-Di-Chlorapenzeen, Mercuric chloride, Gemaxin Powder, Polyethylene clycol, Napthaline Balls . .

, , ... . . , . . . ; . . (photo capier), (Micro film), (Press), (Computer) . , , () . . , , . , , . .

.

96

. . . , . . , , , , , , , ,

. , , , , , .. , , , .. , , .. , , , , , , , ,

, , . . 40 . , , , -, . . , , , ... , (), , , , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , - , -, - , - , - , - , -

97

, - , - , - , - . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , ( , .213) . , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

.

.

98