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7/28/2019 K L M BASICS
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Formation/basics of E1
Basics of PDHBasics of SDHFormation of STM
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VoiceCoded in 8
bits/sample A/D
Clock8000 Hz
(8000 samples)X(8bit/sample)
=64,000bps
32 Channels each
64 Kbps
E1 (TS0 to TS31)
Primary unit of PDH
i.e. E1
PDH is almost synchronous.It is simply Multiplexing of E1`s.Sampling, Quantizing & Encoding (i.e. PCM) of Analog voice channelsproduces 64Kbps channel.32 such channels multiplexed to produce E1 (the basic unit of PDH)
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Formation of E2, E3…
As basic unit of PDH is E1
E1=32X64Kbps = 2.048Mbps
E2=4E1=8.44Mbps
E3=4E2=16E1=34.368Mbps
E4=4E3=140MbpsDisadvantages of PDH System:
Not fully synchronous.
Complex hardware
Back to back multiplexing
Less bandwidthMore hardware cost
If we want to get E1 from E4 ,we have to demultiplex it by going back
step by step. i.e.1st E4 is broken into E3, then E3 to E2 & so on, thusform a complex hardware.
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TS0: Frame synchronization & AlarmsTS16: Signaling & AlarmsTS1 to TS15 & TS17 to TS31 : For Data
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS16
TS29
TS 30
TS 31
E1
Concentrated E1: 2.5 TS for 1 TRx
Un-concentrated E1: 3TS for 1 TRx
Hybrid E1: 2TS for 1 TRx
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E1
2.048 Mbps
Justificat
ion bit
C12
2.224Mbps
Low pathoverhead
VC122.240Mbps
Pointer
TU12
2.304Mbps
X 3=
TUG 2
6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1)
(TUG2)X( 7)+ (Pointer)
TUG 3
49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1)
(TUG3)X (3)+(High order
POH)+( Stuffing)
VC 4150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH +
Pointer
STM 1,
155.5Mbps
Journey from E1 to STM 1
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E1
2.048 Mbps
Justificat
ion bit
C12
2.224Mbps
Low pathoverhead
VC122.240Mbps
Pointer
TU12
2.304Mbps
TU12(Tributary Unit) X 3=
TUG 2
6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1)
(TUG2)X( 7)+ (Pointer)
TUG 3
49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1)
(TUG3)X (3)+(High order
POH)+( Stuffing)
VC 4150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH +
Pointer
STM 1,
155.5Mbps
Journey from E1 to STM 1
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Key features
It is fully synchronous.It can carry circuit switched or Packet Switched both.All network element use same clock.
Tributary can mapped or extracted directly from pointers.
Different transmission rates in STM
STM1: 155Mbps
STM4: 622MbpsSTM16: 2.48GbpsSTM64: 10Gbps
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PDH: All 17 E1
SDH: All 63 E1
1.1.1 1.2.1 1.3.1 1.4.1 2
1.1.2 1.2.2 1.3.2 1.4.2
1.1.3 1.2.3 1.3.3 1.4.3
1.1.4 1.2.4 1.3.4 1.4.4
1.1.11.1.21.1.3
1.2.11.2.21.2.3
1.3.11.3.21.3.3
1.4.11.4.21.4.3
1.5.11.5.21.5.3
1.6.11.6.21.6.3
1.7.11.7.21.7.3
2.1.1
2.1.22.1.3
2.2.1
2.2.22.2.3
2.3.1
2.3.22.3.3
2.4.1
2.4.22.4.3
2.5.1
2.5.22.5.3
2.6.1
2.6.22.6.3
2.7.1
2.7.22.7.3
3.1.13.1.23.1.3
3.2.13.2.23.2.3
3.3.13.3.23.3.3
3.4.13.4.23.4.3
3.5.13.5.23.5.3
3.6.13.6.23.6.3
3.7.13.7.23.7.3
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Prepared by:
Krishna Mohan
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