©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Consciousness.
Jan 29, 2016
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Lecture Overview
Understanding Consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
Psychoactive Drugs
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness
Consciousness (an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness Alternate States of
Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms (biological changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle) Our energy level, mood, learning, and
alertness all vary throughout the day. Sections of the hypothalamus and the pineal
gland regulate these changes.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms (Continued)
Disrupted circadian rhythms, through shift work, jet lag, and sleep deprivation may cause mood alterations, reduced concentration and motivation, increased irritability, lapses in attention, and reduced motor skills.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams
What happens to humans and other animals while we sleep and dream?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
Stage 1(lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)
REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep--also called paradoxical
sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued)
NREM (non-REM) sleep Includes Stages 1 through 4 Lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams
Serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep
Also called paradoxical sleep High-frequency brain waves, increased
pulse and breathing, paralysis of the large muscles, and dreaming
Serves a biological need and may help with learning and consolidating new memories
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Research
How scientists study sleep (note the EEG, EOG, and EMG measuring devices)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
NREM and REM Sleep in Cats
Can you identify which photo was taken while this cat was in REM sleep?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep?
Repair/restoration theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities
Evolutionary/circadian theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators
Cognitive theory: dreams are an important part of information processing of everyday experiences
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Psychoanalytic theory:
dreams are disguised symbols
(manifest versus latent content)
of repressed desires and anxieties Biological theory:
(activation-synthesis hypothesis) dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Sleep DisordersTwo major categories:
1. Dyssomnias
(problems in amount, timing,
and quality of sleep)
2. Parasomnias
(abnormal disturbances during sleep)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias
Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early
Sleep apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias
Nightmares:
anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep
Night terrors:
abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms
1. Psychoactive Drugs (chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception)
2. Drug Abuse (drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others)
3. Addiction (compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity)
4. Psychological Dependence (desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)
5. Physical Dependence (bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms)
6. Withdrawal (discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs)
7. Tolerance (decreased sensitivity to a
drug brought about by its continuous use)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1. Depressants:
act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories (Continued)
Depressants--Alcohol’s Effects
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories (Continued)
2. Stimulants: act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories (Continued) A hidden danger of
stimulants. The key ingredient in methamphetamine destroys the teeth and gums of chronic users.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories (Continued)
3. Opiates: act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories (Continued)
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.
Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters.
Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.
Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Meditation (group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis
(trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Therapeutic uses
of hypnosis:
treatment of chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in
Action (8e)
Hypnosis: Myths and Controversies
1. Forced hypnosis
2. Unethical behavior
3. Exceptional memory
4. Superhuman strength
5. Fakery
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
Related Documents
