Introduction to Immunology Faisal

8/6/2019 Introduction to Immunology Faisal

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Introduction to ImmunologyMr. Faisal Minshawi

Bachelor of Science degree in Laboratory MedicineTeaching assistant in Immunology2009


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An introduction to immunologyAim: A very general introduction toimmunology. Explain how molecular

interactions are essential for the immunesystem.Why: Several articles in this seminar dealswith interaction between molecules in theimmune system.Some extra motivation why studies of biomolecular interactions are important.


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O utline of the talk

Definition of ImmunologyInnate and adaptive immunity

Humoral and cellular responses B and Tcells (specific interactions)Cancer

HIV/AIDSSerology test


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Immunology

Immunology is the study of our protection fromforeign macromolecules or invading organismsand our responses to them.Host e.g. me!!!!Foreign macromolecule, antigen e.g. virus

protein, worm, parasite (Everything that shouldnot be in my body)


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The immune system

Immune system

Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucousmembranes)

Physological barriers(temperature, pH)

Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders)

Inflammatory barriers (redness,swelling, heat and pain)

Antigen specificity

Diversity

Immunological memory

Self/nonself recognition

Innate (non-specific) immunity Adaptive (specific) immunity


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Humoral and cellular immunity(antibody mediated or cellular)


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B cells

B-cell

Antigen

Antibody secreting B cell

Soluble antibodies, circculate in the bod y

Surface bound antibody


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B-cell

Antibody secreting B cell

Virus killed


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T cells

Two types: Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cellsT cells can only recognize antigensassociated with certain molecules (MHC)


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C ells of the Immune system

Many cells of the immunesystem derivedfrom the bonemarrow

Hematopoeticstem celldifferentiation


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Cancer

The second ranking cause of death afterheart disease in the Western world.most organs and tissues in an organismare in balance (death and renewal)cancer cells have no control in growthmechanisms, can expand to a large size

producing a tumor


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HIV and AIDS

HIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusAIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency

syndromeHIV virus binds to Th cells and causes thenumber of Th cells to decrease.

When the number of Th cells is too low,you have AIDS.


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Laboratory test in Immunology Immunology is also called serology in the lab.

Serology is the scientific study of blood serum . In practice, the termusually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in theserum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an

infection (against a given microorganism ), against other foreignproteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched bloodtransfusion ), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmunedisease ).

E L ISA

Immunodiffusion Agglutination Flowcytometry Immunoflorence


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EL ISA

HIV HBV

H C V HAV Toxoplasma TB and so,


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C omponents of blood

Serum vs. Plasma

Serum: cell-free liquid, minus theclotting factors Plasma: cell-free liquid with clottingfactors in solution (must use ananticoagulant)


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C omposition of C omposition of bloodbloodThe composition of blood is actually quite

complex, it consists of aqueous plasmaand formed elements (cells).

PlasmaPlasma

BloodBlood

FormedElements

(corpuscles )


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W hat isW hat is blood bankblood bank ??I n medicinemedicine , institution in which blood blood

products are prepared , tested , and stored prior to transfusion into patients is called Blood Bank Blood Bank . Blood is prepared byappropriate collection and separation intodifferent component . Blood Blood is screened for infections such as hepatitis and HIV andsorted by blood group . WholeWhole blood blood may bestored for three weeks when refrigerated. I tcan also be used to obtain blood products,such as platelets and blood blood cells.


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1 . Preparation Of B lood B lood

Donor Registration.

Donor Physical Examination.

Donation of whole B lood B lood Unite or Single B lood B lood Unite (Aphaeresis;

one Type of blood component)

D onation Center:D onation Center:


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1 . Preparation Of B lood B lood

Refrigerated C entrifuged, toseparate the bloodbloodC omponents.

Manual and AutomatedC omponents extractors .

Components Processing LabComponents Processing Lab


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Screening and Test of B lood B lood Unite

ABO and Rh grouping, Absscrening.

HBs Ag Anti-H C V Anit- HIV I/II Anti HT LV I/II Syphilis Sickle C ell Screen Malaria G6PD screen


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DidW

e Finish Up To Here?DidW

e Finish Up To Here?

Sure Not


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PrePre--Transfusion TestTransfusion Test

1 . Accurate ABO & Rh Typing of thepatients and donor too.

2. Screening tests for antibodies indonors and patients serum.

3. In the presence of patientantinbodies, selection of

appropriate unite for each patient.4. C ompatibility Testing.5. Accurate C omletion of paperwork

and labels.

Is to provide safe, compatible blood fot transfusion to each individualpatients. The steps necessary for safe transfusion are


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TransfusionTransfusion After ensure of the unite and its compatability

with patients. W e sould be monitering patientduring transfuion to be sure is no problem and

there no any trasfusion reaction.


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Trip in Blood Bank C ourseTrip in Blood Bank C ourseW hat you will learn in blood bank course?

1 . Blood Goups and antibodies.2. Types of Donation.3. Blood C omponents and storge (types of blood bags

and antigoagulants).4. Types of Transfusion Reaction.5. Disease coused by transfusion.6. Prophesional of blood banking


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Thanks for being withme in these trip

Introduction to Immunology Faisal

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