Introduction to Embedded Systems by Ism

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1

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

By Dr LOGANATHANV ISM

1 What is Embedded systemshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip02

Contents

2 Characteristics of Embedded systemshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip03

3 Why Embedded systemshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip05

4 Application of Embedded systemshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip05

5 What is Embedded system all abouthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip06

6 Embedded Development Scenario helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip08

7 Comparing GPC and EShelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip08

8 Microcontrollers in Embedded system helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip09

9 Embedded development issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip09

10 Embedded Development toolshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

11 Real Time Systemhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11

12 Real Time Operating Systemhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12

13 Technologieshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12

14 Programming languageshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23

15 Skills required to become an Embedded Engineerhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24

16 About ISMhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24

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2

What is Embedded System Embedded system is described by many authors in many ways some for your reference is listed An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts designed to perform a specific function A system embedded within a larger electronic device repeatedly carrying out a particular function often going completely unrecognized by user is embedded system Embedded system means any computer system hidden in any of the electronic product An Embedded system is system whose principle function is not computational but which is controlled by a computer embedded with in it An Embedded system is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one of its most important component An Embedded system can be described as one consisting of processor associated associated peripherals and software used for a specific purpose I describe an embedded system as Any CPU based system other than General Purpose Computer shall be referred as embedded systems General Purpose Computer is such as PCrsquos Mainmini frame computers super computers Any CPU based system other than such General Purpose Computer is what I refer as embedded systems This description of embedded system is rather generic but well suited to define the term Example Embedded system We use lot of Embedded systems in our daily lives such as Cell phone Video Game players DVD Player MP3 Player iPod Washing Machine TV Micro oven etc 80 of the computers developed in the industry are Embedded Systems

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3

Characteristics of Embedded systems There are many characteristics of embedded system which are quite interesting to observe some of them are as listed 1 Single functioned OR Specific purpose An Embedded system is loaded with single application to perform a specific task in contrast a General purpose computer may get loaded with multiple applications and keep reloading a new application as required by the user In an embedded system there exist no second application to be loaded amp the loaded application never gets terminated but could be restarted 2 Constrained system An Embedded system has constraints on performance memory cost power size time etc An embedded system needs to meet all such constrained requirements

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4

Constrains on Designing Embedded System Design

Constrain on Performance

Most of the Embedded System shall be high-performance system

Constrain on Memory

Always There exists less memory in Embedded systems than what you look for

Constrain on Cost

The cost of the Embedded systems need be bought down by optimizing the Memory and other engineering accessories

Constrain on Power consumption

All Embedded systems shall spend less power to make them more stable

Constrain on size

Embedded System shall be handy and should get concealed inside a large system

3 Real-time amp reactive Most of the embedded systems are Real Time Systems A real Time System could be described in simple English as ldquo Any system in which there are timing deadlines for the results rdquo could be referred as Real Time Systems Embedded systems need to reactive to events which are happening around it the system shall respond to such events within the stipulated time

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Why Embedded systems Because there exist no scope of using General purpose computers such as PC in all the casesenvironments So Embedded systems for example We can not use a PC inside an Air conditioner to control temperature We can not use a computer in a satellite We can not use PCrsquos in guiding missiles We can not use a PC as cell phone helliphelliphelliphellip We will unable to use general purpose computers in all application environment cases there are few application which demands compact low-cost application specific hardware amp software them we design an Embedded system for such applications

Application of Embedded systems

Application of Embedded systems

Domain Applications Telecommunication

Cable modem LAN cards Bridges Routers Gateways Cell Base-station etchellip

Defense

RADAR Control SONAR control Mobile Radio Missile Launchers Trackers Trappers Guided missiles Aircraft controls etchellip

Consumer Electronics

Washing machine Microwave oven Cell phone Video Game Player Digital camera etchellip

ROBATICS

Pick-Place CNC machine Plotter Printer IC Fabricator etc

Wireless Communication

Mobile Phones Software Defined Radio PDArsquos Bluetooth devices Wi-fi Wi-max etchellip

Hand held computers

Simputers PDArsquos palmtops Snapshots data only phones etchellip

Field Instrumentation

DMM Hand held Oscilloscopes Cable tester Spectrum Analyzers etchellip

Biomedical Systems

X-Ray control unit ECG machine Blood sampler PMS Ventilators etchellip

As such Embedded Systems are not Domain Specific They are used in almost all Domains and Embedded Systems are used Every where and could be used any where

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What is Embedded system all about To make you understand clear about the applications of embedded system lets understand what embedded system all about is ldquoEmbedded system is all about making devices intelligentrdquo Embedded Systems = Intelligent Devices Feeding Intelligence to a device is referred as Embedding Embedded Industry Embedded Industry is worth of 48 billion dollars a year which is a tremendous opportunity for us In our country we look for aproxx 12000 Embedded professionals This industry grows phenomenally every year If India needs to become an Engineering hub it is by developing skilled embedded manpower

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Host is a General purpose computer such as a PC Target Board is the Embedded system under development Target board is the Embedded Hardware for which we develop software such target boards are based on microcontrollers ldquoIts not practically viable to develop embedded software at Target Board because such boards may not have a console ( Keyboard amp Monitor ) may not have Hard drive attached so No operating system exist and there exist no tools such as compilers Assembler linker Without these tools and operating system itrsquos very difficult to develop software at Target boardrdquo So we use a General purpose computer such as a PC load the required software tools such as assembler compiler linker simulator Debugger Project manager and others And use them to develop embedded software Once we complete the software development we download the software to Target board via a communication channel

Embedded Development Environment

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8

General Purpose Computer Embedded System

Comparing General Purpose Computer and Embedded System

A GPC has five layers as shown Hardware is the embedded electronics based on microcontroller which is designed to perform the required software with software Firmware is low level software that interacts with Hardwareelectronics and controls hardware signals such firmware are developed by one who has designed the Hardware Device Driver is software which interprets OS commands to hardware and Hardware signals to OS Device Driver is a software which understands the behavior of hardware and OS and interfaces them OS is a collection of software used to manage resources of the system and provide interaction with user Application is the software which is required to run and facilitate the required results An Embedded system has two layers as shown Hardware is the embedded electronics based on microcontrollers which are designed to perform the required software with software Application In an embedded system the Application software shall be blend of OS Device Driver and firmware As an Embedded developer one need to be a good application amp system engineer because Embedded development is not all about application development but involves system development such as developing Device drivers Firmware solving system issues such as memory performance size etchellip

Application Operating System Device Driver Firmware Hardware

Application in blend with OS Device Driver amp Firmware Hardware

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9

Microcontrollers in Embedded system 99 of the embedded systems are based on Microcontrollers such as ARM PowerPC MIPS PIC AVR MCS51Rabbit etchellip Such microcontrollers are basically a processor CPU loaded with memory and peripherals

Issues

Embedded development issues

Description Performance

How fast your program will get completed OR How much of CPU time your program consumes is how performance could be measured

Throughput

The data handling capability of the system is termed as Throughput ldquo How much of data the system is capable of processing in one secondrdquo is how throughput could be measured An Embedded system shall be designed to provide high-throughput

Response time

How much fast the system responds to an event How much fast the system can do something about an event occurred How much of time elapsed to switch from event recognition to event handler An Embedded system shall be designed to provide high response means the least possible response time

Reliability

How often your system fails or how often the system needs maintenance is how reliability is accounted reliability states the stability of the system

Memory constrains amp Writing Compact code

In an embedded system there always exist constrain on Memory additional memory is redundant in such systems since the amount of memory in embedded systems are limited there is a requirements to develop a compact code reducing 10 byte of the code length is an issue in the industry

Real Time System

Any system in which there are timing deadlines for the results are referred as Real Time systems such real time system development requires high performance high throughput and high response

Process hogs

Process hog is a situation in a multiprocessing system where in a lower priority process continuously pushed back in the queue by the cpu scheduler the process is hungry to get cpu time this situation is called as process hog

Downloading Programs to Target board

Down loading programs to target board is an issue because there are no standards for downloading programs some of the methods used to down load the software are

1 Download via serial port 2 Download via JTAG port 3 Download via USB port 4 Download via Ethernet port

Choosing compilers Assemblers Linkers

There are many development tools like compilers Assemblers and linkers available for every target CPU as an Embedded developer one must evaluate all of them and choose the appropriate development tool for the

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10

project Loading Programs

In embedded systems there are no automatic loaders used to load programs on memory The programs need to be loaded manually by the developer

Cost

Cost of Embedded system is an important issue in domains like consumer electronics

Power Consumption

An Embedded software engineer is responsible for reducing power consumed by the device by monitoring and controlling the power consumed by memory and peripheral system one can reduce quantum of power consumed by the device

Testing amp Debugging

Since the software development happens at HOST computer we will be unable to test the actual functionality of the software until loaded on the target At host we perform an initial test using simulators but most of the simulators are not accurate and does not guarantee the functionality of the software at target

1 IDE

Embedded Development tools Few Tools required for software development testing amp debugging

2 EPROM PROGRAMMER 3 MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMER 4 MICROCONTROLLER EMULATORS 5 JTAG BASED ICE ( In Circuit Emulator ) 6 JTAG BASED ICD ( In Circuit Debugger ) 7 JTAG BASED ICP ( In Circuit Programmer )

Few Tools Required for Hardware development testing amp debugging

1 Oscilloscope 2 Logic Probe 3 DVM 4 Logic-Analyzer

JTAG is solution for IC testing recognized as IEEE 11491 itrsquos a protocol used for IC testing atomization During Embedded Development JTAG is used to facilitate ICE ICD and ICP

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REAL TIME SYSTEM Most of the embedded systems are Real Time Systems (RTS) Real Time System could be described as ldquoAny system which has time deadline for the results is referred as Real Time Systemrdquo Real Time System time is a crucial criteria to be met by the system In Real Time System a late answer is equal to wrong Answer In a Real Time System the correctness of the output not only depends on logical correctness of the result but the timing of results Classifications of Real Time System 1 Soft Real Time System 2 Hard Real Time System Soft Real Time System Soft Real Time System is one where timing error may not cause system crash accident disaster but may degrade the performance of the system OR Soft Real Time System is one which has tolerance for minor timing error Eg Washing machine In washing machine if user press the button ldquoHOT WASHrdquo the system should switch on heater within stipulated time assume if heater is switched ON after one second helliphellip No disaster happens The same heater need to be switched OFF once the water is heated to 60 Degree Centigrade within stipulated time how about if the heater is switched off after one second helliphelliphelliphelliphellipNo system failure is reported or No disaster So washing machine is a soft Real Time System Hard Real Time System Hard Real Time System is one where the timing error may cause system-crash disaster accident Hard Real Time System has very least tolerance for timing error Eg Traffic Lights If there is a timing error in traffic lights then we know obviously there may be accident on the road Traffic light system is simple example of Hard Real Time System

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OPERATING SYSTEM An operating system is collection of programs used to manage various resources of the system and provide user interface to perform related tasks Most of the Operating system has monolithic Kernels REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM Real Time Operating system is an OS having minimal overhead to achieve meet the real time criteriarsquos such as response time Real Time Operating is a restricted version of operating system suitable for Embedded Real Time applications Real Time Operating has micro nano kernel to provide high user control over the operating system TECHNOLOGIES 8051 Intel 8051 is most popular 8 bit microcontroller in the industry Features of 8051

- 8 bit Microcontroller optimized for control applications - Has 16 address lines ie A0 ndash A15 - Supports 64 KB of Program Memory - Supports 64 KB of DATA Memory - Has 4 KB of Program Memory on the chip - Has 128 B of Data Memory on the chip - Has 32 io pins which are logically grouped as 8 bit io ports namely

PORT 0 == P0 PORT1 == P1 PORT2 == P2 PORT3 == P3

- All 32 io lines are individually accessible addressable

The bits of Port 0 ( P0 ) could be accessedaddressed as P07 P06 P05 P04 P03 P02 P01 P00

The bits of Port 1 ( P1 ) could be accessedaddressed as P17 P16 P15 P14 P13 P12 P11 P10 The bits of Port 2 ( P2 ) could be accessedaddressed as P27 P26 P25 P24 P23 P22 P21 P20

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The bits of Port 3 ( P3 ) could be accessedaddressed as P37 P36 P35 P34 P33 P32 P31 P30

- Has 2 x 16 bit Timers - Has Full duplex UART - Has 6 interrupt sources 5 Vectors 2 Priority Levels - Has Clock Generator - Available in 40 PIN DIP - TTL Compatible CMOS - Fully static - Clock rate 0-20 MHz

ARM ARM is a versatile 32 bit general purpose CPU architecture used to design 32 bit Embedded Microcontrollers ARM is used as core CPU to design 32bit Embedded Microcontrollers ARM offers High performance at low-cost and at very low power The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced[1][2] They were originally conceived as a processor for desktop personal computers by Acorn Computers a market now dominated by the x86 family used by IBM PC compatible computers The relative simplicity of ARM processors made them suitable for low power applications This has made them dominant in the mobile and embedded electronics market as relatively low cost and small microprocessors and microcontrollers The different versions of ARM are ARM7 ARM9 ARM10 ARM11 Cortex etc the bellow table lists all of them PowerPC

PowerPC (short for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC ndash Performance Computing sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a RISC architecture created by the 1991 ApplendashIBMndashMotorola alliance known as AIM PowerPC as an evolving instruction set has since 2006 been renamed Power ISA but lives on as a legacy trademark for some implementations of Power Architecture based processors

The PowerPC is designed along RISC principles and allows for a superscalar implementation Versions of the design exist in both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations Starting with the basic POWER specification the PowerPC added

bull Support for operation in both big-endian and little-endian modes the PowerPC can switch from one mode to the other at run-time (see below) This feature is not supported in the PowerPC 970 This was the reason Virtual PC took so long to be made functional on 970-based Macintosh computers

bull Single-precision forms of some floating point instructions in addition to double-precision forms

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bull Additional floating point instructions at the behest of Apple bull A complete 64-bit specification that is backward compatible with the 32-bit mode bull A fused multiply-add bull A paged memory management architecture which is used extensively in server and PC systems bull Addition of a new memory management architecture called Book-E replacing the conventional paged memory

management architecture for embedded applications Book-E is application software compatible with existing PowerPC implementations but requires minor changes to the operating system

Some instructions present in the POWER instruction set were deemed too complex and were removed in the PowerPC architecture Some of the removed instructions could be emulated by the operating system if necessary The removed instructions are

bull Conditional moves bull Load and store instructions for the quad-precision floating-point data type bull String instructions

Few of the PowerPC variants are as follows G1 G2G3 MotorolaFreescale PowerPC 7xx familyG4IBMPOWER processorsRS64PowerPC 7xx familyG5 seriesCell

Wifi Wifi is a technology which enables devices to get connected to Internet in a given range

Wi-Fi (pronounced as WAI-FAI ) is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance for certified products based on the IEEE 80211 standards Wi-Fi is used by most personal computer operating systems many video game consoles laptops smartphones printers and other peripherals

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC video game console mobile phone MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet The coverage of one or more interconnected access points mdash called a hotspot mdash can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points

Wi-Fi allows local area networks (LANs) to be deployed without wires for client devices typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion Spaces where cables cannot be run such as outdoor areas and historical buildings can host wireless LANs

Wireless network adapters are now built into most laptops The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop making it an economical networking option included in even more devices Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures Different competitive brands of access points and client network interfaces are inter-operable at a basic level of service Products designated as Wi-Fi Certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards compatible Wi-Fi is a global set of standards Unlike mobile phones any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world

Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 220000 public hotspots and tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide[24] The current version of Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) is not easily defeated provided strong passwords are used New protocols for Quality of Service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video) and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation

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Wimax WiMAX meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access The technology provides up to 3 Mbits broadband speed without the need for cables The technology is based on the IEEE 80216 standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access) The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard The forum describes WiMAX as a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications

bull Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet bull Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access bull Providing data and telecommunications services bull Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan That is if a business has both a fixed

and a wireless Internet connection especially from unrelated providers they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage

bull Providing portable connectivity

Zigbee

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802154-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs) such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate long battery life and secure networking

ZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications requiring low data rates and low power consumption ZigBees current focus is to define a general-purpose inexpensive self-organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial control embedded sensing medical data collection smoke and intruder warning building automation home automation etc The resulting network will use very small amounts of power mdash individual devices must have a battery life of at least two years to pass ZigBee certification

Typical application areas include

bull Home Entertainment and Control mdash Smart lighting advanced temperature control safety and security movies and music

bull Home Awareness mdash Water sensors power sensors smoke and fire detectors smart appliances and access sensors bull Mobile Services mdash m-payment m-monitoring and control m-security and access control m-healthcare and tele-assist bull Commercial Building mdash Energy monitoring HVAC lighting access control bull Industrial Plant mdash Process control asset management environmental management energy management industrial

device control

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16

BlueTooth Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices creating personal area networks (PANs) It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables It can connect several devices overcoming problems of synchronization

Bluetooth is a standard and a communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption with a short range (power-class-dependent 1 meter 10 meters 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device Bluetooth makes it possible for these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system they do not have to be in line of sight of each other

Class Maximum Permitted Power mW (dBm)

Range (approximate)

Class 1 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters

Class 2 25 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters

Class 3 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter

In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver compared to a pure class 2 network This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and transmission power of Class 1 devices

Version Data Rate

Version 12 1 Mbits

Version 20 + EDR 3 Mbits

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17

WLAN

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless local area network that links two or more computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based to enable communication between devices in a limited area This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network

For the home user wireless has become popular due to ease of installation and location freedom with the gaining popularity of laptops Public businesses such as coffee shops or malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers some are even provided as a free service Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities

The popularity of wireless LANs is a testament primarily to their convenience cost efficiency and ease of integration with other networks and network components The majority of computers sold to consumers today come pre-equipped with all necessary wireless LAN technology Benefits of wireless LANs include

Convenience The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources from nearly any convenient location within their primary networking environment (home or office) With the increasing saturation of laptop-style computers this is particularly relevant

Mobility With the emergence of public wireless networks users can access the internet even outside their normal work environment Most chain coffee shops for example offer their customers a wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost

Productivity Users connected to a wireless network can maintain a nearly constant affiliation with their desired network as they move from place to place For a business this implies that an employee can potentially be more productive as his or her work can be accomplished from any convenient location For example a hospital or warehouse may implement Voice over WLAN applications that enable mobility and cost savings[7]

Deployment Initial setup of an infrastructure-based wireless network requires little more than a single access point Wired networks on the other hand have the additional cost and complexity of actual physical cables being run to numerous locations (which can even be impossible for hard-to-reach locations within a building)

Expandability Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased number of clients with the existing equipment In a wired network additional clients would require additional wiring

Cost Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase from wired counterparts This potentially increased cost is almost always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and labor associated to running physical cables

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18

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications technologies which is also being developed into a 4G technology It is specified by 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard The most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) as the underlying air interface but the system also covers TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD) Being a complete network system UMTS also covers the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN) the core network (Mobile Application Part MAP) as well as authentication of users via USIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module)

UMTS using W-CDMA supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of 21 Mbits (with HSDPA)[3] although at the moment users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbits for R99 handsets and 72 Mbits for HSDPA handsets in the downlink connection This is still much greater than the 96 kbits of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 96 kbits channels in HSCSD (144 kbits for CDMA One) andmdashin competition to other network technologies such as CDMA2000 PHS or WLANmdashoffers access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices

Precursors to 3G are 2G mobile telephony systems such as GSM IS-95 PDC CDMA PHS and other 2G technologies deployed in different countries In the case of GSM there is an evolution path from 2G to GPRS also known as 25G GPRS supports a much better data rate (up to a theoretical maximum of 1408 kbits though typical rates are closer to 56 kbits) and is packet switched rather than connection oriented (circuit switched) It is deployed in many places where GSM is used E-GPRS or EDGE is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modern coding schemes With EDGE the actual packet data rates can reach around 180 kbits (effective) EDGE systems are often referred as 275G Systems

Since 2006 UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) sometimes known as 35G Currently HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbits Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Longer term the 3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbits down and 50 Mbits up using a next generation air interface technology based upon Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and video calling The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for video calls is not high and telco-provided audiovideo content has declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web - either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi Bluetooth Infrared or USB

WCDMA

W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a wideband spread-spectrum channel access method that utilizes the direct-sequence spread spectrum method of asynchronous code division multiple access to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes used today

The term W-CDMA is also used to refer to the standard data interface used by the UMTS mobile communication system W-CDMA (UMTS)

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I2C Isup2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a multi-master serial computer bus invented by Philips that is used to attach low-speed peripherals to a motherboard embedded system or cellphone The name is pronounced eye-squared-see or eye-two-see This bus is used to connect peripherals amp memory with Microcontrollers The standard makes the system design to be easy less complex amp compact CAN

Controllerndasharea network (CAN or CAN-bus) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer

CAN is a message based protocol designed specifically for automotive applications but now also used in other areas such as industrial automation and medical equipment

Development of the CAN-bus started originally in 1983 at Robert Bosch GmbH[1] The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit Michigan The first CAN controller chips produced by Intel and Philips came on the market in 1987 Bosch published the CAN 20 specification in 1991

CAN is a multi-master broadcast serial bus standard for connecting electronic control units (ECUs)

Each node is able to send and receive messages but not simultaneously a message (consisting primarily of an ID mdash usually chosen to identify the message-typesender mdash and up to eight message bytes) is transmitted serially onto the bus one bit after another mdash this signal-pattern codes the message (in NRZ) and is sensed by all nodes

The devices that are connected by a CAN network are typically sensors actuators and control devices A CAN message never reaches these devices directly but instead a host-processor and a CAN Controller is needed between these devices and the bus

If the bus is free any node may begin to transmit If two or more nodes begin sending messages at the same time the message with the more dominant ID (which has more dominant bits ie bit 0) will overwrite other nodes less dominant IDs so that eventually (after this arbitration on the ID) only the dominant message remains and is received by all nodes

LIN

The LIN-Bus (Local Interconnect Network) is a vehicle bus standard or computer networking bus-system used within current automotive network architectures The LIN specification is enforced by the LIN-consortium with the first exploited version being 11 released in 1999 Since then the specification has evolved to version 21 to meet current networking needs

The LIN bus is a small and slow network system that is used as a cheap sub-network of a CAN bus to integrate intelligent sensor devices or actuators in todayrsquos cars Recently LIN may be used also over the vehicles battery power-line with a special DC-LIN transceiver

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USB USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral devices USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice keyboards PDAs gamepads and joysticks scanners digital cameras printers personal media players flash drives and external hard drives For many of those devices USB has become the standard connection method USB was designed for personal computers but it has become commonplace on other devices such as PDAs and video game consoles and as a power cord between a device and an AC adapter plugged into a wall plug for charging As of 2008[update] there are about 2 billion USB devices sold per year and about 6 billion total sold to date ARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) established in 1929 is a major provider of transport communications and systems engineering solutions for eight industries (aviation airports defense government healthcare networks security and transportation) ARINC has installed computer data networks in police cars and railroad cars and also maintains the standards for line-replaceable units

ARINC services include

bull AviNet Global Data Network formerly known as the ARINC Data Network Service (ADNS) bull AirGround Domestic Voice Service bull AirGround International Voice Service bull Airport Remote Radio Access System (ARRAS) bull vMUSE- multi-user systems environment for shared passenger check-in at airports bull SelfServ- common use self-service passenger check-in kiosks for Airports bull OnVoy- internet based passenger check-in system for use at off-airport locations such as hotels cruise ships and

convention centers bull AirVUE- information display system for airports bull Centralized Flight Management Computer Waypoint Reporting System (CFRS) bull Satellite Navigation and Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems (SATNAV and ATCALS) bull ARINC Wireless Interoperable Network Solutions (AWINS) - connects all types of radio and telephone systems

including standard UHF and VHF analog radios mobile digital voice over IP systems ship-to-shore air-ground standard phones and push-to-talk cellular

bull ARINC Direct Business Aviation Solutions - Provides corporate aircraft maintenance and modifications for the business aviation industry at facilities in Scottsdale Arizona and Colorado Springs Colorado

DSP Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing DSP includes subfields like audio and speech signal processing sonar and radar signal processing sensor array processing spectral estimation statistical signal processing digital image processing signal processing for communications biomedical signal processing seismic data processing etc

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21

Embedded C The C compiler customized for a CPU micro controller to utilize the peculiar features of the CPU micro controller is reffered as Embedded C Eg Keil C Embedded C++ Embedded C++ (EC++) is a dialect of the C++ programming language for embedded systems It was defined by an industry group led by major Japanese CPU manufacturers including NEC Hitachi Fujitsu and Toshiba to address the shortcomings of C++ for embedded applications The goal of the effort is to preserve the most useful object-oriented features of the C++ language yet minimize code size while maximizing execution efficiency and making compiler construction simpler The official web site states the goal as to provide embedded systems programmers with a subset of C++ that is easy for the average C programmer to understand and use Embedded Java The recent microcontrollers come with JVM on-chip which allows us to develop embedded systems using Java programming language J2ME the micro edition of Java is referred as Embedded Java Embedded TCPIP Few communication controllers come with TCPIP stack on chip which could be used to develop network enabled devices which reduces design complexity and improves the device performance Wireless Sensors Wireless sensors are used in such application where human monitoringmeasuring is not feasible such wireless sensors collects information and transfer them to acquisition host using RF wireless communication technologies RFID

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product animal or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader

Most RFID tags contain at least two parts One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal and other specialized functions The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal

There are generally three types of RFID tags active RFID tags which contain a battery and can transmit signals autonomously passive RFID tags which have no battery and require an external source to provoke signal transmission and battery assisted passive (BAP) which require an external source to wake up but have significant higher forward link capability providing great read range

Today RFID is used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management

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SDR

A Software-Defined Radio (SDR) system is a radio communication system where components that have typically been implemented in hardware (eg mixers filters amplifiers modulatorsdemodulators detectors etc) are instead implemented using software on a personal computer or other embedded computing devices While the concept of SDR is not new the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics are making practical many processes that were once only theoretically possible

A basic SDR may consist of a computer (PC) equipped with a sound card or other analog-to-digital converter preceded by some form of RF front end Significant amounts of signal processing are handed over to the general purpose processor rather than done using special-purpose hardware Such a design produces a radio that can receive and transmit a different form of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as a waveform) just by running different software

Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time

GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US space-based global navigation satellite system It provides reliable positioning navigation and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather day and night anywhere on or near the Earth

GPS is made up of three parts between 24 and 32 satellites orbiting the Earth four control and monitoring stations on Earth and the GPS receivers owned by users GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that are used by GPS receivers to provide three-dimensional location (latitude longitude and altitude) plus the time

GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide providing navigation for aviation ground and maritime operations Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions Everyday activities such as banking mobile phone operations and even the control of power grids are facilitated by the accurate timing provided by GPS Farmers surveyors geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently safely economically and accurately using the free and open GPS signals Embedded Real Time Linux

RTLinux or RTCore is a hard real-time RTOS microkernel that runs the entire Linux operating system as a fully preemptable process

It was developed by Victor Yodaiken (Yodaiken 1999) Michael Barabanov (Barabanov 1996) Cort Dougan and others at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology and then as a commercial product at FSMLabs Wind River Systems acquired FSMLabs embedded technology in February 2007 and now makes a version available as Wind River Real-Time Core for Wind River Linux

RTLinux was based on a lightweight virtual machine where the Linux guest was given a virtualized interrupt controller and timer - and all other hardware access was direct From the point of view of the real-time host the Linux kernel is a thread Interrupts needed for deterministic processing are processed by the real-time core while other interrupts are forwarded to Linux which

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23

runs at a lower priority than real-time threads Linux drivers handle almost all IO First-In-First-Out pipes (FIFOs) or shared memory can be used to share data between the operating system and RTCore

VxWorks

VxWorks is a real-time operating system made and sold by Wind River Systems of Alameda California USA Intel acquired Wind River Systems on July 17 2009[1]

VxWorks is designed for use in embedded systems Unlike self-hosting systems such as Unix VxWorks development is done on a host machine running Linux Unix or Windows cross-compiling target software to run on various target CPU architectures

VxWorks [6] is a proprietary real-time operating system developed by Wind River Systems of Alameda California USA in 1987

VxWorks has been ported to a number of platforms and now runs on practically any modern CPU that is used in the embedded market This includes the x86 family MIPS PowerPC Freescale ColdFire Intel i960 SH-4 and the closely related family of ARM StrongARM and xScale CPUs

The key features of the current OS are

bull Multitasking kernel with preemptive and round-robin scheduling and fast interrupt response bull Memory protection to isolate user applications from the kernel bull SMP support bull Fast flexible inter-process communication including TIPC bull Error handling framework bull Binary counting and mutual exclusion semaphores with priority inheritance bull Local and distributed message queues bull POSIX PSE52 certified conformance[7] bull File system bull IPv6 networking stack bull VxSim simulator

Tornado is an Integrated development environment (IDE) for software cross-development targeting VxWorks 5x Workbench replaced Tornado IDE for VxWorks 6x[9] The Wind River Workbench is now built on Eclipse technology[10] Workbench is also the IDE for the Wind River Linux[11] and On-Chip Debugging[12] product lines Programming languages used to develop Embedded System

bull Assembly Language bull C ( EC ) bull C++ ( EC++ ) bull VC++ bull JAVA ( EJ ) J2ME

80 of embedded systems are developed using C amp C++ 13 of embedded systems are developed using JAVA

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Skills required to become an Embedded Engineer If you are aspiring to be an embedded engineer one must have following skills

bull In-depth understanding of Microcontroller Architectures bull Programming Microcontroller with Assembly bull Embedded C Embedded C++ amp Data Structure concepts bull Programming knowledge on RTOS bull Hands on experience in using ICE ICD ICP bull Analytical skills

About ISM ISM is one of the largest Embedded Training centre in INDIA we have complete hardware infrastructure with licensed software to train on all embedded techniques ISM is 16 year old Training company based in Bangalore has operations in Hyderabad Chennai Pune Singapore Beijing Shangai Toronto California amp New York ISMrsquos course provides candidates power to excel in embedded development technology ISM has an amazing track record on placements 95 of ISM students are employed ISM also provides project services for engineering students (we do not encourage ready made projects)

If you want to get trained on Embedded Systems If you need guidance for Embedded Business

If you want to do Embedded Projects If you want Placements in Embedded Industry

If you have any Questions regarding Embedded Technology

Contact learnismunivcom logaismunivcom

Address 2918 17th E main 5th Block Near Madduramma temple Jederahalli Rajajinagar Bangalore-560010

Ph 080-40494949 Email learnismunivcom URL wwwismunivcom