Introduction - Springer LINK

203

Notes

Introduction

1. Virginia Woolf, diary, Sunday 29 January 1939, The Diary of VirginiaWoolf: Volume 5: 1936–1941, ed. Anne Olivier Bell (London: HogarthPress, 1984)

2. Sigmund Freud to Leonard Woolf, 31 January 1939, Letters of LeonardWoolf, ed. Frederic Spottis (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989), 244

3. Stephen Trombley, ‘All That Summer She Was Mad’: Virginia Woolf andHer Doctors (London: Junction Books, 1981)

4. Leonard Woolf, An Autobiography, Volume 2: 1911–1969 (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1980), 311–12

5. Ernest Jones, obituary of Sigmund Freud, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21, 1 (January 1940), 2–26. There is one mention of the war inthe issue, in Edward Glover’s General Secretary’s Report. The report indi-cates regret that, ‘owing to circumstances arising from the War, the Reportsfrom some societies have not reached him in time for inclusion in thepresent Bulletin’

6. Quentin Bell, Virginia Woolf: a Biography [1972] (London: Hogarth Press,1990), 44

7. Perry Anderson, ‘Modernity and Revolution’, New Left Review, 144(March–April 1984), 96–113, 106

8. William Walters Sargant, ‘A Criticism of the Psychological Approach toMental Disorder’, c. 1936, William Walters Sargant papers, WellcomeInstitute for the History of Medicine, B5, C.1/1. The sentence read origin-ally: ‘We forget that the brain is only a complicated chemical factory . . . ’

9. Pat Barker, Regeneration (London, New York, Ringwood, Toronto, Auckland:Penguin, 1991), 231

10. Kathleen Jones, ‘The Culture of the Mental Hospital’, in 150 Years ofBritish Psychiatry 1841–1991, eds German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman(London: Gaskell, 1991), 17–28, 20

11. W.F. Bynum, ‘The Nervous Patient in 18th and 19th Century Britain:the Psychiatric Origins of British Neurology’, in The Anatomy of Madness:Essays in the History of Psychiatry Vol. 1, eds W.F. Bynum, Roy Porter andMichael Shepherd (London and New York: Tavistock, 1985), 289–304

12. Mark Micale and Roy Porter, ‘Introduction: Reflections on Psychiatryand its Histories’, in Discovering the History of Psychiatry, eds Mark Micaleand Roy Porter (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994),3–38, 4

13. Andrew Scull, Museums of Madness: the Social Organisation of Insanity inNineteenth-Century England (London: Allen Lane, 1979), 245

204 Notes

14. Ibid., 240, 256 15. George Rosen, Madness in Society: Chapters in the Historical Sociology of

Mental Illness (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968); EdwardShorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Age of Asylum to the Era of Prozac(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997)

16. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years ofthe Experts’ Advice to Women [1978] (London: Pluto Press, 1979), 30–1

17. Nancy Tomes, ‘Feminist Histories of Psychiatry’, in Discovering theHistory of Pyschiatry, 348–83, 359–60

18. Ibid., 374–5 19. Henry Maudsley, Responsibility in Mental Disease (London: C. Kegan Paul &

Co., 1876), 19–25; William Greenslade, Degeneration, Culture and theNovel 1880–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994);Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, 66; Gareth Stedman Jones,Outcast London: a Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society[1971] (London, New York, Ringwood, Toronto, Auckland: Penguin,1992), 127–51

20. Nikolas Rose, ‘Psychiatry: the Discipline of Mental Health’, in The Powerof Psychiatry, eds Peter Miller and Nikolas Rose (Cambridge: Polity, 1986)

21. Tomes, ‘Feminist Histories of Psychiatry’, 376 22. Simone de Beauvoir, ‘The Psychoanalytic Point of View’, in The Second

Sex [1949] trans. H.M. Parshley (London: Jonathan Cape, 1972), 65–78,331; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (Harmondsworth, Ringwood:Penguin, 1972), 91–111; Germaine Greer, ‘The Psychological Sell’, in TheFemale Eunuch (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1970), 90–8; Kate Millett,Sexual Politics (London: Granada, 1971), 54–8, 176–220; see also Tomes,‘Feminist Histories’, 348

23. Phyllis Chesler, Women and Madness (New York: Avon, 1972), 56–7.Psychiatric diagnostic categories have changed since 1972, and neither‘homosexuality’ nor ‘promiscuity’ exist in the same form in thesecategories.

24. Ibid., 35 25. Ibid., 65–75 26. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: the Woman

Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination (New Haven andLondon: Yale University Press, 1979), 360, 368

27. Chesler, Women and Madness, 26 28. Gayatri Spivak writes that ‘Bertha’s function in Jane Eyre is to render

indeterminate the boundary between human and animal and therebyto weaken her entitlement under the spirit if not the letter of the Law.’This function is reinscribed by Gilbert and Gubar, who render Berthaunentitled to be considered even as a individual separable from Jane.Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Three Women’s Texts and a Critique ofImperialism’, Critical Inquiry, 12 (Autumn 1985), 243–61, 249

29. Chesler, Women and Madness, xx; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady:Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980 (New York: Pantheon,1985), 6–18

Notes 205

30. Elaine Showalter, Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture(London: Picador, 1997), 10

31. Chesler, Women and Madness, 106 32. Showalter, The Female Malady, 223 33. Ibid., 129 34. Ibid., 204–13 35. For analysis of the problems in the definition and diagnosis of schizo-

phrenia see Denise Russell, Women, Madness and Medicine (Cambridge:Polity, 1995), 72–85

36. Showalter, Hystories, 93 37. Ibid., 6 38. Marta Caminero-Santangelo, The Madwoman Can’t Speak: or Why Insanity

Is Not Subversive (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998), 139. Ibid., 9, 11 40. Ibid., 2 41. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilisation: a History of Insanity in the Age

of Reason, trans. Richard Howard (London: Routledge, 1967), 281 42. Bernard Smith, Modernism’s History: a Study in Twentieth-Century Art and

Ideas (Sydney: UNSW Press, 1998), 12, 29 43. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: a History of the World 1914–1991 (New

York: Pantheon, 1994), 179; Louis Sass, Madness and Modernism: Insanityin the Light of Modern Art, Literature and Thought (New York: Basic Books,1992), 16; Jose Ortega Y Gasset, The Dehumanisation of Art and Notes onthe Novel, trans. Helene Wey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1948); Malcolm Bradbury and James MacFarlane, Modernism 1880–1930(Sussex and New Jersey: Harvester Press and Humanities Press, 1978), 26;Marianne DeKoven, Rich and Strange: Gender, History, Modernism (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1991), 5

44. Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity (London and New York:Verso, 1998), 80

45. DeKoven, Rich and Strange, 4 46. Rita Felski, The Gender of Modernity (Cambridge, Mass. and London:

Harvard University Press, 1995), 146; Anderson, ‘Modernity and Revolu-tion’, 104; Eileen Sypher, Wisps of Violence: Producing Public and PrivatePolitics in the Turn-of-the-Century British Novel (London and New York:Verso, 1993), 15; Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic ofLate Capitalism [1991] (London and New York: Verso, 1995), 312; TerryEagleton, ‘Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism’, in ModernCriticism and Theory: a Reader, ed. David Lodge (London and New York:Longman, 1988), 386; Claire Kahane, Passions of the Voice: Hysteria,Narrative and the Figure of the Speaking Woman 1850–1915 (Baltimore andLondon: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995)

47. Anderson, ‘Modernity and Revolution’, 104; see also Kahane, Passions ofthe Voice, 1; Smith, Modernism’s History, 55, 296; E. Fuller Torey, The Rootsof Treason: Ezra Pound and the Secret of St Elizabeths (New York, St Louis,San Fransisco, Hamburg, Mexico, Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1984), 47; Greenslade, Degeneration, Culture and the Novel, 15; Bradbury

206 Notes

and MacFarlane, Modernism, 26; Mary Ann Gillies, Henri Bergson and BritishModernism (Montreal & Kingston, London, Buffalo: McGill-Queen’sUniversity Press, 1996); Ulysses D’Aquila, Bloomsbury and Modernism(New York, Bern, Frankfurt am Main and Paris: Peter Lang, 1989); MartinJay, ‘Modernism and the Spectre of Psychologism’, Modernism/Modernity,3, 2 (May 1996), 93–111; Elizabeth Abel, Virginia Woolf and the Fictions ofPsychoanalysis (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1989);Anson Rabinach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins ofModernity (New York: Basic Books, 1990)

48. Anderson, ‘Modernity and Revolution’, 104; John Guillory, CulturalCapital: the Problem of Literary Canon Formation (Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press, 1993), 134–5; see also Terry Eagleton, ‘TheRise of English’, in Literary Theory: an Introduction (Oxford: Basil Black-well, 1983), 17–53

49. Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature,ed. Randal Johnson (New York and Cambridge: Columbia UniversityPress, 1993), 37

50. Ibid., 32, 34 51. Jameson, Postmodernism, 306 52. Ibid., 305

1. Modernism

1. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane, ‘The Name and Nature ofModernism’, in Modernism 1890–1930, ed. Malcolm Bradbury and JamesMcFarlane (Sussex and New Jersey: Harvester Press and HumanitiesPress, 1978), 27

2. John Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis: Freud, Lacan, and Derrida(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 1

3. H.D., Tribute to Freud: Writing on the Wall, Advent [1933–1948] (Boston:David R. Godine, 1974), 16

4. Ibid., 12–13 5. Steven Marcus uses ‘anti-Dora’ as well, but for a different reason, and in

reference to different people: ‘we may observe that Dora is no Lolita andgo on to suggest that Lolita is an anti-Dora’. My use of the term is tosuggest that ‘Dora’ is figured within ‘Fragment of an Analysis’ as obedi-ent, in that she follows Freud’s directives, but also ungrateful in herdemeanour and premature departure. Marcus, on the other hand, isreferring to the radical absence of sexual precocity and seductiveness inDora; to Dora’s refusal to play the role of sexual foil to not one but twoolder men: Herr K. and Freud. Sigmund Freud, ‘Fragment of an Analysisof a Case of Hysteria’ [1901], trans. Alix and James Strachey, PelicanFreud Library 8 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962–77). Steven Marcus,‘Freud and Dora: Story, History, Case History’, in Dora’s Case: Freud-Hysteria-Feminism, ed. Charles Bernheimer and Clare Kahane (New York:Columbia University Press, 1985), 78

Notes 207

6. H.D., Tribute to Freud, 71 7. Martin Jay, ‘Modernism and the Specter of Psychologism’, Modernism/

Modernity, 3, 2 (1996), 93–111, 97 8. Dianne Chisholm, H.D.’s Freudian Poetics: Psychoanalysis in Translation

(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992); Elizabeth Abel,Virginia Woolf and the Fictions of Psychoanalysis (Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press, 1989), xvi; Rita Felski, The Gender ofModernity (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press,1995), 29

9. Emmanuel Berman, ‘The Classical Contribution and its Critical Evalu-ation’, in Essential Papers on Literature and Psychoanalysis, ed. EmmanuelBerman (New York and London: New York University Press, 1993), 115–21,116. References will be taken from Ernest Jones, Hamlet and Oedipus(1949), edited and reprinted as ‘Hamlet and Oedipus’, in Essential Papers,139–49

10. Jones, ‘Hamlet and Oedipus’, 141, 146 11. Cited in William Walsh, F.R. Leavis (London: Chatto and Windus,

1980), 84 12. Chris Baldick, The Social Mission of English Criticism 1848–1932 (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1983), 212 13. T.S. Eliot, ‘Hamlet and His Problems’, in The Sacred Wood: Essays on

Poetry and Criticism [1920] (London: Methuen & Co., 1934), 95–103, 99 14. Ibid., 98 15. Ibid., 101, emphasis added 16. Ibid., 95 17. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Uncanny’ [1919] Pelican Freud Library 14

(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985–86), 372 18. Ibid., 348 19. Ibid., 353 20. Catherine Clément, Opera, or the Undoing of Women [1979], trans. Betsy

Wing (London: Virago, 1989), 27 21. Freud, ‘The Uncanny’, 373 22. Emmanuel Berman, ‘Introduction’, in Essential Papers, 2 23. Sigmund Freud, ‘Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming’ [1908], Pelican

Freud Library 14, 136 24. Ibid., 132 25. Ibid., 139 26. Ibid., 141 27. Ibid., 137 28. Ibid., 135 29. To be more precise, the ambition of young women is ‘as a rule absorbed

by erotic trends’, ibid., 134 30. Ibid., 137 31. Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary: a Story of Provincial Life [1856–57],

cited in Andreas Huyssen, ‘Mass Culture as Woman: Modernism’sOther’, in After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1986), 44

208 Notes

32. Yannick Ripa, Women and Madness: the Incarceration of Women in Nine-teenth Century France, trans. Catherine du Peloux Managé (Cambridge:Polity, 1986), 62

33. Andreas Huyssen, ‘Mass Culture as Woman’, 47 34. Jay, ‘Modernism and the Specter of Psychologism’, 96 35. T.S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’, in The Sacred Wood:

Essays on Poetry and Criticism [1920] (London: Methuen, 1934), 58 36. Ibid., 51 37. John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the

Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939 (London and Boston: Faber and Faber,1992), 185; n.a., ‘To Suffragettes’, Blast, 1 (1914), 151–2

38. Bonnie Kime Scott, ed., The Gender of Modernism: a Critical Anthology(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990); SandraGilbert and Susan Gubar, No Man’s Land: the Place of the Woman Writer inthe Twentieth Century (New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1988)

39. Eileen Sypher, Wisps of Violence: Producing Public and Private Spheres in theTurn-of-the-Century British Novel (London and New York: Verso, 1983);Marianne DeKoven, Rich and Strange: Gender, History, Modernism (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1991), 4

40. Baldick, The Social Mission of English Criticism, 165 41. Ibid., 201; Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: an Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell,

1983), 31 42. Jay, ‘Modernism and the Specter of Psychologism’, 95, 99 43. Marcus, ‘Freud and Dora’, 70 44. James Strachey, ‘Sigmund Freud: a Sketch of His Life and Ideas’ [1962],

Pelican Freud Library (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985–86), 22 45. Cited in Bonnie Kime Scott, Refiguring Modernism: Volume 1: the Women of

1928 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995), 17946. Virginia Woolf, ‘Freudian Fiction’ [1920], in The Essays of Virginia Woolf:

Volume 3, ed. Andrew McNeillie (London: Hogarth, 1988), 197 47. Cited in Elizabeth Abel, Virginia Woolf and the Fictions of Psychoanalysis

(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 18 48. Cited in Norman Holmes Pearson, ‘Foreword’, Tribute to Freud, xiv 49. Virginia Woolf, diary, 28 November 1928, The Diary of Virginia Woolf:

Volume 3: 1925–1930, ed. Anne Olivier Bell (London: Hogarth, 1980), 20950. Ezra Pound, ‘A Few Don’t’s by an Imagiste’ [1913], in Imagist Poetry, ed.

Peter Jones (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), 130 51. Michael H. Levenson, A Genealogy of Modernism: a Study of English Literary

Doctrine 1908–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 135 52. Mark Solms, ‘Controversies in Freud Translation’, Psychoanalysis and

History, 1, 1 (1998), 28–43, 37 53. James Strachey, ‘Editor’s Introduction’, The Ego and the Id, Sigmund

Freud (New York: W.W. Norton, 1960), xiii 54. Levenson, A Genealogy of Modernism, 68 55. Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own [1856], trans. Steven T. Byrington

(London: A.C. Fifeld, 1912), 139, 247

Notes 209

56. Cited in Gillian Hanscombe and Virginia L. Smyers, Writing for theirLives: the Modernist Woman 1910–1940 (London: Women’s Press, 1987),168

57. Cited in Jean-Michel Rabaté, ‘Joyce, the Edwardian’, in Seeing Double:Revisioning Edwardian and Modernist Literature, eds Carola M. Kaplan andAnne B. Simpson (St Martins Press: New York, 1996), 102

58. Judith Ryan, The Vanishing Subject: Early Psychology and Literary Modernism(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 16

59. Levenson, A Genealogy of Modernism, 14 60. Joseph Collins, The Doctor Looks at Literature: Psychological Studies of Life

and Letters (New York: George H. Doran, 1923), 16 61. Jacques Riviere, ‘Notes on a Possible Generalisation of the Theory of

Freud’ [1923], Criterion, ed. T.S. Eliot (London: Faber and Faber, 1967),329–47, 335

62. T.S. Eliot, ‘Notes on The Waste Land’ [1922], in The Waste Land andOther Poems (London: Faber and Faber, 1972), 44

63. Abel, Woolf and the Fictions of Psychoanalysis, 29 64. Claire Kahane, Passions of the Voice: Hysteria, Narrative, and the Figure of

the Speaking Woman 1850–1913 (Baltimore and London: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1995), 120

65. Bernard Smith, Modernism’s History: a Study in Twentieth-Century Art andIdeas (Sydney: UNSW Press, 1998), 55

66. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Transformations of Puberty’ [1905], Pelican FreudLibrary 7, 141, fn1

67. H.D., Tribute to Freud, 145

2. Psychiatry

1. Frederick C. Crews, ‘Overview’ to ‘Part III: Psychic Inspector Clouseau’,in Unauthorised Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend, ed. Frederick C. Crews(New York: Viking, 1998), 143. The title of Part III is a little more awkwardbut no less gleeful than other sections and chapters, which were namedby Crews even if not written by him: ‘Wrong from the Start’; ‘The Illusionof Rigour’; ‘Manifestly Fallacious’ are examples

2. Antonia White to Emily Holmes Coleman, 14 May 1935, Emily HolmesColeman Papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library,B69, F560

3. Paul Roazen, Freud and his Followers (London: Allen Lane, 1975), 347–8 4. Edith Kurzweil, The Freudians: a Comparative Perspective (New Haven and

London: Yale University Press, 1989), 31 5. Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English

Culture 1850–1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 157, 188, 201 6. n.a., ‘Reports: British Psycho-Analytic Association’, International Journal

of Psycho-Analysis (IJP), 1, 1 (1920), 118 7. Stanford Read, ‘Review of the Recent Psycho-Analytical Literature in

English’, IJP, 1, 1 (1920), 68–113

210 Notes

8. Roazen, Freud and his Followers, 349 9. Ernest Jones, ‘Discussion of Lay Analysis’, IJP, 8, 2 (1927), 174–283, 175

10. Andrew Scull, Museums of Madness: the Social Organization of Insanity inNineteenth-Century England (London: Allen Lane, 1979), 141, 259

11. Jones, ‘Discussion of Lay Analysis’, 182, 183 12. Minutes of the Central Ethical Committee of the British Medical Associ-

ation, 28 February 1939, British Medical Association Papers, WellcomeInstitute for the History of Medicine, B89

13. Sigmund Freud, ‘One of the Difficulties of Psycho-Analysis’, IJP, 1, 1(1920), 17–25, 23

14. Ernest Jones, ‘Editorial’, ibid., 3–7, 4 15. Anna Freud, ‘On the Theory of Analysis of Children’, IJP, 10, 1 (1929),

29–38; Melanie Klein, ‘Personification in the Play of Children’, IJP, 10,2&3 (1929), 193–204; Joan Riviere, ‘Womanliness as Masquerade’, IJP,10, 2&3 (1929), 303–13

16. Barbara Low, Psycho-Analysis: a Brief Account of the Freudian Theory, 2ndedition (London: Allen & Unwin, 1920)

17. J. Michell Clarke, review of Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud, StudienÜber Hysterie, Brain, 19 (1896), 401–14; review of J.J. Putnam, Addresses onPsycho-Analysis and Ferenczi, Abraham, Simmel and Jones, Psycho-Analysisand the War Neuroses, Brain, 44 (1921), 252

18. Henry Head, ‘Observations on the Elements of the Psycho-Neuroses’,British Medical Journal (BMJ), 20 March 1920, 389–92

19. Notice: ‘Courses in Psychiatry’, BMJ, 21 February 1920, 268–9 20. Ernest Jones, review of Stoddart, Mind and its Disorders, 4th edition, IJP,

3, 1 (1922), 84 21. W.H.B. Stoddart, Mind and its Disorders: a Textbook for Students and Practi-

tioners of Medicine, 4th edition (London: H.K. Lewis, 1921), 195–6 22. Isabel Emilie Hutton, The Last of the Taboos: Mental Disorders in Modern

Life (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1934), 31; Reginald Worth, ‘FourDecades of Psychiatry’, Presidential Address of the Royal Medico-Psycho-logical Association, 1935, Journal of Mental Science ( JMS), 81, 335 (October1935), 759; R.H. Cole, Mental Diseases: a Text-Book of Psychiatry for MedicalStudents and Practitioners, 3rd edition (London: University of London Press,1924), 115; Stanley Cobb, Borderlands of Insanity (London: HumphreyMilford, 1944)

23. Edward Shorter, From the Mind into the Body: the Cultural Origins ofPsychosomatic Symptoms (New York: Free Press, 1994), 6

24. Worth, ‘Four Decades of Psychiatry’, 755–6; William Walters Sargant,‘A Critique of the Psychological Approach to Mental Disorder’, WilliamWalters Sargant Papers, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine,B5, C1/1

25. Nikolas Rose, ‘Psychiatry: the Discipline of Mental Health’, in The Powerof Psychiatry, eds Peter Miller and Nikolas Rose (Oxford: Polity, 1986), 46

26. Roy Porter, ‘Two Cheers for Psychiatry!’, in 150 Years of British Psychiatry:Volume II: The Aftermath, eds Hugh Freeman and German E. Berrios(London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Athlone, 1996), 396

Notes 211

27. Notices (Report of lecture by James Crichton-Browne to the Medico-Psychological Association), BMJ, 29 May 1920, 749–50

28. Herbert J. Norman, Mental Disorders: a Handbook for Students and Practi-tioners (Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, 1928), 356

29. Harold Merskey, ‘Shell Shock’, in 150 Years of British Psychiatry 1841–1991, eds German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman (London: Gaskell,1992), 252

30. Showalter, Female Malady, 164–88 31. William Greenslade, Degeneration, Culture, and the Novel 1880–1914

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); J.W. Burrow, The Crisisof Reason: European Thought 1848–1914 (New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press, 2000), 100–1

32. Beatrice M. Hinckle, ‘The Moral Conflict and the Relation of the Psycho-logical Types to the Functional Neuroses’, Journal of Abnormal Psychologyand Social Psychology, 14, 3 (August 1919), 173–9, 173

33. August Starcke, ‘Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry’, IJP, 2, 2 (June 1921),361–415, 362

34. Editorial, ‘The Present Position of Psychopathology’, Journal of Neurologyand Psychopathology (JNP), 1, 1 (May 1920), 69–71, 69

35. Editorial, ‘The Organic Aspect of Shell Shock’, JNP, 2, 5 (May 1921), 49–51,49; Editorial, ‘The Unconscious Motive in the Psychoneuroses of War’,JNP, 2, 6 (August 1921), 166–7, 166–8

36. Thomas D. Power, ‘Modern Endocrinology and Mental Disorder’, JMS,81, 335 (October 1935), 783–98; Erich Witkower, ‘Studies on the Influenceof Emotions on the Function of the Organs’, JMS, 81, 334 (July 1935),533–682, 657

37. Sigmund Freud, ‘Lecture 31: The Anatomy of the Mental Personality’,New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [1915–1917], trans.W.J.H. Sprott (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis,1933), 80

38. Sargant, ‘A Critique of the Psychological Approach to Mental Disorder’ 39. Freud, ‘Lecture 35: A Philosophy of Life’ [1915–1917], New Introductory

Lectures, 198; ‘Lecture 16: Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry’ [1916–17],Pelican Freud Library 1 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962–77), 281–95, 294

40. Worth, ‘Four Decades of Psychiatry’, 757 41. Hutton, The Last of the Taboos, 28–9; Aaron J. Rosanoff, Manual of Psychiatry,

5th edition (New York and London: John Wiley and Sons, Chapmanand Hall, 1920), 266

42. Freud, ‘Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry’, 294 43. Starcke, ‘Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry’, 365 44. Robert Walder, ‘The Psychoses: their Mechanisms and Accessibility to

Influence’, IJP, 6, 3 (1925), 259–81; Wilhelm Reich, ‘An HystericalPsychosis in Statu Nascendi’, IJP, 8, 2 (1927), 159–73

45. Reuben Fine, The History of Psychoanalysis (New York: Continuum,1990), 383–4

46. W.H.B. Stoddart, ‘A Brief Résumé of Freud’s Psychology’, JMS, 67, 276(January 1921), 1–8, 7

212 Notes

47. Abstracts: Psychoses, JNP, 17, 65 (July 1936), 84; Abstracts: Psychopa-thology, ibid., 86; n.a., ‘Intestinal Pathology in the Psychoses’, BMJ,24 July 1920, 132–3.

48. Ugo Cerletti, a professor of psychiatry in Rome, is normally attributedwith the ‘discovery’ of electroconvulsive therapy, a discovery emergingfrom his experiments on pigs in abattoirs. For a summary of this discoveryin Cerletti’s words, see Ugo Cerletti, ‘From the Slaughterhouse to theMadhouse’, in The Age of Madness: the History of Involuntary Mental Hos-pitalisation Presented in Selected Texts, ed. Thomas Szasz (London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975), 153–6. The scathing title given theextract is Szasz’s.

49. G.E. Berrios, ‘Psychosurgery in Britain and Elsewhere: a ConceptualHistory’, in 150 Years of British Psychiatry 1, 191

50. Trevor Turner, ‘James Crichton-Browne and the Anti-Psychoanalysts’, in150 Years of British Psychiatry: Volume II: The Aftermath, eds GermanE. Berrios and Hugh Freeman (London and Atlantic Highlands,NJ: Athlone, 1996), 147

51. Ibid., 148, 149 52. Norman, Mental Disorders, 379; Alexander Cannon and Edmund Duncan

Tranchell Hayes, The Principles and Practices of Psychiatry (London:William Heinemann Ltd, 1932), 12; D.K. Henderson and R.D. Gillespie,A Text-Book of Psychiatry: for Students and Practitioners, 4th edition(London and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 163; Rosanoff,Manual of Psychiatry, 261; Albert C. Buckley, The Basis of Psychiatry(Psychobiological Medicine): a Guide to the Study of Mental Disorders for Studentsand Practitioners (Philadelphia and London: J.P. Linnicott Company,1920), 327

53. Rosanoff, Manual of Psychiatry, 317 54. W.H.R., Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious: a Contribution to a Biological

Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses, 2nd edition (London: Cambridge, 1924) 55. Cited in Turner, ‘James Crichton-Browne and the Anti-Psychoanalysts’,

145 56. Editorial, ‘The Nature of Desire’, JNP, 3, 12 (1923), 274–5; n.a., review of

Stoddart, Mind and its Disorders, 3rd edition, BMJ, 18 February 1920, 297 57. n.a., ‘Moral Leaflet No. 4’, Medical Women’s Federation Papers, Wellcome

Institute for the History of Medicine, B106, N.2/1, 10–11 58. n.a., review of Stoddart, Mind and its Disorders, 297 59. Jeffrey Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud and Child Sex Abuse (London:

Fontana, 1992); Charles Bernheimer and Claire Kahane, eds, In Dora’sCase: Freud-Hysteria-Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press,1985); John Forrester, ‘The Untold Pleasures of Psychoanalysis: Freud,Dora and the Madonna’, in The Seductions of Psychoanalysis: Freud, Lacanand Derrida (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990)

60. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: Volume 1: An Introduction[1976], trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990), 119

61. Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics, and Society inEngland 1869–1939 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 3

Notes 213

3. Madness

1. Sigmund Freud, ‘Lecture 18: Fixation to Traumas – the Unconscious’[1916–17], Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Pelican Freud Library 1,318–19

2. Elizabeth Grosz, ‘Notes towards a Corporeal Feminism’, Australian FeministStudies, 5 (Summer 1987), 1–16, 4, 7

3. Richard Lewontin, It Ain’t Necessarily So: the Dream of the Human GenomeProject (New York: New York Review of Books, 2000), 147–8, 101–7

4. Peter Sedgewick, Psycho-Politics (London: Pluto, 1982), 38 5. Denise Russell, Women, Madness and Medicine (Cambridge: Polity, 1995),

79–81; Louis Sass, Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of ModernArt, Literature and Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 384–6

6. Ian Hacking, ‘Automatisme Ambulatoire: Fugue, Hysteria, and Gender atthe Turn of the Century’, Modernism/Modernity, 3, 2 (1996), 31–43, 32

7. Ibid., 42 8. Russell Fraser and William Sargant, ‘The Subjective Experiences of a

Schizophrenic Illness: Personal Records Written at the End of Illness bySome Patients who were Treated with Insulin’, Reprint from Characterand Personality, 9, 2 (December 1940), 143–5. William Walters Sargantpapers, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, B15, F6/4

9. Ibid., 142 10. David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest (London: Abacus, 1996), 47–8 11. Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of

Memory (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 21 12. Joan W. Scott, ‘The Evidence of Experience’, Critical Inquiry, 17 (Summer

1991), 773–97 13. Wyndham Lewis, The Art of Being Ruled (London: Chatto and Windus,

1926), 404–5 14. Jaspers wrote: ‘I consistently had the feeling that van Gogh was

sublimely the only unwilling madman among so many who wished tobe insane but were in fact, all too healthy.’ Cited in John M. MacGregor,The Discovery of the Art of the Insane (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 1989), 222

15. Sass, Madness and Modernism, 29–38 16. Ibid., 16 17. Stephen Trombley, ‘All That Summer She Was Mad’: Virginia Woolf and

Her Doctors (London: Junction Books, 1981), 10 18. Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English

Culture 1830–1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 213 19. Max Byrd, Visits to Bedlam: Madness and Literature in the Eighteenth

Century (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1974); RogerS. Platizky, A Blueprint of His Dissent: Madness and Method in Tennyson’sPoetry (London and Cranbury: Bucknell University Press and AssociatedUniversity Presses, 1989); Paul Youngquist, Madness and Blake’s Myth(University Park: Penn State University Press, 1989); Allan Ingram, The

214 Notes

Madhouse of Language: Writing and Reading Madness in the EighteenthCentury (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1991)

20. ‘Aramis’, review of Ulysses, Sporting Times, 1 April 1922, in James Joyce:the Critical Heritage: Volume 1, 1902–1927, ed. Robert H. Deming (Londonand Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), 192–4, 192; Shane Leslie,review of Ulysses, Quarterly Review, October 1922, ibid., 207–8; ‘S.H.C’,review of Ulysses, Carnegie Magazine, February 1934, ibid., 244

21. Joseph Collins, The Doctor Looks at Literature: Psychological Studies of Lifeand Letters (New York: George H. Doran & Co., 1923), 43–4

22. Lewis, The Art of Being Ruled, 400 23. André Breton and Paul Éluard, The Immaculate Conception [1930], trans.

Jon Graham (London: Atlas Press, 1990) 24. Antony Melville, ‘Introduction’, to Breton and Éluard, The Immaculate

Conception, 12 25. André Breton and Louis Aragon, ‘Fifty Years of Hysteria’, La Révolution

Surréaliste, 11 [1928], cited in J.H. Matthews, Surrealism, Insanity andPoetry (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1982), 30

26. Phyllis Chesler, Women and Madness (New York: Avon Books, 1972), 44;Showalter, The Female Malady, 81

27. Cited in Matthews, Surrealism, Insanity and Poetry, 28 28. Ibid., xi 29. MacGregor, Discovery of the Art of the Insane, 222–3 30. Matthews, Surrealism, Insanity and Poetry, 5 31. T.S. Eliot, ‘Hysteria’, Poems 1909–1925 (London: Faber and Gwyer,

1926), 33 32. Wayne Kostenbaum, Double Talk: the Erotics of Male Literary Collaboration

(New York and London: Routledge, 1989), 138 33. Matthews, Surrealism, Insanity, and Poetry, 140–4; MacGregor, Discovery of

the Art of the Insane, 223 34. Jane M. Ussher, Women’s Madness: Misogyny or Mental Illness? (Amherst:

University of Massachussets Press, 1991), 306 35. Ibid., 11, 13 36. Ibid., 288 37. Georg Lukacs, ‘The Ideology of Modernism’ [1964], The Lukacs Reader,

ed. Arpad Kadarkay (Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1995),187–209

4. Virginia Woolf

1. Nigel Nicolson, Virginia Woolf (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,2000), 18–19; Jane Marcus, Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987), 11;Kathleen Dobie, ‘This is the Room that Class Built: the Structures of Sexand Class in Jacob’s Room’, in Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury: a CentenaryCelebration, ed. Jane Marcus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987),196; Jane Marcus, ‘Taking the Bull by the Udders: Sexual Difference in

Notes 215

Virginia Woolf – a Conspiracy Theory’, Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury,148; Raymond Williams, ‘The Bloomsbury Fraction’, in Problems in Materi-alism and Culture: Selected Essays (London: NLB and Verso Editions, 1980),162; Erin G. Carlston, Thinking Fascism: Sapphic Modernism and FascistModernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 160; John Carey,The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intel-ligentsia 1880–1939 (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1992), 209;Bonnie Kime Scott, Refiguring Modernism: Volume 1: the Women of 1928(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995); CarolaM. Kaplan and Anne B. Simpson, ‘Introduction: Edwardians and Mod-ernists: Literary Evaluation and the Problem of History’, in Seeing Double:Revisioning Edwardian and Modernist Literature, eds Carola M. Kaplan andAnne B. Simpson (New York: St Martins Press, 1996)

2. Quentin Bell, Virginia Woolf: a Biography [1972] (London: Hogarth Press,1990), 35, 44; Louise DeSalvo, Virginia Woolf: the Impact of Childhood SexualAbuse on her Life and Work (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); Stephen Trombley,All That Summer She Was Mad: Virginia Woolf and Her Doctors (London:Junction Books, 1981), 10; Allie Glenny, Ravenous Identity: Eating and Eat-ing Distress in the Life and Work of Virginia Woolf (New York: St MartinsPress, 1999); Peter Dally, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: Manic Depressionand the Life of Virginia Woolf (New York: St Martins Press, 1999); IreneCoates, Who’s Afraid of Leonard Woolf? A Case for the Sanity of VirginiaWoolf (Sydney: Brandl & Schlesinger, 1998)

3. Jane Marcus, ‘Thinking Back through Our Mothers’, in New FeministEssays on Virginia Woolf, ed. Jane Marcus (Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 1981), 1; Nicolson, Virginia Woolf; Bell, Virginia Woolf,187

4. Shirley Sharon-Zisser, ‘“Some Little Language Such As Lovers Use”: VirginiaWoolf’s Elemental Erotics of Simile’, American Imago, 2, 2 (2001), 567–96,575; Marcus, Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy, 187

5. Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism (Oxford and Cambridge,MA: Blackwell, 1996), 17

6. Carey, Intellectuals and Masses, 208; Glenny, Ravenous Identity, 226 7. Fredric Jameson, ‘Modernism and Imperialism’, in Nationalism, Colonialism,

and Literature, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson and Edward W. Said(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 47

8. Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas [1938] (London: Hogarth, 1968), 97–8, 63–4 9. Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf (London: Chatto and Windus, 1996), 692

10. Virginia Woolf, ‘On Being Ill’ [1926], in The Moment and Other Essays(London, Hogarth, 1947), 15–16

11. Leonard Woolf, An Autobiography: Volume 2: 1911–1969 [1964–1969](Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 51–2

12. Cited in Perry Meisel and Walter Kendrick, ‘Epilogue’, in Bloomsbury/Freud: the Letters of James and Alix Strachey 1924–1925, eds Perry Meiseland Walter Kendrick (London: Chatto and Windus, 1986), 309

13. E.M. Forster, ‘Virginia Woolf’ [1941], in Two Cheers for Democracy [1951](Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), 254

216 Notes

14. Woolf, An Autobiography 2, 56, 111 15. J.F. Holms, ‘Mrs Dalloway’, in Towards Standards of Criticism: Selections

from The Calendar of Modern Letters 1925–7, ed. F.R. Leavis [1933] (London:Lawrence and Wishart, 1976), 49–50

16. Q.D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public [1932] (London: Chatto andWindus, 1965), 5, 61

17. Cited in Scott, Refiguring Modernism 1, 111, 126 18. Nicolson, Virginia Woolf, 88, 125 19. Lee, Virginia Woolf, 558 20. Andrew McNeillie, ‘Introduction’, in The Essays of Virginia Woolf: Volume 4:

1925–1928, ed. Andrew McNeillie (London: Hogarth, 1994), xvi–xvii 21. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism

(London and New York: Verso, 1991), 306–7 22. Cited in E. Fuller Torey, The Roots of Treason: Ezra Pound and the Secret of

St Elizabeth’s (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1984), 110 23. George Moore’s review of Cunard’s 1921 poetry Outlaws assessed it thus:

‘there is much more genius than there is in the mass of her contemporaries,and much less talent’. Cited in Anne Chisholm, Nancy Cunard (London:Sidgwick and Jackson, 1979), 85

24. John R. Maze, Virginia Woolf: Feminism, Creativity and the Unconscious(Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1997), 64, 84

25. Stephen Trombley, All That Summer, 43, 97 26. Ulysses L. D’Aquila, Bloomsbury and Modernism (New York, Bern, Frankfurt am

Main, Paris: Peter Lang, 1989), 158–9 27. Denise Russell, Women, Madness and Medicine (Cambridge: Polity, 1995),

136–8; Barbara Hill Rigney, Madness and Sexual Politics in the FeministNovel: Studies in Brontë, Woolf, Lessing and Atwood (Madison: Universityof Wisconsin Press, 1978), 55

28. Gordon Claridge, Ruth Pryor and Gwen Watkins, Sounds from the Bell Jar:Ten Psychotic Authors (London: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan,1990), 46

29. Ibid., 237 30. Maze, Virginia Woolf, 64 31. Rigney, Madness and Sexual Politics, 56 32. Woolf, Mrs Dalloway (London: Hogarth Press, 1958) 158, 162 33. Ibid., 26, 100 34. Ibid., 96 35. Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture

1830–1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 192 36. D’Aquila, Bloomsbury and Modernism, 19 37. Ekbert Faas, Retreat into the Mind: Victorian Poetry and the Rise of Psychiatry

(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1988), 7 38. Woolf, Mrs Dalloway, 110 39. Ibid., 101 40. Lee, Virginia Woolf, 764 41. Albert C. Buckley, The Basis of Psychiatry (Psychobiological Medicine):

a Guide to the Study of Mental Disorders for Students and Practitioners

Notes 217

(Philadelphia and London: J.B Lippincott Company, 1920), 318;D.K. Henderson and R.D. Gillespie, A Text-Book of Psychiatry: for Studentsand Practitioners, 4th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 233,237; V.E. Fisher, An Introduction to Abnormal Psychology, revised edition(New York: Macmillan, 1937), 231, 260

42. Rita Felski, Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change(London: Hutchison Radius, 1989), 28

43. Elizabeth Podnieks, Daily Modernism: the Literary Diaries of Virginia Woolf,Antonia White, Elizabeth Smart, and Anaïs Nin (Montreal, London, Ithaca:McGill-Queeen’s University Press, 2000), 109

44. Virginia Woolf, ‘The Lives of the Obscure’ [1925], The Essays of VirginiaWoolf 4

45. Podnieks, Daily Modernism, 5; Lee, Virginia Woolf, 16; Sidonie Smith, APoetics of Women’s Autobiography (Bloomington and Indianapolis: IndianaUniversity Press, 1987), 5

46. Cited in Nicolson, Virginia Woolf, 81–2; see also Virginia Woolf, diary,28 November 1928, The Diary of Virginia Woolf: Volume 3: 1925–1930,ed. Anne Olivier Bell (London: Hogarth, 1980), 209

47. Virginia Woolf, ‘The Leaning Tower’ [1940], The Essays of Virginia Woolf4, 121

48. Elizabeth Abel, Virginia Woolf and the Fictions of Psychoanalysis (Chicagoand London: University of Chicago Press, 1989), xv

49. Eileen Sypher, Wisps of Violence: Producing Public and Private Politics in theTurn-of-the-Century British Novel (London and New York: Verso, 1993),14–15

50. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1993), 268 51. Marta Caminero-Santangelo, The Madwoman Can’t Speak: Or Why Insanity

is Not Subversive (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998), 20;Irene Coates, Who’s Afraid of Leonard Woolf ?, 125

52. Lee, Virginia Woolf, 196 53. Virginia Woolf, ‘On Not Knowing Greek’ [1925], The Essays of Virginia

Woolf 4, 42; Virginia Woolf, ‘Freudian Fiction’ [1920], in Collected Essaysof Virginia Woolf: Volume 3, ed. Andrew McNeillie (London: Hogarth,1988), 195–7

54. Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics and Society inEngland 1869–1939 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 39, 97

55. Lee, Virginia Woolf, 104, 170 56. John Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis: Freud, Lacan, and Derrida

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 79 57. Russell, Women, Madness, and Medicine, 107, 109 58. Louis Sass, Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art,

Literature, and Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 114–15 59. Jacques Derrida with Autrement, ‘The Rhetoric of Drugs. An Interview’,

trans. Michael Israel, differences: a Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 5, 1(1993), 1–25, 5

60. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, ‘Epidemics of the Will’, in Incorporations, edsJonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter (New York: Zone, 1992), 591

218 Notes

61. Kate Millett, The Loony Bin Trip [1990] (London: Virago, 1991), 315 62. Lee, Virginia Woolf, 194

5. Hayford Hall

1. Frederick Burwick, Poetic Madness and the Romantic Imagination (UniversityPark: Penn State University Press, 1996)

2. Mary Lynn Broe, ‘My Art Belongs to Daddy: Incest as Exile, the TextualEconomics of Hayford Hall’, in Women’s Writing in Exile, eds Mary LynnBroe and Angela Ingram (Chapel Hill and London: University of NorthCarolina Press, 1989), 53–6; Phillip Herring, Djuna: the Life and Work ofDjuna Barnes (New York, London, Ringwood, Ontario, Auckland: Viking,1995), 50–3

3. Broe, ‘My Art Belongs to Daddy’, 49 4. Ibid., 66–7 5. Ibid., 49 6. Mina Besser-Geddes, ‘Emily Holmes Coleman’, American Writers in Paris,

1920–1939, Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 4, ed. Karen Lane Rood(Gale: Detroit, 1980), 71–2, 72

7. Emma Goldman, Living My Life Volume 1 [1931] (New York: Dover Publi-cations, 1970), vi–vii; Peggy Guggenheim, Out of this Century: Confessionsof an Art Addict (London: André Deutsch, 1980), 78

8. Bonnie Kime Scott, Refiguring Modernism: Volume 1: the Women of 1928(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990), 230;Joseph Gerci, cited in Rood, American Writers in Paris, 72; Goldman, LivingMy Life 1, vi

9. Emily Holmes Coleman (EC) to T.S. Eliot, 25 October 1935, Emily HolmesColeman Papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library(EHC), B2, F13

10. Djuna Barnes to EC, 20 September 1935, EHC, B2, F11 11. EC to T.S. Eliot, 31 October 1935, EHC, B2, F13 12. Herring, Djuna, 226 13. Wayne Kostenbaum, Double Talk: the Erotics of Male Literary Collaboration

(New York and London: Routledge, 1989), 114–38 14. Djuna Barnes to EC, 5 May 1935, EHC, B2, F9 15. Djuna Barnes to EC, 24 July 1935, EHC, B2, F11 16. Scott, Refiguring Modernism, 230; Guggenheim, Out of this Century, 116 17. Djuna Barnes to EC, 28 June 1935, EHC, B2, F10 18. Anne Chisholm, Nancy Cunard (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1979) 19. Charles Olson, Charles Olson & Ezra Pound: an Encounter at St Elizabeth’s,

ed. Catherine Seelye (New York: Viking, 1975); E. Fuller Torey, The Roots ofTreason: Ezra Pound and the Secret of St Elizabeth’s (New York: McGraw-Hill,1984), 195

20. EC diary, 23 August 1937, EHC, B79, F639. Coleman’s idiosyncraticpunctuation has been preserved.

21. EC diary, 21 July 1933, EHC, B77, F631

Notes 219

22. EC diary, 5 February 1930, EHC, B77, F626; 3 December 1932, EHC, B77,F631; 3 December 1930, EHC, B77, F626; 1 January 1930, EHC, B77, F626

23. EC diary, 20 and 25 October 1937, EHC, B79, F639; 27 December 1929,EHC, B77, F626; EC diary, 24 August 1937, EHC, B79, F639; EC diary, 6August 1937, EHC, B79, F639

24. Barnes to EC, 20 September 1935, EHC, B2, F11 25. Mary Lynn Broe, ‘My Art Belongs to Daddy’, 64–5 26. Declan Butler, ‘Eugenics Row Inflames Vote on Faculty Name’, Nature,

378, 6553 (11 November 1995), 122 27. Alexis Carrel, Man, the Unknown [1934] (Sydney: Angus and Robertson,

1936), 235 28. Barnes to EC, 20 September 1935 29. Carrel, Man, the Unknown, 14, 15, 46, 105 30. Barnes to EC, 20 September 1935 31. EC diary, 20 October 1937, EHC, B79, F639 32. ‘I want to be a saint more than an artist’. EC diary, 22 September 1937,

EHC, B79, F639; Carrel, Man, the Unknown, 96 33. EC diary, 18 October 1937, EHC, B79, F639; 24 July 1933, EHC, B77, F631 34. EC diary, n.d. [1937] EHC, B79, F640 35. EC diary, 6 August 1937, EHC, B79, F639 36. Dylan Thomas to EC, 28 & 29 January 1937, EHC, B68, F556 37. Bonnie Kime Scott, Refiguring Modernism, xiii; Antonia White, ‘The

House of Clouds’, in Bonnie Kime Scott, ed., The Gender of Modernism: aCritical Anthology (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 603–12

38. EC diary, 22 September 1937 39. Antonia White to EC, 17 July 1936, EHC, B69, F560 40. Ibid. 41. Lyndall P. Hopkinson, Nothing to Forgive: a Daughter’s Life of Antonia White

(London, Chatto and Windus, 1988); Susan Chitty, Now to My Mother(London: Weidenfeld, 1985)

42. Elizabeth Podnieks, Daily Modernism: the Literary Diaries of VirginiaWoolf, Antonia White, Elizabeth Smart, and Anaïs Nin (Montreal, London,Ithaca: McGill-Queeen’s University Press, 2000), 204–5

43. Virginia Woolf, diary, 28 November 1928, The Diary of Virginia Woolf:Volume 3: 1925–1930, ed. Anne Olivier Bell (London: Hogarth, 1980),209; Antonia White to EC, 5 August 1934, EHC, B69, F560

44. White, diary, 28 June 1938, cited in Hopkinson, Nothing to Forgive, 178–9 45. Podnieks, Daily Modernism, 189

6. Beyond the Glass and The Shutter of Snow

1. Emily Holmes Coleman, The Shutter of Snow [1930] (London: Virago, 1981);Antonia White, Beyond the Glass (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1955)

2. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Kafka: Towards a Minor Literature[1975], trans. Dana Pollan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1986), 16, 17

220 Notes

3. John Guillory, Cultural Capital: the Problem of Literary Canon Formation(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 146

4. Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka, 65 5. Rita Felski nominates critical writing on Joyce as exemplary of investments

in experimental language that exaggerate the subversive potential ofsuch language: ‘It is debatable whether Joyce’s writing can in any sensebe perceived as marginal, given his canonical status and that of modernismgenerally within official cultural and educational institutions such asuniversities.’ Rita Felski, Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature andSocial Change (London: Hutchison Radius, 1989), 47

6. T.W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory [1970], trans. C. Lenhardt, eds GretelAdorno and Rolf Tiedmann (London, Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul,1984), 30

7. Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka, 22 8. Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka, 27; Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 45 9. Ibid., 28

10. Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880–1918 (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), 2

11. Nancy Mietzel, ‘Translator’s Introduction’, Lived Time: Phenomenologicaland Psychopathological Studies [1933], Eugène Minkowsi, trans. NancyMeitzel (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970), xviii

12. Minkowski, Lived Time, 178–9 13. White, Beyond the Glass, 213, 216 14. Ibid., 220, 221, 247 15. Ibid., 229, 231 16. Ibid., 207 17. Jane Marcus, ‘Introduction’ to Antonia White, ‘The House of Clouds’, in

The Gender of Modernism: a Critical Anthology, ed. Bonnie Kime Scott(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 601

18. White, Beyond the Glass, 148, 187 19. Marta Caminero-Santangelo, The Madwoman Can’t Speak: or, Why Insanity

is Not Subversive (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998), 46, 50 20. J. Laplanche and J.-B. Pontalis, The Language of Psycho-Analysis [1967],

trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (London: Karnac Books and the Instituteof Psycho-Analysis, 1988), 292

21. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams [1900], trans. and ed. J. Strachey(New York: Avon Books, 1965), 608

22. White, Beyond the Glass, 208 23. Ibid., 217 24. Ibid., 251 25. Alexis Carrel, Man, the Unknown [1934] (Sydney: Angus and Robertson,

1936), 29 26. Ibid., 127 27. Ibid., 127–8 28. Claire Kahane, Passions of the Voice: Hysteria, Narrative, and the Figure of the

Speaking Woman 1850–1915 (Baltimore and London: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1995), 148

Notes 221

29. White, Beyond the Glass, 263 30. Ibid., ellipsis in original 31. White, Beyond the Glass, 245 32. Jacques Lacan, ‘The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as

Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience’ [1949], in Ecrits: a Selection,trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Tavistock Publications, 1982), 4

33. Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (London andNew York: Methuen, 1985), 99

34. Coleman, The Shutter of Snow, 8 35. Ibid., 82 36. Ibid., 218, 5 37. Ibid., 3, 26 38. Ibid., 156–7 39. White, Beyond the Glass, 235, 236 40. Coleman, The Shutter of Snow, 167–8 41. White, Beyond the Glass, 255 42. Coleman, The Shutter of Snow, 63, 216 43. Ibid., 154 44. Mary Elene Wood, The Writing on the Wall: Women’s Autobiography and

the Asylum (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 22

Conclusion

1. Paul Bové, ‘Foreword: The Foucault Phenomenon: the Problematics ofStyle’, Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, trans. and ed. Sean Hand (Minneapolisand London: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), xiii

2. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia[1972], trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane (London:Athlone Press, 1984), 34

3. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism[1991] (London and New York: Verso, 1995), 25

4. Paula Nicolson, Post-Natal Depression: Psychology, Science, and the Transitionto Motherhood (London and New York: Routledge, 1998); Janet Stoppard,Understanding Depression: Feminist Social Constructionist Approaches (Londonand New York: Routledge, 1999); Anne E. Figert, Women and the Ownershipof PMS: the Structuring of a Psychiatric Disorder (New York: Aldine de Gruyter,1996); Susan Bordo, ‘Anorexia Nervosa: Psychopathology as the Crystal-lization of Culture’, in Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on Resistance,eds Irene Diamond and Lee Quimby (Boston: Northeastern UniversityPress, 1988)

223

Index

Abel, Elizabeth, 23, 35, 52, 57–8, 135 Adorno, Theodor, 173–6, 187 Anderson, Perry, 3, 23–5, 27–8 anthropology, 56–8 anti-psychiatry, 16–17, 92–3 archaeology, 56, 59

Barnes, Djuna, 48, 51, 123, 150, 152–7

Bourdieu, Pierre, 25–7, 46, 157

Caminero-Santangelo, Marta, 19–21, 179–80

Carrel, Alexis, 160–3, 182 Chesler, Phyllis, 14–17, 105 Coleman, Emily Holmes, 152–65,

168, 171–2, 187–95

degeneration, 13, 77, 84–5, 89, 91–2, 162–3

Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari, 173–5, 197, 200–1

diaries, 124, 133–4, 159–60, 166–8, 171, 195–6

disciplinarity, 25, 55–6, 61–2, 67, 129–30, 199–200

‘Dora’, 33, 50, 87

Eagleton, Terry, 23, 50, 115 ego, 43, 53–5, 70 Eliot, T.S., 37–9, 47–50, 57, 104,

121, 153–5, 172

Felski, Rita, 24, 35, 133 feminism, 114, 183–4, 186,

194, 196 and modernism, 23–4 see also madness

Forster, E.M., 104, 120 Foucault, Michel, 21–2, 88, 110

Freud, Sigmund, 32–5, 51, 69–70, 85–6, 91, 179–80

‘Creative Writers and Day Dreaming’, 41–5

and femininity, 43–6, 60 seduction theory, 139–40 therapeutic pessimism, 72, 80 ‘The Uncanny’, 39–41

frustration, 189–90, 194

gender, see sex genius, 27, 118, 122, 160, 163, 169 Gilbert, Susan M. and Sandra Gubar,

15–16 Guggenheim, Peggy, 152–3, 156–7

H.D., 32–5, 52, 61 Hacking, Ian, 94, 97, 109 Hayford Hall, 150–1, 156, 159 Head, Henry, 72, 120–1

id, 53, 55 imperialism, 23, 56, 61, 116, 136–7

Jameson, Fredric, 23, 27–8, 116, 200 Jones, Ernest, 64–5, 67–8

Hamlet and Oedipus, 36–7 Joyce, James, 48, 53–4, 101–2, 123, 189

as ‘minor’ writer, 173

Leavis, F.R., 37, 50, 172 Leavis, Q.D., 121, 123 Lewis, Wyndham, 34, 99, 121, 123

madness, 9–13, 92–3 as clinical discourse, 7–8, 12, 75,

95–6, 106, 118, 150, 166, 192–3 as cultural representation, 17,

95, 108, 110, 128 feminist readings of, 11–12, 14–22

224 Index

madness – continuedas metaphor, 11, 15, 16, 20–1, 142 and modernism, 99–105 as psychic distress, 12–14, 17,

99–100, 106–8, 170, 179, 187, 195–6, 201–2

and psychoanalysis, 68–9 and volition, 126, 141, 143–6

mass culture, 46–7 Maudsley, Henry, 6 modernism, 22–9, 37, 60–2, 136–7,

150, 157–8, 196–8 Bloomsbury, 28, 51, 114, 123, 134 and the market, 27–8, 35 see also psychoanalysis, and

individual names

neuroses, 68 war, 77–9, 83–4, 128–9

overdetermination, 179–80

Pound, Ezra, 32, 34, 52–3, 104, 122–3, 158–9

psychiatry, 6–13, 80, 93, 131, 197 and neurology, 7 and psychoanalysis, 71–4, 78, 82–9 see also Maudsley, Henry;

neuroses; psychoses; Sargant, William Walters; schizophrenia

psychoanalysis, 60–4, 164, 167, 169, 175–6, 180–1, 184–6, 197, 199–200

and Bloomsbury, 31, 65 British Association of

Psycho-Analysis, 64–9 International Journal of

Psycho-Analysis, 2–3, 64, 66, 70–1

lay analysis, 66–9 see also Freud, Sigmund; Jones,

Ernest; overdetermination psychology, 55–6

see also Rivers, W.H.R. psychoses, 76, 79–82, 83–4, 88

reactionary modernism, 28, 47–8 realism, 147, 167, 197 Regeneration, 5–6, 77 religion, 169, 179–81, 190–1, 193 Rivers, W.H.R., 5, 85 Rose, Nikolas, 13, 89

Sargant, William Walters, 3, 95, 109

schizophrenia, 18–19, 125, 142, 200–1

Scull, Andrew, 10–11 sex, 29, 48–9, 60 sexual abuse, 114, 116, 127,

140, 169, 184 Showalter, Elaine, 16–19,

65–6, 77, 105, 128 Strachey, Alix, 31, 54, 120 Strachey, James, 31, 51, 53–4 surrealism, 102–4, 110

telepathy, 161, 182–3 time, 175–8, 187–9 Trombley, Stephen, 100, 131

utopic modernism, 61–2, 146–7

Wallace, David Foster, 95–6, 109 White, Antonia, 65, 164–8,

171–2, 176–87, 191–3 Woolf, Leonard, 1–2, 115,

119, 122–3, 137 Woolf, Virginia, 54, 58

diaries, 1 and Freud, 1, 135 madness, 3, 4, 113, 119–21,

132, 138, 140–1 Mrs Dalloway, 121, 125–33,

171–2 ‘On Being Ill’, 118 and postmodernism, 115 and psychoanalysis, 51–2,

125, 138 suicide, 3, 120, 128 Three Guineas, 117–18