Notes - Springer LINK

Notes

Introduction

1. Those films were Gambit starring Shirley MacLaine and Michael Caine, directed by Ronald Neame, and What Did You Do In the War, Daddy? star-ring James Coburn and Dick Shawn, directed by Blake Edwards.

2. Actor Edmund Shaff, who toured in the 1950s with The World of Suzie Wong, said that in Los Vegas, chorus girls were routinely elided with prostitutes, and were offered huge sums to make that assumption come true, and that few could resist. His wife, who had been a chorus dancer, had a similar experience and said that part of the expectations of the job was to have drinks with the customers after the show (Personal inter-view: August 17, 2012). The term “chorus girl” or “showgirl” can still serve as a euphemism for a prostitute. In the 1990 documentary film Paris Is Burning about transgendered and transvestite individuals in New York who appeared in the film [A Woman Informant, when asked how these people made their living she said with a knowing smile, repeating it sev-eral times, “Oh, they’re showgirls. You know [with a knowing smile and wink], chorus girls.”

3. On February 3–4, 2012, I participated in a conference entitled “The Medi-terranean and Beyond,” in which papers addressed the interconnectedness of this geographic region, highlighting the need to break down some of the artificial scholarly and historical barriers established by an ever- increasing specialization in academia, because these borders have reality only in academia.

4. This gender change was not specific to New York. I observed it in Los Ange-les and San Francisco as well.

5. As David Halperin notes: “To say that homosexuality and heterosexuality are culturally constructed, however, is not to say that they are unreal, that they are mere figments of the imagination of certain sexual actors. (Con-structionists sometimes sound as if they are saying something like that, but that is not—or, at least, it ought not to be—the constructionist claim)” (1990, 43; emphasis in original).

238 NOTES

6. For example, I asserted in a study on Iranian dance, that because dance came to stand for everything un-Islamic and shameful, one of the first acts of the Islamic Republic of Iran was to ban dance activities. I argue that people in Iran, since the ban, frequently dance as an act of resistance, which means that a once disgraceful act has become an act of daring and brav-ery, and that these attitudes are socially constructed and malleable (Shay 2008c).

7. Popescu-Judetz, like many other scholars, has mistaken the appearance of the köçek dancers, as “female.” There was never an attempt on the part of these dancers to appear as women because they were attractive to their audi-ences as young males; rather, they wore colorful rich costumes that were deliberately ambiguous, but they always appeared with some male elements in their dancing costumes, hair arrangements, or headpieces. Metin And notes that these dancing boys were such sex objects that Ottoman poets wrote love poetry to them (ibid). Indeed, the love object in most poetry in the medieval Islamic world was an idealized beautiful young male (Shay 2000, 110–111).

Chapter 1

1. Anthropologist Karin van Nieuwkerk 1995 made a study of attitudes toward belly dancers in Egypt, and found much more sympathy among lower-class individuals toward them than upper-class people, who despised them as prostitutes.

2. In much of the Middle East, ambivalent and negative attitudes toward dancing, which I have termed “choreophobia” (1999), even in private social events, remains strong. A friend, Hedieh Farhadi, who enjoys dancing, said that her uncle advised her that “if she wanted a husband, she had better dance less” (personal communication. February 10, 2013).

3. This does not refer to folk dancing, but rather to urban dancing, especially of a sensual nature. In general, regional folk dancing is regarded in a more positive light by most urban dwellers, as a healthful, innocent pastime.

4. In 1996, the Persian language airways were filled with news that the Pahlavi pretender to the Iranian throne danced at his cousin’s private wedding cel-ebration, an act that scandalized many listeners (Shay 1999, 132).

5. Ethnomusicologist Hormoz Farhat claims that “At the Sassanian [sic] court, musicians had an exalted status” (1965, 3). Iranian dance writer Medjid Rezvani states boldly that “In antiquity, dancers were very honored in Iran” (1962, 148). Historian Mary Boyce offers a corrective to temper Farhat’s and Rezvani’s observations. She notes that the gosan (Parthian and Sasanian era minstrel) is “sometimes an object of emulation, sometimes a despised fre-quenter of taverns and bawdy houses” (1957, 18).

NOTES 239

Chapter 2

1. For pederasty, see Davidson 2007; Garrison 2000; Halperin 1990, 2002a; Lear and Cantarella 2008; Percy 1996; Winkler 1990a, 1990b. For prostitu-tion, see Davidson 2006; Faraone and McClure 2006. See Smith (2010) for a wide range of pottery and vase paintings.

2. One encounters the alternate spellings hetaera and hetaera in different sources. The plural hetaerai/hetairai also exist.

3. It is curious that in the contemporary Balkans, especially in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Greece, and the Middle Eastern countries of Turkey and Iran, the zurna, a double-reed instrument, often played by two players, one holding a drone note, must have had a similar sound to the aulos, which is described as piercing. The players are frequently Roma (Gypsies), which places them as outsiders and with low social status vis-à-vis the local popu-lation of peasants and tribesmen who hire them.

Chapter 3

1. Baltic history scholar William Urban notes that paganism was still wide-spread into the sixteenth century (1987).

2. A similar situation existed in Tehran in the 1950s. To my knowledge, there did not exist bars and cafés that catered to an exclusively homosexual cli-entele, which was common in European and US cities at the time, but cer-tain locations such as cinemas and bus lines served as locations where men who were interested could meet other men in anonymity and arrange sexual assignations.

3. Peter Green anachronistically characterizes Bathyllus as “a well-known pantomimus, or ballet dancer” (Juvenal 2004, 58 n.13).

4. My friend Ardavan Mofid, who played the black-face clown in the Iranian siyah-bazi/ru-howzi theatre, told me: “If the government raised the price of  bread ten cents on the day of our performance, than we did bread” (personal interview, April 4, 1994).

Chapter 4

1. There are several volumes for the reader who wishes for a more in-depth study of early and classical age Islamic civilizations. Some, written some years ago, still carry considerable authority in the field. For general sur-veys, Marshall G. S. Hodgsons’ Venture of Islam (1974 in three volumes) and The Cambridge History of Islam (M. Holt et al., editors, 1970 in two volumes), and The Cambridge History of Iran (various dates) will provide excellent scholarly overviews. Richard Bulliet’s Islam: The View from the

240 NOTES

Edge (1994) provides a unique perspective of the conversion process in Persia and Central Asia. Morony (2005) provides a detailed historical study of Iraq, a core area of early Islam in the crucial years before and after the Islamic conquest.

2. The Qur’an states that “believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty [foruj = literally ‘vulvas’]; . . . that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands” and other named male relatives and servants (Qur’an 24:31, p. 363). In other words, there is no requirement for women to veil in the sense of covering their faces. Islamic scholar Cyril Glassé adds that “While modesty is a religious prescription, the wearing of a veil is not a religious requirement of Islam” (1995, 468).

3. Many individuals (Rezvani 1960; Shiloah 1995) claim that “a well-defined form of sophisticated dance did exist. The latter probably referred to the glorious pre-Islamic Iranian dance with its codified rules and aesthetics” (Shiloah 1995, 137). This a claim for which absolutely no evidence exists.

4. If the public invective of the sort that was passed by the slave singing girl, ‘Inan, and Abu Nuwas, or of the later wonderfully witty and obscene poetry of ‘Obaid-e Zakani are examples, then present-day Middle Easterners differ from them in their readiness to talk or write about sex. Most present-day Middle Easterners, outside of a close circle of same-age, same-sex friends, do not readily discuss sex in an open fashion, as many observers have pointed out (Beeman 1981).

5. In a recent visit to Istanbul (April 20, 2013), I saw a display of men dressed in Ottoman costume displaying many of the sports popular with elite men during this period.

6. The sura that was, and still is, frequently cited to prohibit music, and espe-cially dance is 8.35: “And their worship at the (holy) House is naught but whistling and handclapping. Therefore (it is said unto them): Taste of the doom because ye disbelieve” (Qur’an 8.35, 172).

7. There is frequently confusion regarding a person’s ethnicity, because of the use of Arabic names for everyone. Clues are often provided by terms like “al-Isfahani” to ascertain whether or not the individual is an Arab or a Persian. Since al-Isfahani would seem to indicate a person born in the city of Isfahan in Iran, one might assume Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani was an Iranian, but in fact, he is an Arab, and a direct descendent of the Umayyad dynasty.

8. The root letters (in Arabic) kh-n-th indicate the connection between the two terms, khanith and mukhannith (singular) mukhannithun (plural).

9. Rowson indicates that they “underwent jibab, the more drastic form of cas-tration in which the penis was truncated” 1997, 85).

NOTES 241

10. Hugh Kennedy characterizes Waliba b. al-Habab as “a figure as famous for his bohemian and openly gay lifestyle as he was for his poetry” (2004, 11). I would part company with Kennedy in the use of the anachronistic terms bohemian and especially “gay” lifestyle in a medieval Islamic con-text. There is no doubt that men like Waliba al-Habab and Abu Nuwas most likely preferred youths to women, at least in their writing, but “gay” is a twentieth-century term.

Chapter 5

1. Babur means beaver, not tiger, as many think, because babr in Persian means tiger (Baburnama 2002, 463, n.1).

2. Although Robert Surieu’s book (1967) characterizes the text as addressing Iranian pictorial and literary erotica, many of the illustrations are Ottoman Turkish, Mughal, and even European. The origins are correctly identified in the list of illustrations at the end of the book, but the unwary reader will not understand this unless he or she looks at the list.

3. “Elegantly swaying, tall, and silver-bodied cypresses” are among the stock phrases in classical Persian, Mughal, and Ottoman Turkish poetry to describe desirable young men.

4. Interestingly, one can tell what kind of musicians some of these unfortunate individuals were from their names: Na’i is a flute player, ‘Udi a lutanist, etc.

Chapter 6

1. Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands also launched colonialist enterprises in the Americas and Southeast Asia. Portugal and the Netherlands briefly occupied space in the Persian Gulf and India, but had little impact on the regions that I describe and analyze in this study.

2. Iran has two forms of religious theatre, rowzi-khani, a type of storytelling with drama and histrionics often narrated by clergymen, and ta’ziyeh, an elaborate theatrical genre requiring large casts. They both narrate the mar-tyrdom of Husein, the son of ‘Ali and nephew of the Prophet Muhammad. These forms are performed by respectable individuals; like early Greek drama, the ta’ziyeh generally constitutes a community effort with a mix of professional and amateur performers. These genres are both outside of the parameters of this study (see Chelkowski).

3. The interested reader will encounter several spellings of Kuchek Khanom’s (Little Lady) name. I further suggest that this is more of a generic name; I encountered it in reading of a dancer in the Greek-American community in the first decade of the twentieth century.

242 NOTES

4. I suggest that the term “gink,” which puzzles some writers, is the Egyptian-Arabic way of pronouncing the term “çengi,” the term for Turkish male dancers. Since in Egyptian Arabic there is no soft “ch” nor soft “j,” the Egyp-tians render the sound as “g.”

Chapter 7

1. As I was in the process of writing about ethnicity in Afghanistan, National Public Radio had a feature, narrated by Sean Carberry (May 8, 2013), on this topic concerning the Afghan parliament’s passing a controversial law that states that each citizen will carry identity cards indicating their eth-nicity. Minority Tajik and other individuals stated that they welcomed this change because they feel that Pashtuns are overcounted, which provides them with more jobs and other benefits that are denied to others.

2. Koepke is incorrect in labeling the dancers as bacheh bazi. The dancers themselves are called bacheh. Bacheh-bazi refers to pederasty, and a bacheh-baz is a pederast.

Bibliography

Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak and Henry Blochmann 2011. Ain-i Akbari. Memphis: Rare Books Club.

Abu Nuwas. 2005. Carousing with Gazelles: Homoerotic Songs of Old Baghdad. Jaafar Abu Tarab, Translator. New York and London: iUniverse.

Adams, Laura L. 2010. The Spectacular State: Culture and National Identity in Uzbekistan. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.

Afary, Janet. 2009. Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ahmad, Feroz. 1993. The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge.Ahmed, Durre S. 2006. “Gender and Islamic Spirituality: A Psychological View

of ‘Low” Fundamentalism.” In Lahoucine Ouzgane, editor. Islamic Mascu-linities. New York: Zed Books, 11–34.

Alami, Mohammed Hamdouni. 2011. Art and Architecture in the Islamic Tradi-tion. London: I. B. Taurus.

Aldrich, Robert. 2003. Colonialism and Homosexuality. New York and London: Routledge.

Alloula, Malek. 1986. The Colonial Harem. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler’s Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Ameri, Azardokht. 2003. “Raqs-e ‘amiyaneh-ye shahri va raqs-e mowsum be kelasik-e Iranian: barrasi-ye tatbiqi dar howzeh-ye Tehran.” Mahoor Music Quarterly 5 (20): 51–74.

And, Metin. 1959. Dances of Anatolian Turkey. New York: Dance Perspectives. 3. Summer 1959.

———. 1976. A Pictorial History of Turkish Dancing. Ankara: Dost Yayinlari.———. 1979. Karagöz: Turkish Shadow Theatre. Revised edition. Istanbul: Dost

Yayinlari.———. 1987. Turkish Miniature Painting. Fourth edition. Istanbul: Dost

Yayinlari.———. 1994. Istanbul in the 16th Century: The City, The Palace, Daily Life.

Istanbul: Akbank.

244 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. 1999. “Traditional Performances in Turkey.” In Metin And et al., edi-tors. Traditional Turkish Theater. Istanbul: Ministry of Culture Publications, 7–52.

——— et al., editors. 1999. Traditional Turkish Theater. Istanbul: Ministry of Culture Publications.

Andrews, Walter G. and Mehmet Kalpakli. 2005. The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.

Anjavi-Shirazi, M. A. 1972. Bazi-ha-ye namayeshi. Tehran: Amir Kabir.Anooshahr, Ali. 2012. “Timurids and Turcomans: Transition and Flowering in

the Fifteenth Century.” In Touraj Daryaee, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 271–284.

Arberry, A. J. 1993. Fifty Poems of Hafez. Richmond, UK: Curzon Press.Ashtiany, Julia, T. M. Johnstone, J. D. Latham, R. B. Serjeant, and G. Rex Smith,

editors. 1990. ‘Abbasid Belles-Lettres. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer-sity Press.

Asmar, Sami W. with Kathleen Hood. 2001. “Modern Arab Music: Portraits of Enchantment from the Middle Generation.” In Sherifa Zuhur. Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East. Cairo and New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 297–320.

Atasoy, Nurhan. 1992. Splendors of the Ottoman Sultans. Memphis: Wonders.———. Walther H. Denny, Louise W. Mackie, Hülya Tezcan. 2001. Ipek: The

Crescent and the Rose: Imperial Ottoman Silks and Velvet. London: Azimuth Editions Ltd.

Babaie, Sussan. 2008. Isfahan and Its Palaces: Statecraft, Shi’ism and the Archi-tecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univer-sity Press.

Babayan, Kathryn. 1996. “Sufis, Dervishes and Mullas: the Controversy over Spiritual and Temporal Dominion in Seventeenth-Century Iran. In Charles Melville, editor. Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 117–138.

———. 2012. “The Safavids in Iranian History (1501–1722).” In Touraj Dary-aee, editor. Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. New York: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 285–305.

The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. 2002. Translated, edited, and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Introduction by Salman Rushdie. New York: Modern Library.

Badawi, M. M. 1990. “Abbasid Poetry and Its Antecedents.” In Julia Ashtiany, T. M. Johnstone, J. D. Latham, R. B. Serjeant, and G. Rex Smith, editors. ‘Abba-sid Belles-Lettres. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 146–166.

Bahari, Ebadollah. 1996. Bihzad: Master of Persian Painting. London: I. B. Tauris.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 245

Baily, John. 2009. “Music and Censorship in Afghanistan, 1973–2003.” In Laudan Nooshin, editor. Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. Farnham, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 143–163.

Baldauf, Ingeborg. 1990. “Bacabozlik: Boylove, Folksong, and Literature in Central Asia.” Paedika 2 (2): 12–31.

Barkey, Karen. 2008. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Barnes, T. D. 1996. “Christians and the Theater.” In William J. Slater, editor. Roman Theater and Society: E. Togo salmon Papers I. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 161–180.

Bartsch, Shadi. 2006. The Mirror of the Self: Sexuality, Self-Knowledge, and the Gaze in the Early Roman Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Baxandall, Michael. 1988. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy: A Primer in the Social History of Pictorial Style. London and New York: Oxford University Press.

Beacham, Richard C. 1991. The Roman Theatre and its Audience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

———. 1999. Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial Rome. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.

Beeman, William O. 1981. “Why Do They Laugh?” Journal of American Folk-lore, vol. 94, n. 374, 1981, 506–526.

———. 1982. Culture, Performance and Communication in Iran. Tokyo: Insti-tute for the study of Languages and Cultures of Asia & Africa.

———. 1992. “Mimesis and Travesty in Iranian Traditional Theatre.” In Lau-rence Senelick, editor. Gender in Performance: The Presentation of Differ-ence in the Performing Arts. Hanover, NH: New England University Press, 15–25.

———. 2011. Iranian Performance Traditions. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.

Beiza’I, Bahram. 1965. Namayash dar Iran. Tehran: Kaivan.Bell, Gertrude. 1995. The Hafez poems of Gertrude Bell. Bethesda, MA:

Iranbooks.Bennet, John. 2013. “Bronze Age Greece.” In Peter Fibiger Bang and Walter

Scheidel, editors. The Oxford Handbook of The State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 235–258.

Berger, Morroe. 1966. “The Belly Dance.” Horizon 8 (2): 42–49.Binney, Edwin, III. 1979. Turkish Treasures from the Collection of Edwin Binney,

3rd. Portland, OR: Portland Art Museum.Blair, Sheila S. and Jonathan M. Bloom. 1995. The Art and Architecture of Islam

1250–1800. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.

246 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bleys, Rudi C. 1995. The Geography of Perversion: Male-to-Male Sexual Behav-ior Outside the West and the Ethnographic Imagination, 1750–1918. New York: New York University Press.

Bloom, Allan. 2001. “The Ladder of Love.” In Plato’s Symposium. Translated by Seth Benardete. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 55–177.

Boardman, Johan and Eugenio La Rocca. 1979. Eros in Greece. New York: John Murray.

Boatwright, Mary, T., Daniel J. Gargola, and Richard J. A. Talbert. 2004. The Romans from Village to Empire: A History of Ancient Rome from Ancient Times to Constantine. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Boone, Joseph. 2001. “Vacation Cruises; or, The Homoerotics of Orientalism.” In John C. Hawley, editor. Postcolonial Queer: Theoretical Intersections. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 43–78.

Booth, Alan. 1991. “The Age for Reclining and its Attendant Perils.” In Wal-ter J. Slater, editor. Dining in a Classical Context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 105–120.

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 1968. The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217). In J. A. Boyle, editor. The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1–202.

———. 1976. The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banu Sasan in Arabic Society and Literature. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. 1985. Sexuality in Islam. Translated by Alan Sheridan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2001. Masculine Domination. Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni-versity Press.

Bourguignon, Erika. 1968. Trance Dance. New York: Dance Perspectives. #35. Autumn, 1968.

Bowers, Faubion. 1967. The Dance in India. New York: AMS Press.Bowie, Ewan. 1991. “Lyric and Elegiac Poetry.” In John Boardman, Jasper

Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 107–125.

Boyce, Mary. 1957. “The Parthian ‘Gosan’ and Iranian Minstrel Tradition.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. No. 1/2 (April): 10–45.

Brancaforte, Elio. 2003. Visions of Persia: Mapping the Travels of Adam Ole-arius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Comparative Literature.

Bray, Julia. 2004. “Men, Women, and Slaves in Abbasid Society.” In Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. Smith. Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 121–146.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 247

Bridge, Antony. 1993. Theodora: Portrait in a Byzantine Landscape. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers.

Brittan, Arthur. 1989. Masculinity and Power. New York: Blackwell.Brown, Louise. 2005. The Dancing Girls of Lahore: Selling Love and Saving

Dreams in Pakistan’s Ancient Pleasure District. New York: Harper Collins Fourth Estate.

Brown, Peter. 1990. The Body and society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renuncia-tion in Early Christianity. London: Faber and Faber.

Browne, Edward G. 1893 [1984]. A Year Among the Persians: 1887–1888. New York: Hippocrene.

Brubaker, Leslie. 2004. “Sex, Lies, and Textuality: The Secret History of Pro-kopios and the Rhetoric of Gender in Sixth-Century Byzantium.” In Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. Smith. Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 83–101.

Bulliet, Richard. 1994. Islam: The View from the Edge. New York: Columbia University Press.

Burkert, Walter. 1991. “Oriental Symposia: Contrasts and Parallels.” In Wal-ter J. Slater, editor. Dining in a Classical Context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 7–24.

Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” New York: Routledge.

———. 1999. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Butrica, James L. 2005. “Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality.” In Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, editors. Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. New York: Harrington Park Press, 209–269.

Cameron, Averil. 1993. The Later Roman Empire: AD 234–430. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Carboni, Stefano, editor. 2007. Venice and the Islamic World: 828–1797. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Cartledge, Paul. 1992. “The Politics of Spartan Pederasty.” In Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, editors. Homosexuality in the Ancient World. New York: Garland, 75–94.

———. 1998. “The Machismo of the Athenian Empire – or the reign of the phallus?” In Lin Foxhall and John Salmon, editors. When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiquity. London and New York: Routledge, 54–67.

Cassius Dio. 1987. The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert. London: Penguin.

248 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Caswell, Fuad Matthew. 2011. The Slave Girls of Baghdad: The Qiyan in the Early Abbasid Era. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.

Chakravorty, Pallabi. 2008. Bells of Change: Kathak Dance, Women and Moder-nity in India. Calcutta: Seagull Books.

Champlin, Edward. 2003. Nero. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Chardin, Jean. 1724 [1988]. Travels in Persia, 1673–1677. Mineola, NY:

Dover.———. 1996. A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin’s Portrait of a Seventeenth-

century Empire. Translated and edited by Ronald W. Ferrier. London: I. B. Tauris.

Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Mak-ing of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books.

Chehabi, H. E. 2000. “Voices Unveiled: Women Singers in Iran.” In Rudi Mathee and Beth Baron, editors. Iran and Beyond: Essay in Middle Eastern History in Honor of Nikki R. Keddie. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 151–166.

———. 2011. “Zur-khana.” www.iranicaonline.com.Chelkowski, Peter, editor. 1979. Taziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York:

New York University Press.Choudhury, M. L. Roy. 1957. “Music in Islam.” Journal of Asiatic Society 23 (2):

43–102.Clarke, John R. 1998. Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in

Roman Art 100 B.C.—A. D. 250. Berkeley: University of California Press.———. 2003. Roman Sex: 100 BC–250 AD. New York: Harry N. Abrams.———. 2005. “Representations of the Cinaedus in Roman Art: Evidence of

‘Gay’ Subculture?” In Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, editors. Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. New York: Harrington Park Press, 271–298.

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales de. 2009 [1582]. Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406. Translated by Guy Le Strange, with a New Introduction by Caroline Stone. Kilkerran, Scotland: Hardinge Simpole.

Clot, André. 1989. Harun al-Rashid and the World of the Thousand and One Nights. New York: New Amsterdam.

Cohen, David. 2006. “Free and Unfree Sexual Work: an Economic Analysis of Athenian Prostitution. In Christopher A. Faraone and Laura K. McClure, editors. Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World. Madison: Univer-sity of Wisconsin Press, 95–124.

Columbian Gallery: A Portfolio of Photographs of the world’s Fair. 1894. Chi-cago: Werner.

Comotti, Giovanni. 1989. Music in Greek and Roman Culture. Translated by Rosaria V. Munson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 249

Corbeill, Anthony. 1997. “Dining Deviants in Roman Political Invective.” In Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princ-eton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 99–128.

———. 2004. Nature Embodied: Gesture in Ancient Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Cottam, Richard W. 1979. Nationalism in Iran: Updated through 1978. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Crawford, Michael. 1991. “Early Rome and Italy.” In John Boardman, Jas-per Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of the Roman World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 13–49.

Crompton, Louis. 2003. Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Csapo, Eric and William J. Slater. 1994. The Context of Ancient Drama. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Danielson, Virginia. 1997. The Voice of Egypt: Umm Kulthum, Arabic Song, and Egyptian Society in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dankoff, Robert and Sooyong Kim, editors and translators. 2011. An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi. London: Eland.

Daoud, Hassan. 2000. “Those Two Heavy Wings of Manhood: On Moustaches.” In Mai Ghoussoub and Emma Sinclair-Webb, editors. Imagined Masculini-ties: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle East. London: Saqi Books, 273–280.

D’Arms, John H. 1991. “Slaves at Roman Convivia.” In Walter J. Slater, editor. Dining in a Classical Context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 171–183.

Davidson, James. 1997. Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens. New York: Harper Perennial.

———. 2006. “Making a Spectacle of Her(self): The Greek Courtesan and the Art of the Present.” In Martha Feldman and Bonnie Gordon, editors. The Courtesan’s Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 29–51.

———. 2007. The Greeks and Greek Love: A Bold New Look at the Ancient World. New York: Random House.

Dillon, Matthew and Lynda Garland. 2010. Ancient Greece: Social and His-torical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander the Great. Third edition. London and New York: Routledge.

Dirks, Nicholas B. 1992. “Introduction: Colonialism and Culture.” In Nicholas B. Dirks, editor. Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1–25.

Doi, Mary Masayo. 2002. Gesture, Gender, Nation: Dance and Social Change in Uzbekistan. Westport, CT and London: Bergin and Garvey.

250 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dougherty, Carol. 2003. “The Aristonothos Krater: Competing Stories of Con-flict and Collaboration. In Carol Dougherty and Leslie Kurke, editors. The Cultures within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 35–56.

Dougherty, Carol and Leslie Kurke, editors. 2003. Introduction: The Cultures Within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration. In The Cul-tures Within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration. Cam-bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1–22.

Dougherty, R. L. (2000) ‘Badi’a Masabni Artiste and Modernist: The Egyp-tian Print Media’s Carnival of National Identity’, in Walter Armbrust (ed.), Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 243–268.

Dover, Kenneth J. 1978, 1989. Greek Homosexuality: Updated with a New Post-script. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

———. 1992. Greek Homosexuality and Initiation.” In Wayne R. Dynes and Stephen Donaldson, editors. Homosexuality in the Ancient World. New York: Garland, 127–134.

duBois, Page. 1998. “The Subject in Antiquity after Foucault.” In David H. J. Larmour, Paul Allen Miller, and Charles Platter, editors. Rethinking Sexual-ity: Foucault and Classical Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 85–103.

Duncan, Anne. 2006a. Performance and Identity in the Classical World. Cam-bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

———. 2006b. “Infamous Performers: Comic Actors and Female Prostitutes in Rome.” In Christopher A. Faraone and Laura K. McClure, editors. Prosti-tutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World. Madison: University of Wiscon-sin Press, 252–273.

Dunne, Bruce William. 1996. “Sexuality and the ‘Civilizing Process’ in Mod-ern Egypt. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.

Dupree, Louis. 1975. Afghan Village: Film Essay: Faces of Change. Hanover, NH: American University Field Services.

During, Jean, Zia Mirabdolbaghi, Dariush Safvat. 1991. The Art of Persian Music. Washington, DC: Mage.

Dynes, Wayne R. and Stephen Donaldson. 1992. “Introduction.” Homosexual-ity in the Ancient World. New York: Garland, v–xvii.

Easterling, Pat. 2002. “Actor as Icon.” In Pat Easterling and Edith Hall, editors. Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 327–341.

Edwards, Catharine. 1993. The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome. Cam-bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 251

———. 1997. “Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitu-tion in Ancient Rome.” In Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 66–95.

Ettinghausen, Richard. 1984. “The Dance with Zoomorphic Masks and Other Forms of Entertainment Seen in Islamic Art.” In Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, editor. Islamic Art and Archaeology: Collected Papers. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 211–224.

Evans, Helen C. and Brandie Ratliff, editors. 2012. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th–9th Century. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Fantham, R. Elaine. 1989. “Mime: The Missing Link in Roman Literary His-tory.” The Classical World 82 (3): 153–163.

Faraone, Christopher A. 2006. “The Masculine Arts of the Ancient Greek Courtesan: Male Fantasy or Female Self-Representation?” In Martha Feld-man and Bonnie Gordon, editors. The Courtesan’s Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 209–220.

Farhat, Hormoz. 1965. “The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.

Faroqhi, Suraiya. 2000. Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. London and New York: I. B. Tauris.

Al-Faruqi, L. I. (1987) “Dance as an Expression of Islamic Culture,” Dance Research Journal 10 (2): 6–17.

Fatemi, Sasan. 2001. “Motreb-ha: az safaviyyeh ta mashrutiyyat.” Mahour Music Quarterly Journal vol. 12, part one, 27–41; vol. 13, part two, 39–56.

———. 2007. La Musique Legere Urbaine dans la Culture Iranienne: Réflexions sur les notion de classique et populaire. (Light urban music in Iranian cul-ture: reflections on the concepts of “classic” and “popular”) PhD diss., Uni-versité Paris X Nanterre.

———. 2013. Peidayesh-e musiqi-ye mardom pasand dar Iran: ta’moli bar mafa-him-e klasik, mardomi, mardom pasand. Tehran: Mahoor.

Fear, A. T. 1991. “The Dancing Girls of Cadiz.” Greece & Rome 38 (1): 75–79.Fehr, Burkhard. 1990. “Entertainers at the Symposion: The Akletoi in the

Archaic Period.” In Oswyn Murray, editor. Sympotica: a Symposium on the Symposion. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 185–195.

Feldman, Martha and Bonnie Gordon, editors. 2006. “Introduction.” The Courtesan’s Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 3–26.

Fine, John V. A. 1983. The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Fisher, Jennifer and Anthony Shay, editors. “Introduction.” When Men Dance: Choreographing Masculinities Across Borders. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, 3–27.

252 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fisher, Nick. 1998. “Violence, Masculinity and the Law in Classical Athens.” In Lin Foxhall and John Salmon, editors. When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiquity. London and New York: Routledge, 68–97.

Flaubert, Gustave. 1996. Travels in Egypt. NY: Penguin Books.Floor, Willem. 2005. The History of Theater in Iran. Washington, DC: Mage.———. 2008. The Social History of Sexual Relations in Iran. Washington, DC:

Mage Publishers.Forrest, George. 1991. “Greece: The History of the Archaic Period.” In John

Boardman, Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 13–46.

Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage.

Foxhall, Lin. 1998. “Introduction.” In Lin Foxhall and John Salmon, editors. When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiq-uity. London and New York: Routledge, 1–9.

Frier, Bruce W. 2010. “Roman Demography.” In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mat-tingly, editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded Edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 85–109.

Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise and François Lissarrague. 1990. “From Ambiguity to Ambivalence: A Dionysiac Excursion through the ‘Anakreontic’ Vases.” In David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, editors. Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 211–256. On Line.

Gaffary, Farrokh. 2011. “Dalqak.” Encyclopedia Iranica. www.iranicaonline.com. Updated 2011.

Garber, Marjorie. 1991. “The Chic of Araby: Transvestism, Transsexualism, and the Erotics of Cultural Appropriation.” In Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub, editors. Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity. London and New York: Routledge, 223–247.

Garrison, Daniel H. 2000. Sexual Culture in Ancient Greece. Norman: Univer-sity of Oklahoma Press.

Geertz, Clifford. 1983. “Art as a Cultural System.” In Local Knowledge. New York: Basic Books. 94–120.

Gellner, Ernest. 1994. “Nationalism and Modernization.” In John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, editors. Nationalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 55–63.

Gerard, Kent and Gert Hekma, editors. 1989. The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe. New York and London: Harrington Park Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 253

Gibb, Hamilton A. R. 1962. Studies on the Civilization of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Glassé, Cyril. 1995. “Veil.” New Encyclopedia of Islam. Revised edition. Walnut Creek, NY: Altamira Press.

Glazebrook, Allison. 2006. “The Bad Girls of Athens: The Image and Function of Hetairai in Judicial Oratory.” In Christopher A. Faraone and Laura K. McClure, editors. Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 125–138.

Gleason, Maud W. 1990. “The Semiotics of Gender: Physiognomy and Self-Fashioning in the Second Century C.E.” In David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, editors. Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 389–415.

———. 1995. Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

———. 2010. “Elite Male Identity in the Roman Empire.” In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly, editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 67–84.

Goldhill, Simon. 1995. Foucault’s Virginity: Ancient Erotic Fiction and the History of Sexuality. Cambridge:, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. 1999. A Concise History of the Middle East. Sixth edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Gordon, Matthew S. 2004. “‘Arib al-Ma’muniya: A Third/Ninth Century ‘Abba-sid Courtesan.” In Neguin Yavari, Lawrence G. Potter, and Jean-Marc Ran Oppenheim, editors. Views From the Edge: Essays in Honor of Richard W. Bulliet. New York: Columbia University Press, 86–100.

Grabar, Oleg. 1967. “An Introduction to the Art of Sasanian Silver. In Sasa-nian Silver: Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Arts of Luxury from Iran. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Art, 19–89.

———. 1987. The Formation of Islamic Art. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Graham-Brown, Sarah. 1988. Images of Women: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860–1950. New York: Columbia University Press.

Gray, Basil. 1961. Persian Painting. London: Skira.Green, J. R. 1994. Theatre in Ancient Greek Society. London and New York:

Routledge.Green, Richard. 2002. “Towards a Reconstruction of Performance Style.” In Pat

Easterling and Edith Hall, editors. Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 93–126.

Greenfeld, Liah. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

254 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Griffin, Jasper. 1991. “Introduction.” In John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of the Roman World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1–10.

———. 1991. “Greek Myth and Hesiod.” In John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford, and New York: Oxford University Press, 82–106.

Griffin, Miriam T. 1987. Nero: The End of a Dynasty. London and New York: Routledge.

Gruen, Erich S. Culture and National Identity in Republican and Rome. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Grues, Jesús. 1987. Ziryab: La prodigiosa historia del Sultán andaluz y el cantor de Bagdad. Madrid: Torre de la Botica Swan.

Gunderson, Erik. 2000. Staging Masculinity: The Rhetoric of Performance in the Roman World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Gunter, Ann C. and Paul Jett. 1992. Ancient Iranian Metalwork in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

Hage, Ghassan. 2006. “Migration, Marginalized Masculinity and Dephalliciza-tion: A Lebanese Villager’s Experience.” In Samir Khalaf and John Gagnon, editors. Sexuality in the Arab World. London: Saqi, 106–129.

Hall, Edith. 2002. “The Singing Actors of Antiquity.” In Pat Easterling and Edith Hall, editors. Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profes-sion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 3–38.

———. 2008. “Introduction: Pantomime, A Lost Chord in Ancient Culture.” In Edith Hall and Rosie Wyles, editors. New Directions in Ancient Pantomime. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1–40.

——— and Rosie Wyles, editors. 2008 New Directions in Ancient Pantomime. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Hall, Stuart and Bram Gieben, editors. 1992. “Introduction.” Formations of Modernity: Understanding Modern Societies: an Introduction. London: Polity in Association with the Open University, 1–16.

Hallett, Judith P. and Marilyn B. Skinner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Halperin, David M. 1990. One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love. New York and London: Routledge.

———. 1997. “Questions of Evidence: Commentary on Koehl, DeVries, and Williams.” In Martin Duberman, editor. Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York: New York University Press, 39–54.

———. 2002a. How to Do the History of Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 255

———. 2002b. “Forgetting Foucault: Acts, Identities, and the History of Sexual-ity.” In Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola, editors. The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 21–54.

Hambly, Gavin, editor. 1969. Central Asia. New York: Delacorte Press.Hansen, Ann E. 2010. “The Roman Stage.” In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly,

editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 19–66.

Hansen, Mogens Herman. 2013. “Greek City-States.” In Peter Fibiger Bang and Walter Scheidel, editors. The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 259–278.

Harper, Prudence O. and Pieter Meyers. 1981. Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period. Volume One: Royal Imagery. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Harries, Jill. 1998. “The Cube and the Square: Masculinity and Male Social Roles in Roman Boiotia.” In Lin Foxhall and John Salmon, editors. When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiquity. Lon-don and New York: Routledge, 184–194.

Hattox, Ralph S. 1988. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Hatzaki, Myrto. 2009. Beauty and the Male Body in Byzantium. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Healy, Dan. 2001. Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia: The Regulation of Sexual and Gender Dissent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hemmasi, Farzaneh. 2011. “Iranian Popular Music in Los Angeles: A Trans-national Public beyond the Islamic State.” In Karin van Nieuwkerk, editor. Muslim Rap, Halal Soaps, and Revolutionary Theater: Artistic Developments in the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 85–111.

Herbert, Thomas. 2012 [1638]. Some Yeares Travels into Africa et Asia the Great. Memphis: General Books.

Hobhouse, John Cam, Baron Broughton. 1858 [reprint 2012]. Travels in Alba-nia and Other Provinces of Turkey in 1809 & 1810. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 1974. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: Uni-versity of Chicago Press.

Hopkins, Keith. 2010. “Novel Evidence for Roman Slavery.” In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly, editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 110–134.

256 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hopwood, Derek. 1999. Sexual Encounters in the Middle East: The British, the French and the Arabs. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press.

Hubbard, Thomas K. 2000.” Pederasty and Democracy: The Marginalization of a Social Practice.” In Thomas K. Hubbard, editor. Greek Love Reconsidered. New York: Wallace Hamilton Press, 1–11.

———. 2003. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Docu-ments. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hubel Teresa. 2005. “The High Cost of Dancing: When the Indian Women’s Movement Went after the Devadasis.” In Laurel Lengel, editor. Intercultural Communication and Creative Practice: Music, Dance, and Women’s Cultural Identity. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 121–140.

Hupperts, Charles. 2005. “Boeotian Swine: Homosexuality in Boeotia.” In Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, editors. Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. New York: Harrington Park Press, 173–192.

Ichijo, Atsuko and Gordana Uzelac, editors. 2005. “Modernism: Introduction.” In Atsuko Ichijo and Gordana Uzelac, editors. When is the Nation?: Towards an Understanding of Theories of Nationalism. London and NY: Routledge, 9–14.

Incalik, Halil. 1996. “The Meaning of Legacy: The Ottoman Case.” In Carl L. Brown, editor. Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press, 17–29.

Isager, Signe and Jens Erik Skydsgaard. 1995. Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge.

Al-Jahiz. 1980. The Epistle on Singing-Girls of Jahiz. Edited with translation and commentary by A. F. L. Beeston. Warminister, UK: Aris & Phillips Ltd.

Jones, Christopher E. 1991. “Dinner Theater.” In Walter J. Slater, editor. Dining in a Classical Context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 185–198.

Jory, E. J. 1996. “The Drama of the Dance: Prolegomena to an Iconography of Imperial Pantomime.” In William J. Slater, editor. Roman Theater and Society: E. Togo salmon Papers I. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1–27.

———. 2008. “The Pantomime Dancer and His Libretto.” In Edith Hall and Rosie Wyles, editors. New Directions in Ancient Pantomime. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 157–163.

Jurkowski, Henryk. 1999. “Puppetry.” In Don Rubin, editor. The World Encyclo-pedia of World Theatre. Volume 4: The Arab World. London and New York: Routledge, 39–40.

Juvenal. 2004. The Sixteen Satires. Translated by Peter Green. London: Penguin.Kai Ka’us Ibn Iskandar, Prince of Gurgan. 1082 [1951]. A Mirror for Princes,

the Qabus Nama. Translated from the Persian by Reuben Levy. New York: E. P. Dutton.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 257

Kaimio, Maarit. 2002. “Erotic Experience in the Conjugal Bed: Good Wives in Greek Tragedy.” In Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola, editors. The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 95–119.

Karayanni, Stavros Stavrou. 2004. Dancing Feat & Desire: Race, Sexuality, & Imperial Politics in Middle Eastern Dance. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University Press.

———. 2005. “Dismissal Veiling Desire: Kuchuk Hanem and Imperial Mascu-linity.” In Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, editors. Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 114–143.

———. 2009. “Native Motion and Imperial Emotion: Male Performers of the ‘Orient’ and the Politics of the Imperial Gaze.” In Jennifer Fisher and Anthony Shay, editors. When Men Dance: Choreographing Masculinity Across Borders, 314–348.

Keay, John. 2000. India: A History. New York: Grove Press.Kennedy, Hugh. 1990. “The ‘Abbasid Caliphate.” In Julia Ashtiany, T. M. John-

stone, J. D. Latham, R. B. Serjeant and G. Rex Smith, editors. 1990. ‘Abbasid Belles-Lettres. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1–15.

———. 2004. The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Kennedy, Philip F. 2005. Abu Nuwas: A Genius of Poetry. Oxford, UK: Oneworld.Keuls, Eva C. 1993. Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens.

Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Keyder, Çağlar. 1997. “Whither the Project of Modernity?: Turkey in the 1990s.”

In Sibel Bozodoğan and Reșat Kasaba, editors. Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 37–51.

Khaleqi, Ruhollah. 1974. Sar gozashteh musiqi-ye iran. Tehran: Safiali Shah.Khan, Iqtidar Alam. 2002. “The Mughal Empire and the Iranian Diaspora

of the Sixteenth Century.” In Erfan Habib, editor. A Shared Heritage: The Growth of Civilizations in India and Iran. New Delhi: Tulika Books, 99–116.

Khazeni, Arash. 2009. Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Khouri, Mounah A. 1992. “Literature.” John. R. Hayes, editor. 1992. The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. Third edition. New York: New York University Press. 47–75.

Kilmer, Martin. 1993. Greek Erotica on Attic Red-Figure Vases. London: Duckworth.

———. 1997. “Painters and Pederasts: Ancient Art, Sexuality, and Social His-tory.” In Mark Golden and Peter Toohey, editors. Inventing Ancient Culture: Historicism, Periodization, and the Ancient World. London: Routledge, 36–49.

258 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kilpatrick, Hilary. 2010. Making the Great Book of Songs: Compilation and the Author’s Craft in Abu l-Faraj al-Isbahani’s Kitab al-aghani. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge.

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1991. “Objects of Ethnography.” In Ivan Karp and Steven D. Lavine, editors. Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Poli-tics of Museum Display. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 386–443.

Koepke, Bruce. 2000. “Covert Dance in Afghanistan: A Metaphor for Crisis?” In Mohd Anis Md Nor, editor. Asian Dance: Voice of the Millennium. Kuala Lampur. Asia Pacific Dance Research Society. World Dance Alliance. Cultural Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lampur, 92–107.

Lada-Richards, Ismene. 2007. Silent Eloquence: Lucian and Pantomime Danc-ing. London: Duckworth.

———. 2008. “Was Pantomime ‘Good to Think With’ in the Ancient World?” In Edith Hall and Rosie Wyles, editors. New Directions in Ancient Pantomime. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 285–313.

Lagrange, Frédéric. 2000. Male Homosexuality in Modern Arabic Literature.” In Mai Ghoussoub and Emma Sinclair-Webb, editors. Imagined Masculini-ties: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle East. London: Saqi Books, 169–198.

Landels, John G. 1999. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. London and New York: Routledge.

Lane, Christopher. 1995. The Ruling Passion: British Colonial Allegory and the Paradox of Homosexual Desire. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.

Lane, Edward William. 1860 [2003]. An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. Definitive 1860 edition. Introduced by Jason Thomp-son. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Lansdell, Henry. 1887. Through Central Asia: Diplomacy and Delimitation of the Russo-Afghan Frontier. London: Sampson Low, Maston, Searle, and Rivington.

Lapidus, Ira. M. 1988. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cam-bridge University Press.

Lassner, Jacob. 1970. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages: Text and Studies. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Lawler, Lillian. 1964. The Dance in Ancient Greece. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

Lear, Andrew and Eva Cantarella. 2008. Images of Ancient Greek Pederasty: Boys Were Their Gods. London and New York: Routledge.

Lentz, Thomas W. and Glenn D. Lowry. 1989. Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century. Los Angeles and

BIBLIOGRAPHY 259

Washington, DC: Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.

Levin, Theodore. 1996. The Hundred Thousand Fools of God: Musical Travels in Central Asia (and Queens, New York). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Levine, Lawrence W. 1988. Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Lissarrague, François. 1990. “Around the Krater: An Aspect of Banquet Imag-ery.” In Oswyn Murray, editor. Sympotica: a Symposium on the Symposion. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 196–209.

Loeb, Laurence D. 1972. “Jewish Musicians and the Music of Fars.” Asian Music 4 (1): 3–13.

Lonsdale, Steven H. 1993. Dance and Ritual Play in Greek Religion. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lord, Albert. 1970. Singer of Tales. New York: Athenaeum.Loukonine, Vladimir and Anatoli Ivanov. 2003. Persian Art: Lost Treasures.

Washington DC: Mage.Lowenthal, David. 1985. The Past Is a Foreign Country.” Cambridge, UK: Cam-

bridge University Press.Lucian. 1936. “The Dance.” Translated by A. M. Harmon. Volume V. The Loeb

Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 209–289.MacLean, Gerald. 2007. Looking East: English Writing and the Ottoman Empire

before 1800. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Mahdavi, Shireen. 2007. “Amusements in Qajar Iran.” Iranian Studies 40 (4):

483–499.Manuel, Peter. 2010. “Music in Lucknow’s Gilded Age.” In Stephen Markel

with Tushara Bindu Gude, editors. 2010. India’s Fabled City: The Art of Courtly Lucknow. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 243–247.

Marcus, Scott L. 2007. Music in Egypt: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

Martin, Vanessa. 2007. “The Jester and the Shadow of God: Nasir al-Din Shah and His Fools.” Iranian Studies 40 (4): 467–481.

Massad, Joseph A. 2007. Desiring Arabs. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

Matthee, Rudi. 2000. “Prostitutes, Courtesans, and Dancing Girls: Women Entertainers in Safavid Iran.” In Rudi Matthee and Beth Baron, editors. Iran and Beyond: Essays in Middle Eastern History in Honor of Nikki R. Keddie. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 121–150.

Maza, Sarah. 2012. Violette Nozière: A Story of Murder in 1930s Paris. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

260 BIBLIOGRAPHY

McGinn, Thomas A. J. 1998. Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Meftahi, Ida. 2007. “Re-thinking the History of Dance in the 20th Century Iran: Nationalizing Dance to Exhibit Iranian Identity.” Proceedings. Society of Dance History Scholars International Conference, 2007.

———. 2014. “From Zanpush to Angel and Persian Princess: The Invention of a Female National Dancer in 20th-Century Iran.” In Anthony Shay, edi-tor. Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming

Membré, Michele. 1999. Mission to the Lord Sophy of Persia (1539–1542). Translated and Introduction and Notes by A. H. Morton. London: E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust.

Merabet, Sofian. 2006. “Creating Queer Space in Beirut: Zones of Encounter within the Lebanese Male Homosexual Sphere.” In Samir Khalaf and John Gagnon, editors. Sexuality in the Arab World. London: Saqi, 199–242.

Mertens, Joan R. 2010. How to Read Greek Vases. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Mitchell, Timothy. 1991. Colonizing Egypt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univer-sity of California Press.

———. 1992. “Orientalism and the Exhibitionary Order.” In Nicholas B. Dirks, editor. Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 289–317.

Moghadam, Valentine M. 1992. “Revolution, Islam and Women: Sexual Poli-tics in Iran and Afghanistan.” In Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris Som-mer, and Patricia Yaeger, editors. Nationalism and Sexualities. London and New York: Routledge, 424–446.

Molloy, Margaret E. 1996. Libanius and the Dancers. Hildesheim and Zurich: Olms-Weidmann.

Monroe, James T. 1997. “The Striptease That Was Blamed on Abu Bakr’s Naughty Son: Was Father Being Shamed, or Was the Poet Having Fun? (Ibn Quzman’s Zajal No. 133).” In J. W. Wright Jr. and Everett K. Rowson, editors. 1997. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 94–139.

Morcom, Anna. 2013. Illicit Worlds of Indian Dance: Cultures of Exclusion. New York: Oxford University Press.

Moreh Shmuel. 1992. Live Theatre and Dramatic Literature in the Medieval Ara-bic World: New York: New York University Press.

Morony, Michael G. 2005. Iraq After the Muslim Conquest. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.

Morris, Ian. 1994. Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 261

———. 1998. “Remaining Invisible: The Archaeology of the Excluded in Clas-sical Athens.” In Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, editors. Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture: Differential Equations. London and New York: Routledge, 193–220.

Mortensen, Inge Demant. 1993. Nomads of Luristan: History, Material Culture, and Pastoralism in Western Iran. London: Thames and Hudson.

Mouritsen, Henrik. 2013. “The Roman Empire I: The Republic.” In Peter Fibiger Bang and Walter Scheidel, editors. The Oxford Handbook of The State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. New York and London: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 383–411.

Murray, Oswyn. 1990. “Sympotic History.” In Oswyn Murray, editor. Sympot-ica: a Symposium on the Symposion. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 3–13.

Murray, Stephen O. 1997. “The Will Not to Know: Islamic Accommodations of Male Homosexuality.” In Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, editors. 1997. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York: New York University Press, 14–54.

———. 2000. Homosexualities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.——— and Will Roscoe, editors. 1997. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture,

History, and Literature. New York: New York University Press.Naerebout, F. G. 1997. Attractive Performances: Ancient Greek Dance: Three

Preliminary Studies. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.Najafi, Najmeh. 1953. Persia Is My Heart. New York: Harper.Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 2000. “Reading ‘Wiles of Women’ Stories as Fictions of

Masculinity.” In Mai Ghoussoub and Emma Sinclair-Webb, editors. Imag-ined Masculinities: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle East. London: Saqi Books, 147–168.

———. 2005. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sex-ual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

———. 2013. “Reading Transsexuality in ‘Gay’ Tehran (Around 1979).” In Susan Stryker and Aren Z. Aizura, editors. The Transgender Studies Reader 2. New York and London: Routledge, 380–399.

———. 2014. Professing Selves: Transsexuality and Same-sex Desire in Contem-porary Iran. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Najmi, Naser. 1988. Tehran dar yek sad sal-e pish. Tehran: Arghavan.Nanda, Serena. 1990. Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India. New York:

Belmont.Neer, Richard. 2010. The Emergence of the Classical Style in Greek Sculpture.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Nelvile, Pran. 1996. Nautch Girls of India: Dancers, Singers, Playmates. Paris,

New York, New Delhi: Ravi Kumar, Publishers.

262 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nidhami-i-Arudi-i-Samarqandi. 1017 [1899]. The Chahar Maqala, Four Dis-courses. Translation and Commentary by Edward G. Browne. Hertford, UK: Stephen Austin and Sons.

Nieuwkerk, Karin van. 1995. A Trade Like Any Other: Female Dancers and Singers in Egypt. Austin: University of Texas Press.

———. 1998. “Changing Images and Shifting Identities: Female Performers in Egypt.” In Sherifa Zuhur, editor. Images of Enchantment: Visual and Per-forming Arts in the Middle East. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 21–35.

———. 2002. “Shifting Narratives on Marginality: Female Entertainers in Twentieth-century Egypt.” In Eugene Rogan, editor. Outside In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East. London: I. B. Taurus, 231–251.

———. 2011. “Of Morals, Missions, and the Market: New Religiosity and ‘Art with a Mission’ in Egypt.” In Karin van Nieuwkerk, editor. Muslim Rap, Halal Soaps, and Revolutionary Theater: Artistic Developments in the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 177–204.

Nooshin, Laudan. 2009. “Prelude: Power and the Play of Music.” In Laudan Nooshin, editor. Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. Farnham, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 2009, 1–31.

Nussbaum, Martha C. and Juha Sihvola. 2002. “Introduction.” In Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola, editors. The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experi-ence and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1–20.

Nutku, Özdemir. 1999. “The Concept of Alienation in Ortaoyunu.” In Metin And et al., editors. Traditional Turkish Theater. Istanbul: Ministry of Culture Publications, 69–88.

Obeid-e Zakani. 1985. Koliyyat-e Obeid-e Zakani. Ba tashih va moqadameh-ye Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani. Canoga Park, CA: Eqbal.

———. 2008. Ethics of the Aristocrats and Other Satirical Works. Edited and Translated with an Introduction by Hasan Javadi. Washington, DC: Mage.

Ogilvy, J. D. A. 1963. “Mimi, Scurrae, Histriones: Entertainers of the Early Middle Ages.” Medieval Academy of America 38 (4): 603–619.

Ormand, Kirk. 2009. Controlling Desires: Sexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome. Ithaca, NY: Praeger.

Orr, Leslie C. 2000. Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Osborne, Robin. 1998. “Sculpted Men of Athens: Masculinity and Power in the Field of Vision.” In Lin Foxhall and John Salmon, editors. Thinking Men: Masculinity and Its Self-Representation in the Classical Tradition. New York and London: Routledge, 23–42.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 263

Ouzgane, Lahoucine. 2006. “Islamic Masculinities: and Introduction.” In Lahoucine Ouzgane, editor. Islamic Masculinities. New York: Zed Books, 1–7.

Özhan, Mevlüt. 1999. The Traditional Turkish Theater. Ankara: Ministry of Culture Publications.

Öztürkmen, Arzu. 1998. Türkiye’de Folkor ve Milliyetçilik. Istanbul: IletişimPal, Pratyapaditya et al. 1990. Romance of the Taj Mahal. London and Los

Angeles: Thanes and Hudson and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.Papadopoulo, Alexandre. 1979. Islam and Muslim Art. New York: Harry N.

Abrams.Parker, Charles H. 2010. Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–

1800. New York: Cambridge University Press.Parker, Holt N. 1997. “The Teratogenic Grid.” In Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn

B. Skinner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 47–65.

Pellizer, Ezio. 1990. “Outlines of a Morphology of Sympotic Entertainment.” In Oswyn Murray, editor. Sympotica: a Symposium on the Symposion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 177–184.

Percy, William Armstrong III. 1996. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

———. 2005. “Reconsiderations About Greek Homosexualities.” In Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, editors. Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. New York: Harrington Park Press, 13–61.

Philetrou, Andreas G., Constantinos N. Phellas, and Stavros S. Karayanni, edi-tors. 2006. Sexual Interactions: The Social Construction of Atypical Sexual Behaviors. Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers.

Plato. 1993. Plato’s Symposium. Translated by Seth Benardete. With commen-taries by Allan Bloom and Seth Benardete. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1995. Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Schocken.

Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia. 1982. “Köçek and Çengi in Turkish Culture.” In Roderyk Lange, editor. Dance Studies (6): 46–58.

Potter, David S. 2010a. “Entertainers in the Roman Empire.” In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly, editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 280–350.

———. 2010b. “Introduction.” In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly, editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded edi-tion. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1–16.

264 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. 2010c. Roman Religion: Ideas and Actions. In D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly, editors. Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. New and Expanded edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 137–191.

Pourjavady, Amir Hosein. 2005. “The Musical Codex of Amir Khan Gorji (c. 1108–1697).” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.

Procopius. 2007. The Secret History. Translated by G. A. Williamson and Peter Sarris with an Introduction and Notes by Peter Sarris. London: Penguin Books.

Qur’an. 1994. The Glorious Qur’an. Text and Explanatory Translation by Mohammad M. Pickthall. Des Plaines, IL: Library of Islam.

Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt. 2006. “Female Agency and Patrilineal Constraints: Situating Courtesans in Twentieth-Century India.” In Martha Feldman and Bonnie Gordon, editors. The Courtesan’s Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 332–351.

Racy, A. Jihad. 1992. “Music.” In John. R. Hayes, editor. 1992. The Genius of Arab Civilization: Source of Renaissance. Third edition. New York: New York University Press, 151–171.

———. 2003. Making Music in the Arab World: The Culture and Artistry of Tarab. Cambridge University Press.

Rainbow, Bernarr. 1989. Music in Educational Thought and Practice. Aberyswyth, UK: Boethius Press.

Rawson, Elizabeth. 1991. “The Expansion of Rome.” In John Boardman, Jas-per Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of the Roman World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 50–73.

Reddy, Gayatri. 2005. With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rezvani, Medjid. 1962. Le theatre et la danse en Iran. Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose.

Richlin, Amy. 1992. The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor. Revised edition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

———. 1993. “Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the Cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men.” Journal of the History of Sexu-ality 3 (4): 523–573.

Ringrose, Kathryn M. 2003. The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Con-struction of Gender in Byzantium. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Robinson, Chase F., editor. 2001. A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra. NY and London: Oxford University Press.

———. 2013. “The First Islamic Empire.” In Peter Fibiger Bang and Walter Scheidel, editors. The Oxford Handbook of The State in the Ancient Near

BIBLIOGRAPHY 265

East and Mediterranean. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 518–537.

Roded, Ruth. 2006. “Alternative Images of the Prophet: Muhammad’s Viril-ity.” In Lahoucine Ouzgane, editor. Islamic Masculinities. London and New York: Zed Books, 57–71.

Roisman, Joseph. 2003. “The Rhetoric of Courage in the Athenian Ora-tors.” In Ralph M. Rosen and Ineke Sluiter, editors. Andreia: Studies in Manliness and Courage in Classical Antiquity. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 127–143.

Roscoe, Will. 1997. “Precursors of Islamic Male Homosexualities.” In Ste-phen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, editors. 1997. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York: New York University Press, 55–86.

El-Rouayheb, Khaled. 2005. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic world, 1500–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Roueché, Charlotte. 2008. “Entertainments, Theatre, and Hippodrome.” In Elizabeth Jeffreys with John Haldon and Robin Gormack, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 677–684.

Rowson, Everett K. 1991. “The Categorization of Gender and Sexual Irregular-ity in Medieval Arabic Vice Lists.” In Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub, edi-tors. Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity. London and New York: Routledge, 50–79.

———. 1997a. “Two Homoerotic Narratives from Mamluk Literature: al-Safa-di’s Law ‘at al-Shaki and Ibn Daniyal’s al-Mutayyam.” In J. W. Wright Jr. and Everett K. Rowson, editors. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 158–191.

———. 1997b. “The Effeminates of Early Medina.” In Gary David Comstock and Susan E. Henking, editors. Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology. New York: Continuum, 61–88.

———. 2003. “Gender Irregularity as Entertainment: Institutionalized Trans-vestism at the Caliphal Court in Medieval Baghdad.” In Sharon Farmer and Carol Braun Pasternack, editors. Gender and Difference in the Middle Ages. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 45–72.

———. 2006. “Arabic: Middle Ages to Nineteenth Century.” In Gaëtan Brulotte and John Phillips, editors. Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature. New York and London: Routledge, 43–61.

———. “Eshaq Mawseli.” Encyclopedia Iranica. www.iranicaonline.com.Rozenthal, Franz. 1979. “Fiction and Reality: Sources for the Role of Sex in

Medieval Muslim Society. In Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, editor. Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications,

266 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. 1997. “Male and Female: Described and Compared. In J. W. Wright Jr. and Everett K. Rowson, editors. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Litera-ture. New York: Columbia University Press, 24–54.

Rubin, Don. 1999. “The Arab World: Crossing Unseen Borders.” In Don Rubin, editor. The World Encyclopedia of World Theatre. Volume 4: The Arab World. London and New York: Routledge, 10–13.

Rydell, Robert. 1984. All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American Inter-national Expositions, 1876–1916. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Sabari, Simha. 1981. Mouvements Populaires à Bagdad à L’Époque ‘Abbasside, IXe–Xie Siècles. Paris: Librairie D’Americque et D’Orient Adrien Maisonneuve.

Safa-Isfahani, Kaveh. 1980. “Iranian Culture: Symbolic Representation of Sex-uality in Dramatic Games.” Signs 6 (1): 33–53.

Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine. 2002. Music in the Mind: The Concepts of Music and

Musician in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Saleh, Magda Ahmed Abdul Ghaffar. 1979. “A Documentation of the Eth-

nic Dance Tradition of the Arab Republic of Egypt.” PhD diss. New York University.

Sarshar, Houman, editor. 2002. “Introduction: The Culture Heroes: Dissimula-tion and the Legacy of Esther’s Children.” Esther’s Children: A Portrait of Iranian Jews. Beverly Hills, CA: The Center for Iranian Jewish Oral History and Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, xvii–xxii.

Sasanian Silver: Late Antique and Early Medieval Arts of Luxury from Iran. 1967. Exhibition Catalog. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Art.

Sawa, George Dimitri. 2004. Music Performance Practice in the Early ‘ Abbasid Era: 132 AH/750–932 AD. Second edition. Ottawa: The Institute of Mediaeval Music.

Scanlon, Thomas F. 2002. Eros and Greek Athletics. New York and London: Oxford University Press.

Scarce, Jennifer. 2007. “Entertainments East and West—Three Encounters between Iranians and Europeans during the Qajar Period (1786–1925). Iranian Studies 40 (4): 455–466.

Schimmel, Annemarie. 1979. “Eros—Heavenly and not so Heavenly—in Sufi Literature and Life.” In Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, editor. Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 119–141.

———. 1992a. “Hafiz and His Critics.” In Wayne R. Dynes, and Stephen Don-aldson, editors. Asian Homosexuality. New York: Garland, 253–286.

———. 1992b. A Two-Colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

———. 1995. “Raks.” Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 267

———. 2004. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Trans-lated by Corrine Attwood. London: Reaktion Books.

Schuyler, Eugene. 1876 [1966]. Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Kokand, Bukhara and Khuldja. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger.

Sebesta, Judith Lynn and Larissa Bonfante, editors. 2001. The World of Roman Costume. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Sellers-Young, B. (forthcoming 2014) “Men and the Happiness Dance.” In Anthony Shay, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shahrani, M. Nazif. 1986. “State Building and Social Fragmentation in Afghan-istan: A Historical Perspective.” In Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, edi-tors. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 23–74.

Shamisa, Sirus. 2002. Shahedbazi dar adabiyyat-e farsi. Tehran: Ferdows.Sharar, Abdul Halim. 2001. Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture. In

The Lucknow Omnibus. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Shay, Anthony. 1999. Solo Improvised Dance in the Iranian World. Costa Mesa,

CA: Mazda.———. 2000. “Beloved.” In George E. Haggerty, editor. Gay Histories and

Cultures. New York and London: Garland, 110–111.———. 2002. Choreographic Politics: State Folk Dance Companies, Representa-

tion and Power. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.———. 2005. “The Male Dancer in the Middle East.” In Anthony Shay and

Barbara Sellers-Young, editors. Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 51–84.

———. 2008a. Dancing Across Borders: The American Fascination With Exotic Dance Forms. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

———. 2008b. “Choreographing Hypermasculinity in Egypt, Iran, and Uzbeki-stan.” Dance Chronicle 31 (2): 211–238.

———. 2014a. “Introduction.” In Anthony Shay, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming.

———. 2014b. “The Spectacularization of Soviet/Russian Folk Dance: Igor Moiseyev and the Invented Tradition of Staged Folk Dance.” In Anthony Shay, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Dance and Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press. Forthcoming.

———. 2014c. “Reviving the Reluctant Art of Iranian Dance in Iran and in the American Diaspora.” In Caroline Bithell and Juniper Hill, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Music Revival. New York: Oxford University Press.

———. Forthcoming. “Kafe’i,” “Kucheh-bazari,” “Mahalli,” “Motrebi,” “Pop,” “Tasnif.” Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music: Middle East. London: Continuum Publishers.

268 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sherley, Anthony. 1825 (2012). The Three Brothers, or the Travels and Adven-tures of Sir Anthony, Sir Robert and Sir Thomas Sherley in Persia, Russia, Turkey, Spain, with Portraits. London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. (reprint).

Shiloah, Amnon. 1995. Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-cultural Study. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Shirokaya, O. I. 1972. Tamara Khanum. Tashkent: Gafur Gulyam Literature and Art Publishing House.

Simpson, Marianna Shreve. 1997. Sultan Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang. Wash-ington DC and New Haven, CT: Freer Gallery of Art and Yale University Press.

Sims, Eleanor, with Boris I. Marshak and Ernst J. Grube. 2002. Peerless Images: Persian Painting and its Sources. New Haven, CT and London: Yale Univer-sity Press.

Skinner, Marilyn B. 1997. “Introduction: Quod multo fit aliter in Graecia . . .” In Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skinner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princ-eton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 3–25.

———. 2005. Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Slater, Walter J., editor. 1991. “Introduction.” In Walter J. Slater, editor. Dining in a Classical Context. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1–5.

———. 2002. “Mime Problems: Cicero AD FAM. 7.1 and Martial 9.38.” Phoenix 56 (3–4): 315–329.

Sluiter, Ineke and Ralph M. Rosen. 2003. “General Introduction.” In Ralph M. Rosen and Ineke Sluiter, editors. Andreia: Studies in Manliness and Courage in Classical Antiquity. Leiden: Brill, 1–24.

Smith, Julia M. 2004. “Introduction: Gendering the Early Medieval World.” In Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. Smith, editors. Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1–19.

Smith, Tyler Jo. 2010. Komast Dancers in Archaic Greek Art. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Sonbol, Sherif and Tarek Atia. 1999. Mulid!! Carnivals of Faith. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

Soneji, Davesh. 2012. Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Memory, and Modernity in South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Soucek, Svat. 2000. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Sourdel, Dominque. 1970. “The Abbasid Caliphate.” In P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, editors. The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 104–139.

Spector, Johanna. 1994. “Musical Tradition and Innovation.” In Edward All-worth, editor. Central Asia: One Hundred Years of Russian Dominance, A

BIBLIOGRAPHY 269

Historical Overview. Third edition. Durham, NC and London: Duke Univer-sity Press, 434–484.

Spuler, B. 1970. “The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East.” In P. M. Holt, Ann K. s. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, editors. The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 143–174.

Srinivasan, Doris M. 2006. “Royalty’s Courtesans and God’s Mortal Wives: Keepers of Culture in Precolonial India.” In Martha Feldman and Bonnie Gordon, editors. The Courtesan’s Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 161–181.

Stallybrass, Peter and Allon White. 1986. The Politics and Poetics of Transgres-sion. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Starks, John H. Jr. 2008. “Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions.” In Edith Hall and Rosie Wyles, editors. New Directions in Ancient Pantomime. Lon-don: Oxford University Press, 110–145.

Stearns, Peter N. 2009. Sexuality in World History. New York: Routledge.Stellar, Zeinab. 2011. “From ‘Evil-inciting’ Dance to Chaste ‘Rhythmic Movements’

A Genealogy of Modern Islamic Dance-Theatre in Iran.” In Karin van Nieu-wkerk, editor. Muslim Rap, Halal Soaps, and Revolutionary Theater: Artistic Developments in the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 231–256.

Stewart, Andrew. 1997. Art, Desire, and the Body in Ancient Greece. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Stokes, Martin. 1993. The Arabesk Debate: Music and Musicians in Modern Turkey. London and New York: Oxford University Press.

———. 1997. “Introduction: Ethnicity, Identity and Music.” In Martin Stokes, editor. Ethnicity, Identity and Music: The Construction of Choice. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1–27.

Stone, Catherine. 2009. “Introduction—2008.” In Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo. 2009 [1582]. Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406. Translated by Guy Le Strange, with a New Introduction by Caroline Stone. Kilkerran, Scotland: Hardinge Simpole, ix–xxii.

Stone, Christopher. 2008. Popular Culture and Nationalism in Lebanon: The Fairouz and Rahbani Nation. London and New York: Routledge.

Streusand, Douglas E. 2011. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Studlar, Gaylin. 1993. “Valentino, ‘Optic Intoxication:’ and Dance Madness.” In Steven Cohen and Ina Rae Hark, editors. Screening the Male: Exploring Mas-culinities in Hollywood Cinema. London and New York: Routledge, 23–45.

Surieu, Robert. 1967. Sarv-e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Representation of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran. Geneva: Nagel Publishers.

Sutton, Robert F., Jr. 1992. “Pornography and Persuasion on Attic Pottery. In Amy Richlin, editor. Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3–35.

270 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Taj al-Sultana. 1993. Crowning Anguish: Memoirs of a Persian Princess from the Harem to Modernity. Edited with Introduction and Notes. Abbas Amanat; trans. Anna Vanzan and Ali Neshati. Washington, DC: Mage.

Talattof, Kamran. 2011. Modernity, Sexuality, and Ideology in Iran: The Life and Legacy of a Popular Female Artist. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Taplin, Oliver. 1991. “Homer.” In John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, editors. The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press, 47–81.

Taylor, Rabun. 1997. “Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome. Journal of the History of Sexuality 7 (3): 319–371.

Tezcan, Hülye and Selma Delibaș. 1986. The Topkapi Saray Museum: Costumes, Embroideries and other Textiles. Translated, expanded and edited by J. M. Rog-ers. Boston: A New York Graphic Society Book. Little, Brown and Company.

Thackston, Wheeler M. 2002a. “Translator’s Preface.” The Baburnama: Mem-oirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. 2002. Translated, edited, and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Introduction by Salman Rushdie. New York: Modern Library, xvii–xxix.

———. 2002b. “The Genghisid and Timurid: Background of Iran and Central Asia.” In The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. 2002. Translated, edited, and annotated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Introduction by Salman Rushdie. New York: Modern Library, xxxv–xlvii.

Thesiger, Wifred. 1964. The Marsh Arabs. Hammondsworth, England. Penguin Books.

Thévenot, Jean de and Archibald Lovell. 2012. The Travels of Monsieur de Thevenot into the Levant. Volume 1: In Three Parts. Turkey. Memphis: Gen-eral Books LLC.

Toner, Jerry. 2009. Popular Culture in Ancient Rome. Cambridge, UK: Polity.Tougher, Shaun F. 1997. “Byzantine Eunuchs: An Overview, with Special Ref-

erence to Their Creation and Origin.” In Liz James, editor. Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium. London and New York: Routledge, 168–184.

———. 2004. “Social Transformation, Gender Transformation? The Court Eunuch, 300–900.” In Leslie Brubaker and Julia M. Smith, editors. Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900. Cambridge, UK: Cam-bridge University Press, 70–82.

Uebel, Michael. 2003. “Re-orienting Desire: Writing on Gender Trouble in Fourteenth-Century Egypt.” In Sharon Farmer and Carol Braun Pasternack, editors. Gender and Difference in the Middle Ages. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 230–257.

Urban, William. 1987. “Conversion in Lithuania.” Lituanus. Lithuanian Quar-terly Journal of Arts and Sciences. http//:www.lituanus.org/1987_4_03 htm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 271

Van Nortwick, Thomas. 2008. Imagining Men: Ideals of Masculinity in Ancient Greek Culture. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Vasefi, Zein al-din Mahmud. 1971. Badaye’ ol-vaqaye’. Edited by Aleksandar Baldruf. Tehran: Bonyad-e farhang-e Iran.

Vickers, Michael and Daphne Nash Briggs. 2007. “Juvenile Crime, Aggression and Abuse in Fifth-century Athens: A Case Study.” In George Rousseau, editor. Children and Sexuality: From the Greeks to the Great War. Basing-stoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 41–69.

Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. 1986. The Black Hunter: Forms of Thought and Forms of Society in the Greek World. Translated by Andrew Szegedy-Maszak. Balti-more and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Waines, David. 2002. “Introduction.” In David Waines, editor. Patterns of Everyday Life. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, Volume 10. Aldershot, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, xi–xiviii.

Walters, Jonathan. 1997. “Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impen-etrability in Roman Thought.” In Judith P. Hallett and Marilyn B. Skin-ner, editors. Roman Sexualities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 29–43.

Webb, Ruth. 1997. “Salome’s Sisters: The Rhetoric and Realities of Dance in Late Antiquity and Byzantium.” In Liz James, editor. Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium. London and New York: Routledge, 119–148.

———. 2008a. Demons and Dancers: Performance in Late Antiquity. Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

———. 2008b. “Inside the Mask: Pantomime from the Performers’ Perspective.” In Edith Hall and Rosie Wyles, editors. New Directions in Ancient Panto-mime. London: Oxford University Press, 43–60.

Weeks, Jeffrey. 1985. Sexuality and Its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Mod-ern Sexualities. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Welch, Anthony. 1976. Artists for the Shah: Late Sixteenth-Century Painting at the Imperial Court of Iran. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.

Whitmarsh, Tim. 2005. The Second Sophistic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.

Wichham, Chris. 2005. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediter-ranean, 400–800.

Wikan, Unni. 1992. “Man Becomes Woman: Transexualism in Oman as a Key to Gender Roles.” In Wayne Dynes and Steven Donaldson, editors. Asian Homosexualities. New York: Garland, 338–353.

Wilfong, Terry G. 2006. “Abu Nuwas, Al-Hasan.” In Gaëtan Brulotte and John Phillips, editors. Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature. New York and London: Routledge, 3–4.

272 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Williams, Craig A. 1997. “Pudicitia and Pueri: Roman Concepts of Male Sexual Experience.” In Martin Duberman, editor. Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York: New York University Press. 25–38,

———. 2010. Roman Homosexuality. Second edition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wills, C. J. 1883 [reprint 2012]. In the Land of the Lion and the Sun: or, Modern Persia, Being Experiences of Life in Persia during a Residence of Fifteen Years in Various Parts of That Country from 1866 to 1881. London: Macmillan.

Wilson, Peter. 2002. “The Musicians among the Actors.” In Pat Easterling and Edith Hall, editors. Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profes-sion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 39–68.

Winkler, John J. 1990a. The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall.

———. 1990b. “Laying Down the Law: The Oversight of Men’s Sexual Behavior in Classical Athens. In David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, editors. Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 171–209.

Wright, J. W. Jr. 1997. “Preface.” In J. W. Wright Jr. and Everett K. Rowson, edi-tors. 1997. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. New York: Colum-bia University Press, xiii–xvii.

Wright, J. W. Jr. and Everett K. Rowson, editors. 1997. Homoeroticism in Classi-cal Arabic Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.

Wright, Owen. 1994. “Music in Muslim Spain.” In Salma Khadra Jayyusi, edi-tor. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Volume 2. Leiden: Brill, 556–579.

Xenophon. 1923. Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apology. Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library.

Yavari, Neguin. 2012. “Medieval Iran.” In Touraj Daryaee, editor. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 227–242.

Young, Robert J. C. 1995. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London and New York: Routledge.

Zarifi, Yana. 2007. “Chorus and Dance in the Ancient World.” In Marianne McDonald and J. Michael Walton, editors. The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 227–246.

Ze’evi, Dror. 2006. Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500–1900. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Zeitlin, Froma I. 1978. “The Dynamics of Misogyny: Myth and Mythmaking in the Oresteia.” Arthusa 11 (1/2): 149–184.

Zubaida, Sami. 2002. “Entertainers in Baghdad, 1900–50.” In Eugene Rogan, editor. Outside In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East. London: I. B. Taurus, 212–230.

Videos and Films

Courtesans of Bombay. Ismail Merchant, director. London: Ivory and Merchant.Dances of Egypt. Aisha Ali, director. Los Angeles: Araf. n.d.“Homage to Mahmoud Reda: A Life for Dancing.” Festival Raks Madrid ’05

(2005) (The Andalusi and Arabic Dance International). www.nesma.es.“Dancing Boys of Afghanistan.” Aired April 20, 2010 on Frontline. Najibullah

Quraishi.“Gharam fi al-Karnak.” [Love in Karnak] (1963) Gamal elleissi Films. (Starring

Farida Fahmy and Mahmoud Reda).“Izgia nesfa as-sinna” [Midterm vacation] (1961) Gamal elleissi Films. (Starring

Farida Fahmy and Mahmoud Reda).Murcheh Dareh. Tehran: Pars Video. c. 1970.Paris Is Burning. Jennie Livingston, director.

Index

Abbasid dynasty and period, 93–132, 133, 140, 148, 150, 152, 156, 157, 187

Abd al-Rahman II (Umayyad ruler), 128, 129

Abd al-Wahhab, 219Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak, 167Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani, 30, 112, 116,

117, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130Abu l’Gath Ibn Sayyid an-Nas, 110Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn

Muhammad al-Muhallabi, 124Abu Nuwas, 99, 100, 102, 108, 109,

110, 111, 113, 124–126, 127, 151Abu Tarab, Jafar, 125Abu Usama Waliba b. al-Habab, 125Acrobats and acrobatic dancing, 26,

36, 37, 59, 78, 79, 83, 134, 144, 146, 152–153, 155–156, 183, 184, 191, 193, 203, 206

Actors and acting, 1, 2, 10, 26, 28, 30, 31, 36, 53, 78, 82, 83, 87, 89, 123, 138, 144, 177, 181, 183, 186, 217, 221–224, 228, 233, 234

Adab, 30, 93, 98, 129; Literature, 30, 102

Adams, Laura, 225Adultry, 47, 48, 72Aeschines, 14–15Aeschylus, 40Aesthetics, 20, 42, 99Afary, Janet, 27, 101, 107Afat (Iranian vocalist), 217

Afghan Village (film title), 226Afghanistan, 3, 20, 33–34, 37, 51, 71,

96, 105–106, 131, 154, 158, 184, 212, 224, 225–226, 234, 242 n. 1

Agathon, 108Age of Beloveds (book title), 145Agency, 18–19, 57–58Agriculture, 5–6, 17; Ancient Greece,

41; Ancient Rome, 66; Central Asia, 275

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 210‘Ain-I Akbari (book title), 167Akletoi, 60Alexander, the Great, 53, 141Ali, Aisha, 194, 221Allan, Maud, 2Amanat, Abbas, 27Ambiguity and ambiguous, Clothing,

7, 14, 20, 82, 138–139, 151, 160, 161, 193–194, 198, 226; Sexual, 7, 32, 70, 74, 160, 193–194

Al-Amin (caliph), 126, 133Anacreon, 50And, Metin, 25, 35, 112, 118, 148,

154, 157, 158, 160, 238 n. 7Andalusia (al-Andalus), 30, 33, 122,

128–129, 219Andrews, Walter G., 101, 104,

106, 145Anti-Nautch Movement, 207, 220Arabs and Arab world, 26, 36, 94, 97,

113, 158, 175, 222, 231; Medieval underworld, 32

276 INDEX

Arberry, A. J., 94Archeology and archeologists, 5, 44Architecture, Greece, 41; Islamic, 95,

96, 140, 146; Mughal, 146–147; Persian, 146

‘Arib al-Ma’muniya, 26, 33, 121, 122, 126, 129

Aristophanes, 44, 63Aristotle, 40, 55Armenians, 158, 181, 184, 191, 198,

228–230, 234Art and artists, 3, 9–10, 36, 37, 42,

65, 67, 143, 149; Byzantine, 73; Courtly, 29, 143; Greek, 4, 8, 17, 24, 44, 54, 67; Highbrow/lowbrow, 28, 29–30, 38, 59, 87, 118, 217; Islamic, 95, 96; Performing, 4, 9–10, 77, Caliphal Baghdad, 111–120, 134

Roman, 4, 24, 70, 73, 74, 75–78; Traditional, 209; Western, 181, 209

Asmar, Sami, 219, 220Assyria, 22Atasoy, Nurhan, 102Atheists and atheism, 94, 125Athens and Attic, 14, 16, 21, 40–42,

44, 47, 49, 51, 54–55, 58, 62, 65, 72, 107, 137, 206

Athletes and athletics in dance, 47, 73, 85, 144, 146, 152–153, 166, 183, 184, 194–195, 224, 231; Caliphal Baghdad, 103, 104; Egypt, 183; Greece, 42, 43, 45, 54, 59; Iran, 73, 104, 146; Mughal India, 167

‘Awalim (Egyptian vocalists), 189–191

Audiences, 10, 14, 16, 17, 37Augustus (Roman emperor), 81, 84,

85, 86, 90Aulos and aulos players, 21, 53, 56,

58–59, 60, 239 n. 3

Aurangzeb, Sultan, 177Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis,

181, 188‘Azizeh of Aswan, 190, 197, 199–200

Babaie, Susan, 146Babur, Sultan, 107, 136, 141, 142,

143, 150–151, 154, 162, 166, 168, 187, 241 n. 1

Baburi, 150–151Baburnama, The, 105, 136,

144, 167Babylonia, 22Bacha (bacheh; boy dancer), 4,

20, 33–34, 158, 202–206, 225; Afghanistan, 4, 33, 158; Central Asia, 33–34, 184, 202–206, 225, 228

Bachehbazi, 34, 225, 242 n. 2Badawi, M. M., 112–113Baghdad, 185, 188, 202; caliphal, 4,

7, 21, 26, 32, 33, 36, 71, 93–132, 133, 134

Baily, John, 226Bakhtin, Mikhail, 59El-Balbeissi, Hasan, 160, 195,

200–201Bana’i, Moulana, 161, 168Banu Sasan, 32Baqi the Catamite, 105, 107Bards (see poets)Barkey, Karen, 147Barnes, T. D., 38Bartsch, Shadi, 21, 50Bashshar b. Burd, 113Bathhouses, 74, 75, 126Bathyllus, 84, 85, 86Baxandall, Michael, 9–10Baysunghur, Sultan, 153, 167Beacham, Richard C., 37“Bee, The” (Egyptian striptease

dance), 195, 197, 201

INDEX 277

Beeman, William, 183Beeson, A. F., 121El-Belbeissi, Hasan (see El-Balbeissi,

Hasan)Bell, Gertrude, 94Belly dance and belly dancers, 4, 23,

33, 47, 55, 56–57, 81–82, 155–156, 158, 194, 195; cabaret, 195, 209, 220–222, 231, 233, 238 n. 1

Berger, Morroe, 23, 209Bhands (male Indian dancers),

161, 163Bharata natyam, 83Bisexuality, 104, 106, 137Bodies, 1, 4, 6, 7, 13, 15–16, 17,

22, 31, 36, 42, 48, 52, 72, 78, 79, 79, 102, 123, 137, 174, 178, 199, 200–201, 234, 236

Bodies That Matter (book title), 19Bonaparte, Napoleon, 171Boone, Joseph, 199Bouhidba, Abdelwahab, 100Bosworth, C. E., 32Boy dancers (see dancers, male;

bacha)Boyce, Mary, 238 n. 5Bravery (see courage)Bray, Julia, 121British (Great Britain and British)Brittan, Arthur, 13Brown, Louise, 233–234Brown, Peter, 8Browne, Edward, 191, 193Brubaker, Leslie, 8, 88Bukhara, 33–34, 176, 184–185, 188,

202–206Bulliet, Richard, 95Butler, Judith, 13, 19Butrica, James, 75Byzantium and Byzantine, 3, 6, 7, 8,

26, 31, 36, 38, 67, 71, 73, 77–78, 88, 95, 100, 102, 114, 148

Cabarets (see nightclubs)Cafes (see Taverns)Cairo, 55, 118, 121, 123, 158, 174,

176, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189–191, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 231, 235

Caliphs and Caliphate, 3, 8, 36, 51, 93–132, 134; Abbasid, 3, 4, 30, 33, 36, 93–132, 133, 148, 150; Umayyad, 3, 33, 36, 96, 111

Cameron, Averil, 68Cantemir, Demitrius, 168Carberry, Sean, 242 n. 1Carnival and carnivalesque, 6–7, 61Cassius Dio, 85, 86Castle, Vernon, 34Castration, 73, 123, 226, 227, 240 n. 9Caswell, Fuad Matthew, 98Cattalus, 72Caesar, Julius, 72Celebi, Evliya, 158Celebrities, 1, 2, 25Celebrity (see fame)Central Asia, 5, 26, 31, 33–34, 36, 51,

57, 116, 131, 140, 166, 171, 172, 173, 175–176, 184–185, 207, 209, 216, 225, 228–230

Ceremonies, 142, 146, 149, 150, 153, 180, 186, 212

Champlin, Edward, 81Chardin, Jean, 134, 135, 158, 163Chakravorty, Pallabi, 196Chauncey, George, 11–12Children, 9, 13, 16, 23, 25, 26, 33–34,

43, 51, 72, 73, 74, 78, 107, 163China and Chinese, 8, 143Chorus girls, 2Choudhury, M. L. Roy, 35–36Christians and Christianity, 6, 55, 68,

77, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96, 100, 101, 126, 137, 140, 176–177, 202, 213

Chrysostom, John, 3Cicero, 18

278 INDEX

Cinaedus/kinaedos, 43, 47–48, 69, 73–75, 90, 127, 163

Çingine Ismail, 150Citizens, Greek, 41; Roman, 72City state (see polis)Civilizing Mission, 174, 175, 176Clarke, John R., 24, 73, 74Class, economic and social, 2, 4, 6,

7, 23, 24, 51, 62, 65, 67, 72–73, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 98, 99–100, 103, 137, 138, 158, 173, 179, 184, 189, 198, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216–217, 218, 224, 232, 236, 238 n. 1

Classics and classics scholars, 5, 14, 15, 18–19, 24, 28, 31, 37, 42, 44, 53, 69, 74, 78, 93

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales de, 150, 153Clothing and costume, 1, 9, 14, 16,

20, 22, 74, 83, 93, 95, 96, 99, 129, 138–139, 151, 153, 164, 175, 186, 193, 195, 198, 200, 202, 203, 217, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 230, 238 n. 7 (see also ambiguity, clothing)

Coffeehouses, 21, 52, 55, 134, 151, 159, 164, 181, 182, 213

Colonialism, 171–207, 212; France, 172, 175, 176; Great Britain, 172–173, 175, 176, 231; Ottoman Turkish, 176–177; Russia, 171, 172, 175–176

Colonization, Greek, 40–41Colonizing Egypt (book title), 174Comedy and comedians, 6, 18,

29, 38, 44, 54, 55, 61, 79, 84, 87, 88, 123, 148, 152, 159, 186, 195, 206, 221

Commedia dell’arte, 89, 157, 158, 182

Comotti, Giovanni, 75–76Competitiveness, 44Constantinople (see also Istanbul),

71, 77, 87–88, 143, 147

Continuity and continuities, 7–8, 10, 23, 28, 32, 35–36, 38, 52, 55, 71, 73, 77, 90, 95, 96, 102, 122, 135, 141, 211; Historical, 7, 23, 35–36, 71, 73, 77, 90, 95, 96, 110–111, Social, 134

Convivium (pl. convivia; Roman banquets), 69, 89–91

Corbeil, Anthony, 69Córdoba, 93, 121, 123, 128–129, 187Costumes (see Clothing and

costume)Cottam, Richard, 210Courage, 45, 48Courtesans (see also awalim;

ghawazi; hetaera; tawa’if), 4, 5, 57, 60, 156–157, 165, 177, 196, 206–207; Male, 58, 60

Courtesans of Bombay (film), 24–25, 34, 169, 214

Courtiers, 102, 127, 150, 164 (see also nadim)

Courts, royal, 29, 93, 99, 148, 163; Caliphal, 93–132

Crawford, Michael, 66Criminals and criminal status, 3, 5, 6,

32, 83, 100, 209, 225Crompton, Louis, 11

Damascus, 36, 114, 221Dance and dancing (see also Belly

dance, kordax), 16, 26, 31, 36, 37, 38, 45, 55, 61, 69, 81, 84–85, 87, 88, 98, 110, 134, 144, 146, 154–157, 179, 191–207, 214; Ballet, 214, 216, 221, 228; Caliphal Baghdad, 98, 100, 111, 123, 131–132; Choral, 54, 55; Dabka, 220; Folk, 238 n. 3; Lebanese, 220; State-sponsored ensembles, 209, 215; Bahor, 228; Egypt, 232–233; Greek, 42, 54, 55, 56; Group, 17,

INDEX 279

43; Indian, 156; Iranian, 156; Solo, 17–18, 59, 163

Dancers (See also pantomimes) 1, 2, 5, 22, 25, 28, 33, 36–38, 50, 59, 79, 81, 87, 89, 90, 93, 100, 122, 144, 149–152, 179, 189, 191–207, 217; Bukhara, 184–185; Caliphal Baghdad, 112, 126; Çengi, 156; Central Asia, 184–185, 202–206; Dancing girls of Cadiz (Gaditane), 33, 79, 81–82, 89, 194; Devadasi, 165, 196; Egyptian, 183, 189–191, 194–195, 197–201, 220–222; Female, 2, 33, 55, 59, 144, 148–152, 154–156, 158–156, 174, 179, 192–207, 215, 220–224, 228–230, 232, 234, 236; Ghawazi, 182, 194–195, 197–200; Indian, 24–25; Iranian, 185, 188, 192, 193, 22–22, 2344; Khawal, 182, 198–202; Köçek, 2, 27, 156, 238 n. 7; male, 4, 23, 25, 27, 33–34, 47, 55, 59, 82, 101, 106, 108, 148–152, 154–156, 158–166, 179, 184, 188, 191, 192–207, 210, 218, 224–227, 228, 231–233, 234; Mughal India, 144, 177, 198, 206–207, 220; Ottoman Turkey, 148, 234; nautch, 21, 181, 196, 206, 220, 234; pyrrhic, 17, 54–55; ritual, 17, 18, 21; Roman, 78, 87, 90; 147, Skirt, 2

Dances of Egypt (film title), 194Dancing Boys of Afghanistan (film), 4Danielson, Virginia, 217Daoud, Hassan, 102Dastgah (see maqam)Davidson, James, 9, 18, 26, 48, 50, 55,

57, 58, 60Defter-i Aşk (Book title), 150Delhi, 147, 187Devadasi (temple dancer, see

dancers, devadasi)

Dirks, Nicholas B., 173–174Doi, Mary Masayo, 215Dougherty, Carol, 16, 39Dowlatshah, 154Drama (see Theatre)Duncan, Isadora, 2Dunne, Bruce William, 179, 210, 218Dupree, Louis, 226During, Jean, 187, 188Dushanbeh, 184

Easterling, Pat, 53Economy and economic, 139–140,

171, 172–174, 211; Caliphal Baghdad, 99, 122, 133; Greece, 40, 41; Ottoman Turkish, 176; Rome, 66

Edison, Thomas, 194Education, 101, 175; Afghanistan,

212; Greece, 42, 44, 48, 54, 58; Caliphal Baghdad, 97, 125; Egypt, 173, 180; Gunpowder Empires, 139, 143, 156; Mughal India, 196; Ottoman Turkey, 177; Persia, 104, 107, 143; Rome, 65

Edwards, Catherine, 69, 78Effeminacy and effeminate, 3, 5,

11, 12, 14–16, 19, 23, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 47, 48, 59, 69, 74, 78, 80, 82, 83, 95, 104–111, 131–132, 136–139, 179–180, 218

Egypt, 3, 4, 21, 23, 31, 34, 36, 51, 57, 81, 95, 96, 133, 138–139, 183, 184, 207, 213, 220, 221–222, 231–233, 238 n. 1; Copts, 97, 213; Fatemids, 133; Mamlukes, 51, 101, 110, 118, 133; Nineteenth century, 171–173, 175, 179, 183, 207; Ottoman, 158–159, 171; Tulunids, 133

Emperor, Roman and the Imperial court, 69, 70, 77, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 102

280 INDEX

Entertainers, professional, 21–38, 56–62, 78–89, 121–132, 158–169, 184–186, 188–191, 197–207, 218–220, 221–227, 228–233; History of, 3–6; Natal origins of, 4, 23, 28; Present-day, 31–32, 218–220, 231–232; Respectable, 29–31, 56, 123–129, 228–230, 231–232

Eromenos, 46, 48, 52, 58, 60, 64Erotica and eroticism, 175, 197, 207,

224Ethnicity, 4, 13, 39, 98, 143, 147, 177,

212, 240 n. 7, 242 n. 1Etruscans, 39, 66, 77Ettinghausen, Richard, 195Eunuchs, 70–71, 73, 78Euripides, 40Europe and Europeans (see also

West, the and Westerners), 28, 37, 75, 77, 139–140, 145, 147, 148–149, 154–155, 158, 160, 163, 171–207

Exhibitions, World, 174Exoticism, 2, 58, 81, 90, 145, 197,

200, 201

Fairouz (Lebanese vocalist), 218–220, 233, 235

Fame, 1, 3, 14, 25, 37, 53Fantham, Elaine R., 37, 87Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 116Farah, Ibrahim, 194Faraone, Christopher, 18Farhat, Hormoz, 35, 238 n. 5Fatemi, Sasan, 184, 206Fear, A. T., 79, 81–82Feldman, Martha, 57, 196Female dancers (see dancers female)Feminine (see also effeminacy and

effeminate)Feminization and feminizing, 178

Festivities and festivals, 142, 144–145, 146, 149, 150, 165, 179, 181, 186, 212, 213, 216, 227, 232; Ottoman, 195

FilmFarsi, 214, 223, 224, 234Films, 1, 8, 31, 99, 146, 194, 200, 214,

220, 221, 232, 234Flaubert, Gustave, 160, 190, 194–195,

198–201, 221Floor, Willem, 158Flute girls (see aulos players)Foucault, Michel, 11, 50France and French, 13Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise, 61

Gaffary, Farrokh, 186Ganika (Indian courtesan), 165–166Garber, Majorie, 197, 200Gardens, 100, 119Garrison, Daniel H., 15, 40Gay New York (book title), 11–12Gaze, 131Geertz, Clifford, 9, 18Gellner, Ernest, 209Gender and gender roles, 4, 5, 10,

11–14, 16, 19, 28, 41–47, 68–71, 72, 78, 83, 105, 139, 180, 185, 212, 218, 227, 233

Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900 (book title), 8

Generosity, 45Genitals, 9, 41, 88, 102, 118, 197, 227Georgians, 23, 151, 234Geography, 7–8Ghawazi dancers, 21, 189–191, 221Ghazal, 113Ghengis Khan, 133, 141, 143Gieben, Bram, 211Gink (dancing boy), 160, 198,

242 n. 4Gladiators, 78, 83

INDEX 281

Gleason, Maud, 69, 72, 73Go-Between (book title) 8Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr., 171–172Gordon, Bonnie, 57, 196Gordon, Matthew S., 130, 131Gosan, 35, 238 n. 5Gossip, 1, 2, 217Graffiti, 24, 50Graham-Browne, Sarah, 174, 194Great Britain and British, 171, 178,

181, 206Great Musical Tradition, 114, 141,

187–189Greece and Greeks, ancient, 3, 6,

8, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 36, 37, 39–64, 65, 73, 74, 84, 90, 96, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 158; Archaic Age, 40, 53; Classical, 40, 41, 53, 93; Hellenistic, 42, 45, 53, 62; In Ottoman Turkey, 156, 158, 160, 177, 198, 234; Society compared to Rome, 65, 66–68

Green, J. R., 44Greenfeld, Liah, 212Greus, Jesús, 128Griffin, Jasper, 68, 78, 80Gruen, Erich, 67Guilds, entertainers’, 3–4, 25, 155,

184–185Gunderson, Erik, 69Gunpowder Empires, 139–149Gymnasium, 42, 48Gypsies (see Roma)

Hafez, 9Hage, Ghassan, 178Hair, facial, 101–102Hal, 117Hall, Stuart, 211Halperin, David, 11, 49, 50, 237 n. 5Hall, Edith, 28, 54, 80Hansen, Ann, 66

Hansen, Mogens Herman, 40Harems, 175, 189, 191, 193, 205Harries, Jill, 13Hartley, L. P., 8Harun al-Rashid, 98, 117, 125, 127,

130, 133Hattox, Ralph J., 151Hatzaki, MyrtoHealy, Dan, 224–225Hemati, Jalal, 26Herat, 160–161, 168, 187, 225Hesiod, 40Hetaira and hetairai (see also

courtesans), 5, 15, 18–19, 20, 48, 51, 57–58, 60, 96, 156, 239 n. 2

Heteronormativity, 11, 12, 16, 50, 71, 94, 105, 180, 184, 210

Heterosexuality, 62, 185, 237 n. 5Hijras, 34, 71, 184, 226–227, 234, 236Hindus and Hinduism, 177–178,

196–197History and historical, 7–8, 93,

127; Greece, 39–43; Gunpowder empires, 133–136, 139–143, 146–147; Islamic, 94–100; Nineteenth century, 171–178; Rome, 64–68, 73

Hobhouse, John Cam, 156, 160Hodgson, Marshall, 141Hojjati, Eskandar, 26Hollywood, 2, 8, 90, 99, 100, 221Homer and Homeric epics, 40, 42,

43, 48, 62, 135Homophobia, 202, 210Homosexuality (see also pederasty),

4, 5, 10–13, 14–15, 34, 47–52, 61, 62, 73, 74–75, 94, 100, 104–111, 118–119, 120, 123, 124, 137–138, 150–151, 162, 179–180, 183, 193, 201–202, 210, 215, 218, 224–227, 237 n. 5

Honor, 44, 48, 53, 102, 165, 205

282 INDEX

Hood, Kathleen, 219, 220Hopper, Hedda, 1Hopwood, Derek, 175, 191–192Hosayn Bayqara, Sultan, 168Hospitality, 43–44, 45, 103, 137,

165, 178Hubel, Teresa, 234Hülegü Khan, 133Humayun, Mughal SultanHupperts, Charles, 49

Ibn-Daniyal, Muhammad, 118Ibn Misdjah, 115Ibrahim al-Mahdi (Abbasid prince),

127Ibrahim al-Mawsili, 99, 122, 127Ichijo, Atsuko, 210Identity, Afghan, 212; ethnic and

national, 210; Iranian, 210, 212; Pashtun, 212; Tajik-Persian, 212; Turkish

Iliad, 42, 62, 135Il-Khanids, 141Imperialism (see colonialism)Improvisation, 18, 19, 61, 87, 122,

163, 182–183Imru’ al-Qays, 113Incalik, Halil, 147India and Indians (see also Mughal

Empire), 3, 21, 26, 71, 147, 166, 171, 175, 177–178, 184, 206–207, 220, 234

Indian National Congress, 178Infamy (infamia) and infamis, 2, 10,

29, 78–79, 83, 86Instruments and instrumentalists,

musical, 26, 30, 53, 55, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 91, 114, 115, 116, 127, 130, 135, 149, 150, 153–154, 155, 156, 159, 161, 164, 167–169, 181, 187, 188, 191, 200, 213, 214, 215–216, 241 n. 4

Intelligentsia, Egyptian, 175; Ottoman Turkish, 175; Persian, 175

Interconnectedness, 7–9, 36; Between Greece and Rome, 65, 67–68; Between the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires; Geographical, 7–9, 32, 141; Historical, 7–9, 32

Iran (see also Persia), 1, 6, 18, 19, 26, 32, 34, 35, 36, 96, 107, 108, 138, 179, 181, 184, 190–191, 215, 216–217, 222–224, 231; Islamic Republic of, 218, 223, 233, 236, 238 n. 6

Iranian New Year (No ruz), 1Iranians, 12, 13, 97; Diaspora, 2,

25–26; Students, 2Iraq and Iraqis, 96, 224Isfahan, 140, 145, 146, 151Ishaq al-Mawsili, 111, 116, 122,

126–127, 128, 130Islam, 19, 35–36, 68, 94–98, 100, 101,

110, 125, 140–141, 196, 204, 213, 217–218; history, 239 n. 4:1

Islam, Medieval, 30, 32, 37, 91, 94–98, 100, 102, 105, 210

Islamic civilization and Islamic world, 3, 8, 35, 71, 89, 90, 93–132, 134, 154, 167, 178, 197, 217, 221

Islamists, 31, 178, 215, 221, 225, 234, 235, 236

Istanbul, 10, 140, 145, 154–55, 187, 195, 198

Al-Jahiz, 121

Jamal (see Jamali, Khosrow)Jamali, Khosrow (Jamal),

134–135, 154Janissaries (Ottoman soldiers),

160, 198

INDEX 283

Jankha (transgendered Indian dancer), 163

Japan and Japanese, 13Jesus Christ, 101Jews, 23, 96, 156, 157, 158, 160, 184,

185, 191, 198, 202, 234Jones, Christopher, 90Jory, John, 83Justinian, 77, 87, 88Juvenal, 80–81, 84, 85–86, 194

Kabbani, Rana, 191–192Kabul, 136, 142Kai Ka’us b. Iskandar, 104, 108Kalpakli, Mehmet, 101, 104, 106, 145Kar kid (Sumerian prostitute), 22Karagőz (Turkish shadow puppet

theatre), 157–158, 183Kari-Yakubov, Mukhiddin, 228, 230Kashmir, 161Kathak (Indian classical dance

genre), 156, 161, 196–197, 207Katib (plural, kuttab), 97, 98, 103Kemalists, 212Kennedy, Hugh, 127Keuls, Eva, 41–42, 44, 45, 93Khaleqi, Ruhollah, 187, 191Khalfi Khan, 177Khanith (male effeminate in Oman),

123, 240 n. 8Khawal (see Dancers, khawal)Khazeni, Arash, 136Khusras, 71, 226–227, 233–234Khwaja Yusuf Andigani, 153, 167Kilpatrick, Hilary, 112, 115, 124Kinaedos (see cinaedus)Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 37Kitab al-Aghani (book title), 112,

115, 116, 117, 118, 124, 127Koepke, Bruce, 226Komos (pleasurable state of

drunkenness), 18, 60–61

Kordax (dance) and kordax dancers, 4, 43, 55, 61

Kothis (transgendered Indian dancers), 163

Krotala (castanets, clackers), 17, 56Kuchuk Hanim, 190, 191, 194–195,

197, 198–199, 201, 241 n. 3Kurke, Leslie, 16

Lada-Richards, Ismene, 31Landels, John, 80Lane, Edward William, 138–139,

183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 194, 198Language and linguistic, 39, 94, 115,

148, 212; Arabic, 97, 98, 121, 122, 123, 135; Chaghatay Turkish, 142, 167; English, 143; Latin, 98; Persian, 2, 13, 98, 135, 142–143; Ottoman Turkish, 135, 142

Lansdell, Henry, 205Late Antiquity, 96Law and legal, 14–15, 48, 78–79, 51,

83, 84, 88, 89, 111–112Lawler, Lillian, 54Lear, Andrew, 24Lebanon, 215, 218, 220, 231Levin, Theodore, 184, 185, 206, 224Levine, Lawrence W., 29–30Libanius, 27Lissargue, François, 61Literature, 5, 94, 95, 98, 104, 142,

151; Arabic, 189; medieval, 106, 108; Greek, 9, 24, 40, 42, 43, 44, 61; Medical, 102; Mughal, 135; Ottoman Turkish, 135; Persian, 104, 135, 193; Roman (Latin), 24, 26

Liwat (sodomy),102, 106, 137Loeb, Laurence D., 185Los AngelesLowenthal, David, 8, 63Lower body, 6, 61, 62, 157

284 INDEX

Lucan, 85–86Lucian, 27, 78, 83Lucknow, 161, 173, 177, 181, 196Lumpenproletariat, 7, 100

Ma’bun (see ‘ubna) (passive partner in sodomy)

Maecenas, 84, 86Magic tricks and magicians, 26, 36,

37, 59, 79, 144, 153, 183Mahdavian, Emelie, 184Mahvash (Iranian vocalist), 217Majlis (pl. Majalis) (social

gatherings), 100, 117, 119–120, 150, 160–161, 164, 166, 180

Malikjak, 27, 108Al-Ma’mun (caliph), 126, 130, 133Mansouri, Lottollah, 23Maqam (musical mode), 115, 116,

167, 187, 216, 217, 219Maqsud Ali Raqas, 160–161Marcus, Scott, 187Marketplace, 21, 80, 89, 119, 120,

132, 150, 160, 181, 182, 213Marrakesh, 153, 181Martial, 82, 194Martin, Vanessa, 186Masabni, Badi’ah, 182, 195, 221–222,

233Masculinity and masculinities, 4,

5, 11–14, 15–16, 38, 39, 74, 80, 134, 143, 210; Caliphal Baghdad, 101–104; Colonialism, 178–179; Greece, 41–47, 61; Mughal India, 136–137, 143, 167; Safavid Persia, 136–137; Ottoman Turkey, 137–138; Rome, 65, 68–70, 73, 74, 78

Masks, 14, 16, 83, 84, 85, 87, 195Massad, Joseph A., 106, 107Matthee, Rudi, 33Mawali (non-Arab converts to

Islam), 97, 98, 131

Maza, Sarah, 2–3McGinn, Thomas, 89Media, 1, 2, 4, 29, 214, 215, 216;

Print, 1, 2Mediterranean world, 3, 8, 35, 54,

102, 106, 107, 122, 131, 138, 140, 178, 210, 218

Meftahi, Ida, 215Mehmet II, 147Mehter (Ottoman military

orquestra), 153Membré, Michele, 134Metrobius, 84Mian Mamanat, 162–163Middle Ages, 89Middle East, 5, 8, 26, 31, 50, 57, 71,

81, 94, 107, 116, 131,138, 140, 171–207, 209–236

Military and war, 101, 102, 138, 139, 141, 171, 172–173, 175; Arab, 97, 98, 101; France, 172; Great Britain, 171, 172–173; Greece, 42, 43, 45, 48; Music, 153;

Mughal India, 107; Persia, 107, 138, 172; Ottoman Empire, 101, 138, 172; Roman, 67–68, 68–69, 70; Russian, 173; Turkish, 103

Military bands, 181, 186Millet and millet system, 176–177Mime and mimes, 28, 36, 37–38, 77,

78, 79, 81, 82, 87–89, 123, 159Mina (Ostad), 191Miniature paintings (see painting)Mirror for Princes (book title), 104Misogyny, 5, 13, 46–47, 101,

137, 178Mitchell, Timothy, 173, 176, 179, 202Modern and modernity, 207, 209–

211, 215–216, 218, 220, 221, 225, 227–228, 235; “modernoid,” 211

Mofid, Ardevan, 239 n. 4Mohabbazin (Egyptian actors), 183

INDEX 285

Moiseyev, Igor and the Moiseyev Dance Company, 230, 232

Mongols (see also Mughal), 133, 134, 135–136, 139

Monroe, James T., 108Moralists and morality, 2, 4, 17, 28,

31–32, 69, 70, 109, 123, 125, 151, 158, 185, 204, 224, 233

Morcom, Anna, 163Moreh, Shmuel, 118, 119, 123Morony, Michael G., 96, 97Morris, Ian, 44Mosques, 95, 96, 99Motreb and motrebi (public

entertainer), 26, 29, 122, 185, 216, 217

Mouritsen, Henrik, 66Movies and movie actors, 1Mu’alliqat (poetry collection), 113Mughal Empire and the Mughals, 3,

5, 30, 34, 51, 133–169, 171, 176, 177–178, 181

Muhammad (Prophet), 94, 97, 101, 102, 111, 115, 123, 131, 213, 241 n. 2

Muhammad, Ali, ruler of Egypt, 197, 198

Mujun (scurrilous poetry), 113, 125Mukhannathun (effeminates), 30, 32,

104–105, 116, 119, 122–123, 127, 131–132, 138, 139, 218

Mulid, 159, 180, 213Murray, Oswyn, 62Murray, Stephen O., 11Music, 16, 28, 30, 31, 35–36, 43, 45,

53, 55, 61, 62, 85, 104, 110, 117, 137, 144, 146, 150, 153–154, 156, 186–188, 206, 215–220; Arab, 113–118, 124, 126, 188, 217; Central Asian, 115, 206, 216; In Caliphal Baghdad, 112, 113–118, 126–132; Egypt, takht, 187; Folk,

217; Greek, 30, 54, 56–57, 58–60; In Islam, 110, 112, 186–187; In the Theatre, 54; Lebanese, 219; Mughal India, 153, 156, 161, 188; Notation, 168, 216; Persian, 115, 117, 146, 148, 150, 185, 186, 188, 215–216; Popular, 216–217, Arabesk, 216, Lebanese, 219; Persian, 216–217; Regionalization, 187–188; Roman, 75–77, 85; Turkish, 115, 168, 188, 216; Western, 117, 215–216

Musicians, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30, 37, 53, 54, 63, 79, 93, 143, 148, 166–169, 188–189, 215–220; Afghanistan, 225, 226; Bukhara, 184–185; Egypt, 188–190, 213; In Caliphal Baghdad, 113–118, 120, 121–123, 124, 126–132 (see also Singing slave girls); India, 227; Lebanon, 218–220; Male, 218; Mughal India, 144, 166; Ottoman Turkey, 152, 159; Qajar Iran, 183, 194; Saffavid Persia, 135, 164

Musiqa al-Kabir (book title), 116Muslims, 9, 23, 28, 94–98, 102,

145, 147, 176, 177–178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 191, 198, 202, 212, 215; Shi’ite, 95, 184; Sunni, 184

Al-Mu’tasim (caliph), 130, 133Al-Mutayyam (shadow puppet play),

118Al-Mu’tazz (caliph), 131Myth, Greek, 39, 54, 82, 84

Nadim, 30, 93, 98, 117, 125, 127Najmabadi, Afsaneh, 12, 13, 101,

108, 179, 180, 202, 210Naqareh and Naqarehkhaneh, 153,

186Naser al-Din Shah, 27, 108, 186Nasser, Abdel Gamal, 232

286 INDEX

Nationalism, 207, 210, 212; Egyptian, 231; Iranian, 210; Lebanese, 219; Turkish, 210

Nature and natural, 101, 108, 179, 180

Nautch (see dancers, nautch)Nava’i, Ali Sher, 167, 168Nazar (shahed-bazi, gazing at

beautiful young men), 109–110, 137

Nero, 80, 81New York City, 11–12Nidham-i-Aruzi-i-Samarqandi, 102Nieuwkerk, Karin van, 31, 181, 190,

197, 198, 221, 238 n. 1Nightclubs, 1, 181, 213, 216, 220,

221–223Nomads and nomadic, 136, 141, 153Nooshin, Laudan, 8, 217–218North Africa, 57, 140–141, 171, 172,

173, 174, 175, 177Nudity, 42, 48, 63, 89, 90, 197

Odyssey, 42, 62, 135Ogilvy, J. D. A., 89Olearus, Adam, 164Oman, 123, 139Opera and opera houses, 181Orators and oratory, 42, 44, 45,

70, 80Orchestras, Arab, 187, 220;

symphony, 214, 215, 216, 235; traditional, 187, 215–216, 234 (see also Instruments and instrumentalists, musical)

Orientalism and orientalists, 71, 94, 200

Orientalism (book title), 140, 172, 175, 202

Orphans, 23, 28, 33, 51, 121, 184, 201, 224, 228, 234, 235

Orr, Leslie, 196

Ortaoyunu (Turkish theatre genre), 157, 158, 183

Ottoman Empire and the Ottomans, 3, 25, 27, 34, 51, 71, 131, 133–169, 171, 176–177, 207, 212

Ovid, 85

Pagans and paganism, 6, 38, 68, 75, 239 n. 1

Paintings, 9–10, 147, 149, 154; Greek (see vases and vase paintings, Greek); Mughal, 147, 149, 161, 166, 206; Ottoman Turkish, 149, 161, 195; Persian, 22, 110, 142, 145, 149, 161, 195; Qajar, 192–193; Roman Wall Paintings, 4, 74

Pakistan, 3, 26, 71, 96, 105–106, 115, 166, 175, 178, 184

Pantomimes, 4, 5, 14, 19, 21, 28, 31, 32, 37–38, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82–89, 90, 91, 160, 163

Paris (famous pantomime artist), 85–86

Parker, Charles, H., 139–140Parker, Holt N., 71, 74Parsons, Louella, 1Parties and entertainments

(see Majlis)Pashtuns, 212Past Is a Foreign Country (book title),

8, 63Patriarchal and patriarchy, 5, 14, 178Pausanias, 108Peasants, 17Pederasty (see also homosexuality),

14, 27, 46–52, 65, 72, 73, 94, 106, 107, 137, 204–205, 239 n. 1

Pellizer, Ezio, 62Penetration, sexual, 4, 5, 10, 11–12,

13, 21, 47, 50–51, 71–72, 75, 102, 111, 184, 205, 234; symbolic, 234, 235 (see also liwat)

INDEX 287

Performances, 2, 4, 6, 7, 14, 16–17, 29, 36, 77, 80–81, 83–84, 86, 87, 88, 117, 148, 149, 150, 156, 179, 181, 198, 212, 214–215, 227

“Period eye,” 9–10, 28Persia and Persians, 160, 175;

Achaemenids, 210; Ghaznavids, 134; Islamic, 3, 54; Pre-Islamic, 22, 35, 54, 95, 97, 114; Qajar, 23, 27, 34, 51, 131, 172, 176, 174, 181, 207; Safavid, 3, 23, 33, 51, 106, 122, 131, 133–169, 171; Saffarids, 133; Samanids, 133; Seljuqs, 134; Taherids, 133

Persians, 98Phallus and phallic, 9, 41, 61, 72,

157–158, 178Phillip, the Macedon, 53Philosophy and philosophers, 9, 17,

24, 40, 49, 64, 69, 125Phoenicians, 39Photographs, 193–194Plato, 17, 30, 43, 49Pliny, 81Poetry, 19, 30, 45, 58, 67, 69,

112–113, 117, 144, 150–151, 161; Arabic, 90, 109, 112–113, 117, 121, pre-Islamic, 112–113, 114; Caliphal Baghdad, 98, 102, 103–104, 109, 112–113; Chaghatay Turkish, 143; Greek, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 52, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 150; Latin, 151; Medieval Islamic, 238 n. 7; Ottoman Turkish, 101, 109–110, 112, 150; Middle Eastern, 49; Persian, 56, 90, 94, 104, 109–110, 112, 142–143, 156, 162, 222; Turkish, 112

Poets, 5, 11, 30, 42, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 85–86, 93, 102, 143, 161, 218, 235; Caliphal Baghdad, 93, 102, 103, 119, 123–126, 130, 148; Central

Asia, 167; Ottoman, 238 n. 7; Persian, 167; Safavid Persia, 135

Polis (see Greece, City state), 21, 62, 65

Politics and politicians, 14, 15, 29, 44, 67, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 99, 140, 141, 199, 211, 212, 216, 219, 229, 233

Politics and Poetics of Transgression, The (book title), 6

Polybius, 69Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia, 238 n. 7Popular Culture and Nationalism in

Lebanon: The Fairouz and Rahbani Nation (Book title), 219

Population, Athens, 4Potter, David S., 78, 84–85Pourjavady, Amir Hosein, 31, 141,

148, 154, 165, 167Poverty (see scarcity culture)Pran, Nevile, 207Procopius, 87–88Prostitutes and prostitution, 4, 5,

14–15, 22, 24, 33, 35, 36, 41, 51, 52, 58, 83, 87, 97, 100, 112, 137, 145, 154, 156, 158, 165–166, 181, 185, 207, 214, 217, 223, 225, 226, 231, 232, 238 n. 1, 239 n. 1; Male, 22, 49, 51, 71, 73, 74–75, 78, 123, 202, 224, 225, 226

Puchner, Walter, 77Puppet and shadow shows, 19, 79,

118, 122, 134, 156, 157–158, 183 (see also storytelling)

Pylades, 84, 85, 86

Qabus-nameh (book title) 108Qajar dynasty (see Persia, Qajars)Qasidah, 112–113, 122Qiyan (singular gaynah). (See singing

slave girls)Quadratilla, Ummidia, 21, 127

288 INDEX

Qu’ran, 35–36, 96, 97, 111, 125, 143, 240 n. 2, 240 n. 6

Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt, 165

Race and racism, 174, 199, 206, 206–207

Racy, Jihad, 117Radio, 1, 29, 214, 215, 216, 235Rahas (male Indian dancers), 161,

162, 163Rahbani Brothers (Asi and

Mansour), 219Rahbani, Ziad, 219Raj (British), 143, 177Raqas (male dancer; see also

raqsandeh), 23, 163, 228Rawson, Elizabeth, 67, 69Reda, Mahmoud and the Reda

Company, 231–233Reddy, Gayatri, 34, 227, 236Religion (see also Christianity,

Hindu, Islam, Judaism, Zoroastrianism), 4, 17, 49, 53, 66, 67, 93, 94–98, 100, 134, 135, 154, 176–177, 180–181, 183

Religious minorities, 154, 156, 184, 185, 191, 234

Rezvani, Medjid, 163, 194, 238 n. 5Richlin, Amy, 7, 10, 26, 47–48, 50Ringrose, Kathryn, 71, 73, 77–78Riots, 10, 100, 160Ritual, 53, 54, 55, 62, 142; Hindu,

196–197; shamanistic, 195Roded, Ruth, 101Roles, theatrical, 14, 37, 82, 163Roma, 7, 234Rome and Romans, ancient, 3, 4, 8,

9, 10, 14, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27–28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37–38, 40, 48, 63, 64–91, 100, 102, 103, 108, 111, 123, 156, 163; Christian, 28, 68; Imperial, 111; Republican, 69

Roscius, 30El-Rouayheb, Khaled, 106, 107–108Rouché, Charlotte, 53Rowson, Everett, 30, 102, 105, 109,

110–111, 118–119, 122–123, 126, 132

Rubin, Don, 119Ru-howzi (Iranian theatrical genre),

19, 87, 157, 158, 183Russia and Russians (see also Soviet

Union), 12, 171, 216

Safavid Empire and the Safavids, 134, 135

Said, Edward, 140, 172, 175, 201, 202Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine, 225Saleh, Magda, 194, 195Sama’, 110Samarqand, 59, 95–96, 153, 168, 176,

187, 202–207Saqi (see wine bearers)Sarshar, Houman, 185Sasanians, 97, 99, 113, 119Saturday Night Live (television

program), 19Sawa, George, 112, 114Sayid Darwish, 219Sazanda (Tajik and Uzbek

musicians), 184Scandal and scandalous, 1, 2, 24, 32,

79, 81, 110, 125, 238 n. 4Scarcity culture, 40, 43–44Scare figures, 2, 4, 31, 47, 74, 88Schimmel, Annemarie, 94,

109–110, 111,Schuyler, Eugene, 33, 202–206Scipio Aemilianus, 31Sculpture, Greece, 42, 44Second Sophistic, 45Secret History (book title), 87–88Self-control, 15, 40, 43–45, 48, 69, 70,

104, 110, 137, 174–175

INDEX 289

Sellers-Young, Barbara, 232Sex and sexuality (see also

masculinity and masculinities, homosexuality), 4, 12–13, 15–16, 17–18, 20, 23, 28, 32, 33–34, 51–52, 62–64, 71–73, 93–94, 101, 104, 112, 118–119, 122, 131, 133, 137, 144, 149–152, 155–156, 162, 173, 175, 184, 190, 194–195, 196, 199, 210, 214, 215, 218, 223, 224, 235, 236

Sexual availability, 3, 4, 6, 10–11, 32, 33–34, 38, 63, 82, 83, 95, 121, 122, 131, 145, 156, 160, 165, 174–176, 226, 235

Shaff, Edmund, 237 n. 2Shah Abbas I (the Great), 146, 164Shah Abbas II, 150Shah Esma’il, 164, 165Shah Jahan, 147Shahnameh (book title), 135, 143Shah-nameh khani, 56, 135Shahrani, Nazif, 212Shahrzad (Kobra Sa’idi, Iranian film

actress), 217, 222–224, 230, 233, 234, 235

Shamisa, Sirus, 108Sharar, Abdul Halim, 161–162, 163Shari’a, 111, 137Sherley, Anthony, 106, 149, 150Shiloah, Amnon, 31, 114, 141, 148Shiraz, 94, 185Shireh’i, Karim, 186Shirokaya, O. I., 229Shu’ubiyyah, 97Sigheh (temporary wives), 137Singers and singing, 5, 26, 30, 37, 38,

54, 56, 61, 69, 80, 81, 82, 87, 100, 110, 214, 215–220, 228; Abbasid, 100, 103–104, 112, 114, 116, 119–123, 124, 126–132; Arab, 159, 189–191; Egyptian, 217; Iranian, 2,

32, 157, 191, 216–217; Mawali, 98; Mughal India, 161, 177; Savavid Persia, 135, 150, 158; Singing slave girls, 4, 21, 26, 96–97, 99, 119–120, 121–122, 123, 124, 129–131, 156, 157, 166, 189; Turkish, 157

Siyah-bazi (see ru-howzi, Iranian black-face theatre), 157

Skinner, Marilyn B., 14Slater, William, 88Slaves and slavery, 4, 14, 23, 25, 28,

33, 39, 41, 51, 52, 53, 58, 60, 65, 67, 72, 73, 77, 79, 90, 96, 121–122, 127, 130–131, 154, 166, 234

Smith, Julia M., 8Socrates, 26, 49, 55Soneji, Davesh, 220Sophocles, 125Soucek, Svat, 175, 176Southeast Asia (see also India,

Pakistan), 209Soviet Union, 175, 176, 206, 209,

216, 225, 228–231, 235Spain (see Anadalusia)Sparta, 41, 44, 49, 65Spectacle, 17, 53, 55, 82, 85, 86, 89,

90, 215, 232Spector, Johanna, 216Spirituality, 2Stallybrass, Peter, 6–7, 32, 61, 62, 78,

79, 145, 157Stokes, Martin, 216, 218Stone, Catherine, 95–96Stone, Christopher, 215, 219Storytelling and storytellers, 52–53,

56, 134–135, 182–183, 213; Caliphal Baghdad, 119; Greece, 52; Ottoman Turkey, 152; Persia, 134–135, 164

St. Denis, Ruth, 2Starks, John H., 28Streusand, Douglas, 94, 140

290 INDEX

Sufis and Sufism, 109–110, 135, 136, 137, 195, 196

Sulla, 30Sultan, Ottoman, 102Sumeria, 22, 31Sunnis, 95Swift, Mary Grace, 229–230Symposium (see also convivium),

17–18, 22, 43, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60–64, 69, 70, 89, 166, 206

Symposium (book title), 26, 53Syria, 95, 96, 114, 128Syrians, Aramaic-speaking, 97

Tabriz, 168, 188Tacitus, 81Taj al-Saltaneh, 27Taj Mahal, 146Tajik-Persians, 212Tajiks and Tajikistan, 3, 184, 216, 224Talattof, Kamran, 211, 217,

222–224, 235Taliban, 225, 236Tamara Khanum, 25, 222, 228–230,

233, 235Taplin, Oliver, 44Tarab (emotional state of happiness),

117Tashkent, 176, 228Taverns, 21, 74, 100, 151, 160, 181,

238 n. 5Tawa’if (Mughal courtesans) 5,

34, 156–157, 165, 177, 181, 196, 206–207, 220

Taylor, Rabun, 75Teahouse (see coffeehouse)Tehran, 153, 195, 222, 239 n. 3:2Tehrani, Hosein, 154Tehrani, Shahnaz, 26Television, 214, 215, 216, 235Tenreiro, Pedro, 6Thackston, Wheeler M., 142, 153

Theatre (see also actors), 5, 16, 17, 21, 45, 53, 56, 62, 67, 150, 157, 158, 179, 181, 182–183, 214, 222–224, 225; Greek, 9, 42, 45, 53, 55, 67; history, 5; Iranian, 19, 87, 157–158, 182–183; religious, 241 n. 2; Medieval Islam, 118–119; Ottoman Turkey, 157–158, 182–183; Roman, 77–78, 82, 84, 87, 90

Theodora (Empress), 87–88Theoginis, 50, 51Thesiger, Wilfred, 224Thévenot, Jean de, 149, 157Thousand and One Nights, 99, 119,

125, 127, 145Thucydides, 40, 44Timarchus, 14–15Timur (Tamarlane), 141, 142, 143,

150, 168–169Timurids, 134, 135–136, 141, 142,

144, 168Toner, Jerry, 66Tougher, Shaun, 71Touma, Habib Hassan, 96, 116Tourists and tourism, 181, 197, 209,

220; sexual, 175, 190Training and Education (of public

entertainers), 24–26, 55, 60, 80, 121, 127, 131, 154, 166, 201, 204, 218, 228–229

Trance states, 17Transgender, 163Transgression and transgressive, 2–3,

6–7, 15–16, 201Transoxania (see Central Asia)Turkey and Turks (see also Ottoman

Empire), 3, 6, 25, 26, 36, 94, 115, 139, 147, 160, 175, 198, 212, 215, 220, 231

Turner, Victor, 6Tuways, 116, 118, 122, 126, 131–132

INDEX 291

‘Ubaydallah ibn Tahir, 115–116‘Ubna (passive role in sodomy), 102,

104–105, 139‘Ud (musical instrument), 154Uebel, Michael, 32Umm Kulthum, 217, 233, 235Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis,

Memory, and Modernity in South India (book title), 220

United States, 2, 175, 184Urdu, 142Uzbeks and Uzbekistan, 3, 25, 33,

142, 184, 215, 216, 224, 225, 228–230, 235 (See also Bukhara)

Uzelac, Gordana, 210

Valentino, Rudolph, 34Vasefi-Zein al-din, 160–161, 164Vases and vase paintings, Greek,

4, 17, 24, 42, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 63, 82, 239 n. 1; Sasanian Persian silver, 22

Vehbi, Endernulu Fazil, 150Veil and veiling, 95, 96, 97, 130, 175,

228, 240 n. 2Venice, 145

Waines, David, 96Wajid Ali Shah, 162–163Webb, Ruth, 25, 84Weeks, Jeffrey, 12–13, 15–16West, The and Westerners, 12, 37, 65,

75, 93, 94, 98, 106, 107, 140, 143, 171–207, 209, 214–215, 225

White, Allon, 6–7, 32, 61, 62, 78, 79, 145, 157

Whitmarsh, Tim, 80Wikan, Unni, 123, 139Wilfong, Terry, 125Williams, Craig A., 74, 75,

78, 79Wills, C. J., 188, 192–193Winchell, Walter, 1Wine and wine poetry, 18, 24, 43, 45,

61–2, 63, 104, 106, 109, 110, 124, 125, 144, 150, 193, 206

Wine and cup bearers, 90, 106, 110, 120, 193

Winkler, John, 12–13, 15, 47Women with Mustaches and Men

without Beards (book title), 12World of Late Antiquity (book title), 8World War I, 177, 207Wrestling and wrestlers (see athletics

and athletes)Wright, Owen, 30, 122, 128–129

Xenophon, 17, 26, 47, 53, 55, 57, 90, 166

Yavari, Neguin, 98Young, Robert J. C., 173

Zalzal, 127Zanana / janana (transgendered

Indian dancers), 163, 184Ze’evi, Dror, 149Zina (fornication), 137Ziryab, 30, 93, 126, 128–129Zohreh (Ostad), 191Zoroastrians, 96, 185Zubeida, Sami, 202