Integrated Water Resources Management Integrated Water Resources Management Using Remote Sensing Data in Upper Indus Using Remote Sensing Data in Upper Indus Basin Basin Proposed Project Proposed Project
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Integrated Water Resources Management Integrated Water Resources Management Using Remote Sensing Data in Upper Indus Using Remote Sensing Data in Upper Indus
BasinBasin
Proposed ProjectProposed Project
BackgroundBackground
Snowmelt contributes more than 60% of water resources of Upper Indus Basin
Most of the moisture input, fresh water storage and supply of runoff in U.I.B. occur in mountain zones between 2500-6500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). But hydrological and metrological stations are below 3000 m
Without knowledge of conditions above 3000 m, and development of monitoring network, effective water resources management and forecasting system is severely hindered
ObjectivesObjectives
Integrated river basin management using remote sensing data in high elevation areas of Pakistan
Development of a system to monitor and forecast flows from snow and ice basins located in Upper Indus Basin
Study of metrological-hydrological aspects of the Upper Indus Basin in relation to the development of water resources management and forecasting system (model + data base and network + communications), for river control works and water users (irrigation, power, water supply and flood warning)
Project Title: Integrated Water Resources Management Using Remote Sensing Data in Upper Indus
Basin
Proposing Organization: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
Implementation Organization: Water Resources Research Institute
Main Office: Islamabad, Pakistan
Regional Site： Gilgit, Pakistan
OrganizationOrganization
Indus and Upper Indus BasinIndus and Upper Indus Basin
UpperIndusBasin
Nepal
China
IndiaPakistan
Iran
Afghanistan
HIMALYAS
KARAKARMHINDU KUSH
100944,569Total Area
56529,135Pakistan
875628Afghanistan
19179,486Kashmir
767,340India
1092,981China
Area (%)Area (sq. km)Country/Region
Indus Basin International Areas
70 to 80% of the UIB becomes snow-covered during most of winter seasonIn UIB, seasonally snow covered areas are typically between 1500 m and 5000 mSnowline retreats to elevation about 4500 -5000 m during July and August
IIBB
UIB: Upper Indus Basin
UUIIBB
IB: Indus BasinIB: Indus Basin
Pilot Area: Gilgit Pilot Area: Gilgit BasinBasin
UUIIBB
UIB: Upper Indus Basin
Gilgit Basin
Gilgit basin area 26200 km2
Annual precipitation = 300 mmAnnual runoff = 800 mmTwo main tributaries, Gilgit and HunzaHunza River at Daniyor 13157 km2
Gilgit River at Gilgit 12095 km2
72° E
73° E
73°E
74°E
74° E
75° E
75°E
76°E
35°N
36°N
36°N
37°N
72°E
76°E
35°N
DEMHigh : 7592
Low : 1072
Gilgit Gilgit BasinBasin
Area(%)4.1
29.866.884.592.5
>6000 m>5000 m>4000 m>3000 m>2000 m
Monthly runoff and precipitation comparison
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Mon
thly
Pre
cipi
tatio
n (m
m)
A(3895)B(3719)C(2405) D(2156)E(1460) F(1372) G(1251)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pre
cipi
tata
ion
(mm
), R
unof
f (m
m)
Precipitation Runoff
Inter-station and seasonal precipitation variability
MethodologyMethodology
Phase-I (two years)
Selection of pilot areaStrengthen of existing metrological observation networkTo establish on-line metrological observational network for data transferData acquisition system
MethodologyMethodology
Phase-II (Two years)
Phase-III (two years)
Estimation of snowcover areaEstimation of snowmeltStream flow simulation and integrated water resources managementImpact of climate changeUsing GOES outputs, prediction and forecasting of streamflow and water resources
Expansion of the system to wider area
Expected Outcome
• Integrated water resources management (stream flow simulation and reservoir operation)
• Stream flow forecasting including flood forecasting
• Impact of climate change on snowcover, snow depth and streamflow
SnowcoverHigh : 100
Low : 0
Snow cove rH igh : 100
Low : 0
Snowcover on January 01, 1997
SnowcoverHigh : 100
Low : 0
Snowcover on March 01, 1997
Snowcover on February 11, 1997
Snowcover on February 21, 1997
SnowcoverHigh : 100
Low : 0
Results: Snowcover 1997Results: Snowcover 1997
Snowcover on April 11, 1997 Snowcover on May 21, 1997
Snowcover on July 10, 1997Snowcover on June 01, 1997
Snowcover on August 21, 1997 Snowcover on November 21, 1997
GBHM = Meteorological data based distributed hydrological modelRDSRM = Remote sensing based distributed snowmelt runoff model
Discharge Results: Gilgit River at AlamDischarge Results: Gilgit River at Alam
1998
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_98
Apr_98
May_98
Jun_98
Jul_98
Aug_98
Sep_98
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pre
cipi
tatio
n(m
m)
Precipitation
Observed
GBHM
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_00
Apr_00
May_00
Jun_00
July_00
Aug_00
Sep_00
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
Precipitation
Observed
GBHM
GBHMMonthly runoff and precipitation comparison
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Mon
thly
Pre
cipi
tatio
n (m
m)
A(3895)B(3719)C(2405) D(2156)E(1460) F(1372) G(1251)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pre
cipi
tata
ion
(mm
), R
unof
f (m
m)
Precipitation Runoff
Inter-station and seasonal precipitation variability
Present-study
2000
1998
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_98
Apr_98
May_98
Jun_98
Jul_98
Aug_98
Sep_98
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
PrecipitationObservedRDSRM
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_00
Apr_00
May_00
Jun_00
July_00
Aug_00
Sep_00
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
PrecipitationObservedRDSRM
1998
2000
SRM
1998
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_98
Apr_98
May_98
Jun_98
Jul_98
Aug_98
Sep_98
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
PrecipitationObservedSRM
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_00
Apr_00
May_00
Jun_00
July_00
Aug_00
Sep_00
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)Precipitation
Observed
SRM
China
TibetIndia
Kashmir
(Disputed Territory)
Afghanistan
Upper Indus Basin
Gilgit Basin
China Border
Pakistan India border
Peak
Glaciers
Glacier with GLOF(Glacier Lake Outburst Flood)
Upper Indus river
LEGEND
Glacial ice area = 22 000 km2
35 destructive GLOF have been recorded over the past 150 years (Hewitt, 1982)
India-China border
India-Pakistan border
Shimshal river valley and its main Glaciers, Landsat
Imagery (13/8/1998)
Batura glacier in Hunza river basin as imaged on Landsat
(13/8/1998)
Batura
Pasu
Malangutti
Yazgil Yukshin
Khurdopin Virjerab
GhulkinBaltoro (62 km long) glacier constitutes a surface of 1291.39 sq. km
35502.324Yazgil
29501.523Malangutti
32501.647Khurdopin
Snout (m)Width (km)Length (km)Glacier
2460358Batura
Snout (m)Width (km)
Length (km)
Glacier
Data SetData Set
DEM data from HYDRO1K
NOAA/AVHRR for snowcover estimation
Land use/cover (USGS)
Soil data (FAO)
Forcing dataPrecipitation,Air temperatureEvaporationSolar radiationDischarge
Global dataset
Snowmelt ModelSnowmelt at each grid
MeltSnow
Meteorological DataTopographical Data
Distributed Hydrological Model (GBHM)
Daily/hourly hydrograph
T
Dis
char
ge Coupling
Snowcover ModelSnowcover area (%)
Satellite Data
Remote Sensing based Distributed Snowmelt Runoff Model
(RDSRM)Snowmelt runoff
Energy Budget
Ground
QLQH QE QP
QG
QM QC
net RadiationShort- + Longwave
sensible Heat latent Heat Heat Flux of Precipitation
Ground Heat Flux
Melting TemperatureChange
QM = QS + QL + QH + QE + QP + QG
QS
Snow pack
ENERGY INPUTS
Qs QL QH QE
Unsaturated Soil Zone
Internal Energy Storage
(Negative Heat Storage)
Groundwater Storage
Baseflow
Runoff from Saturated Areas
STREAMFLOW OUTPUT
Soil-Water Storage
Infiltration
Snowpack Water
Storage
Interflow Snowmelt Runoff
Direct Surface Runoff
SnowmeltQM
Snowpack Surface
Water Table
Ground Surface
Snowmelt & Snowmelt RunoffEnergy and Mass Pathways
Saturated Soil Zone
AtmosphereAtmosphere
QP
Snowpack
M
QG
Meltwater
Energy available for melt
Distributed Hydrological ModelDistributed Hydrological ModelGridGrid--based Model for Large River based Model for Large River
Basin (Yang, 2000)Basin (Yang, 2000)
Basin Sub-basin Grid Hillslope
网格
Catchment and River NetworkSub-basins
Hillslopes
Soil Map Land cover map & LAI
Land use map
GIS for River Basin
DE
M
Discharge Results:Discharge Results:
RDSRM & observed runoff
Rain and snowmelt contribution to runoff
2000
1998
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_98
Apr_98
May_98
Jun_98
Jul_98
Aug_98
Sep_98
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
PrecipitationObservedRDSRM
0
1000
2000
3000
Mar_00
Apr_00
May_00
Jun_00
July_00
Aug_00
Sep_00
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
PrecipitationObservedRDSRM
Summer rain contributes only 17% to river discharge
Snowmelt runoff contribution to total runoff
2000
1998
0
1000
2000
3000
March April May June July Aug Sep
Snow
mel
t run
off (
m3 /s
ec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sno
wm
elt r
unof
f per
cent
to to
tal
runo
ff
0
1000
2000
3000
March April May June July Aug Sep
Sn
ow
mel
t R
un
off
(m
3/s
ec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sn
ow
mel
t ru
no
ff f
ract
ion
to
to
tal
run
off
Discharge results: Hunza Basin, Discharge results: Hunza Basin, tributary of Gilgit Rivertributary of Gilgit River
RDSRM = Remote sensing based distributed snowmelt runoff model
0
1000
2000
March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion
(mm
)
Precipitation
Observed
RDSRM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
Disc
harg
e (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)Precipitation
Observed
RDSRM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Prec
ipita
tion(
mm
)
Precipitation
Observed
RDSRM
1998
1999
2000
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