Status Report on Integrated Water Resources Management and ... · Status Report on Integrated Water Resources Management ... ed water resources management and water efficiency plans

Prepared for the 16th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development - May 2008

Status Report on Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plans

Report

UN Water is made up of the UN agencies, programmes and funds that have a

significant role in tackling global water concerns. It also includes major non-UN

partners who cooperate with them in advancing progress towards the water-

related goals of the Decade Water for Life and Millennium Declaration. It is the

official United Nations mechanism for follow-up of the water-related decisions

reached at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Millen-

nium Development Goals and supports Member States in their efforts to achieve

water and sanitation goals and targets. Its work encompasses all aspects of

freshwater, including surface and groundwater resources and the interface

between fresh and sea water.

How to cite: UN-Water (2008). Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans

for CSD16

Acknowledgements: This is a Report of UN-Water undertaken by its Task Force

on IWRM Monitoring and Reporting. Gordon Young, supported by Binay Shah

and Fred Kimaite, drafted the Report on behalf of the Task Force with direction,

comments and advice from the members and partners of UN-Water.

Drafting, publishing and printing of the Report was funded by contributions to

UN-Water from DFID.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank

CSD CommissiononSustainableDevelopment

DFID DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(UK)

EU EuropeanUnion

GWP GlobalWaterPartnership

IWRM IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement

JPoI JohannesburgPlanofImplementation

MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals

NGO Non-governmentalOrganization

OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

PRSP PovertyReductionStrategyPaper

UN UnitedNations

UN-DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs

UCC UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeCollaborativeCenter(Copenhagen)

UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalProgramme

UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

WHO WorldHealthOrganization

WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment

WWAP WorldWaterAssessmentProgramme

WWDR WorldWaterDevelopmentReport

Table of Contents

1.0 ExecutiveSummary 1

2.0 TheOverallSetting 3

2.1 Wateravailabilityinsufficientquantityandquality 3

2.2 Themanyusesofwater 3

2.3 Diversity 4

2.4 Fromfragmentedtointegratedmanagement 4

3.0 TheresponseoftheUnitedNationssystem 7

3.1 Theneedtosettargetsandtomonitorprogresstowardsachievingthosetargets 7

3.2 SurveyofprogressonIWRM 8

4.0 StatusofnationalIWRMplanningandimplementation 15

4.1 AnalysisoftheUN-WaterSurvey 15

4.2 ComparativeanalysisoftheUN-WaterSurveywiththoseofGWPandAfDB 17

4.3 ImplementationofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansandOutcomesofImplementation 20

4.4 ExamplesofongoingIWRMprocesses 22

4.5 Casestudiesfromselectedcountries 25

4.6 Thedevelopmentofindicators 29

5.0 Keylessonslearnedandfutureactions 31

6.0 ListofAnnexes 33

AppendixDiagramsshowingRegionalandSub-Regionalcomparisons 35

�

Managers,whether in thegovernmentorprivate sectors,

havetomakedifficultdecisionsonwaterallocation.More

and more they have to apportion diminishing supplies

between ever-increasing demands. Drivers such as demo-

graphic and climatic changes further increase the stress

on water resources. The traditional fragmented approach

isno longerviableandamoreholisticapproachtowater

managementisessential.

This is the rationale for the IntegratedWaterResourc-

es Management (IWRM) approach that has now been

accepted internationally as the way forward for efficient,

equitable and sustainable development and management

oftheworld’slimitedwaterresourcesandforcopingwith

conflictingdemands.

Countriesandregionshaveverydifferentphysicalchar-

acteristicsandareatverydifferentstagesineconomicand

socialdevelopment:hencethere isaneedforapproaches

tobetailoredtotheindividualcircumstanceofcountryand

localregion.

This Report, compiled by UN-Water, aims to illustrate

progressmadeonmeetingthetargetto“Develop integrat-

ed water resources management and water efficiency plans

by 2005, with support to developing countries, through

actions at all levels” agreedat theWorldSummitonSus-

tainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,

throughtheJohannesburgPlanofImplementation(JPoI).

TheReportisbasedonasurveycovering104countries

ofwhich77aredevelopingorcountries in transitionand

27aredeveloped(OECDandEUmemberstates)Thesurvey

bringstogethertheresultsofquestionnairesbyUN-DESA,

andUNEP1 in2007. Several othermembersofUN-Water

and partner agencies have supported and contributed to

the Report including UNDP, UN Statistics, WHO, WWAP

andGWP.Thesurveyrecognisesthatcountriesusedifferent

terminology for theirwater resourcesmanagementplans.

Itprovidesthemostobjectiveandcomprehensiveoverview

ofthecurrentstatusofwaterresourcesmanagement.The

Report also includes information gathered by the more

informal surveys conducted earlier by the Global Water

PartnershipandtheAfricanDevelopmentBank.

� ThroughtheUNEPCollaboratingCentreinDHI,Copenhagen

Key conclusions:

Developed countries:Theyhaveadvancedonalmostall

majorissues,however,thereisstillmuchroomforfurther

improvement.

• Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-

veyonly6claimtohave fully implementednational

IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto

haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

• The Report indicates that developed countries need

to improve on public awareness campaigns and on

gendermainstreaming.

Developing countries: There has been some recent

improvement in the IWRM planning process at national

levelbutmuchmoreneeds tobedoneto implement the

plans.

• Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade

between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-

ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-

age of countries having plans completed or under

implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis

measure the Americas have improved most - from

7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere

from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.

However,someofthechangemaybeduetodiffer-

encesinthequestionnaires.

• Africausually lagsbehindAsiaandtheAmericason

most issues,however it ismoreadvancedon stake-

holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit

programs;

• Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet

lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.

Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-

blebenefitsof implementingplansthathaveadoptedthe

IWRM approach. There are examples at the national and

internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-

plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese

levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.

Water efficiency: It is clear that many countries

consider that plans that follow an IWRM approach auto-

maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas

considerableambiguity intheresponsesconcerningwater

efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis

recognised that takingactions thatmakewaterusemore

efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment

�.0 Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�

and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-

tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant

to theirparticular circumstances, it shouldnotbe implied

thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbeconsiderednecessary.It

canbeconcludedfromthissurveythatmuchmoreeffort

needstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency

measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.

Development of indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas

goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet

therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,

relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.

TheRoadmapping initiative,beingdevelopedconcurrently

with this Report and complementary to it, is intended to

help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards

better water management, drawing inspiration from the

IWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they

have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and

global levels, the roadmapscouldserveasbenchmark for

monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-

ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries

withabetterassessmentoftheneedstoadvanceintheir

implementationofIWRM.

Recommendations:Thesurvey indicates thatmoreemphasis isneeded in the

followingareas:

• Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,

need to prioritise the development of IWRM and

waterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpofsupport-

ingagencies;

• Countries need to prioritise the implementation of

policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;

• Countries should establish roadmaps and financing

strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith

ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors

andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon

demand;

• ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-

ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-

nation mechanisms. This will require more work on

indicators and follow-up processes that do not add

anunduereportingburdenoncountries.

• TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits

associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould

continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof

progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.

�

Water is a key driver of economic and social develop-ment while it also has a basic function in maintain-ing the integrity of the natural environment. How-ever water is only one of a number of vital natural resources and it is imperative that water issues are not considered in isolation.

2.1 Water availability in sufficient quantity and qualityTherearegreatdifferencesinwateravailabilityfromregion

toregion-fromtheextremesofdesertstotropicalforests.

Inadditionthere isvariabilityofsupply throughtimeasa

resultbothofseasonalvariationandinter-annualvariation.

All too often the magnitude of variability and the timing

anddurationofperiodsofhighandlowsupplyarenotpre-

dictable;thisequatestounreliabilityoftheresourcewhich

posesgreatchallengestowatermanagersinparticularand

to societies as a whole. Most developed countries have,

in large measure, artificially overcome natural variability

by supply-side infrastructure to assure reliable supply and

reduce risks, albeit at high cost and often with negative

impacts on the environment and sometimes on human

health and livelihoods. Many less developed countries,

andsomedevelopedcountries,arenowfindingthatsup-

ply-side solutions alone are not adequate to address the

everincreasingdemandsfromdemographic,economicand

climaticpressures;waste-water treatment,water recycling

anddemandmanagementmeasuresarebeingintroduced

tocounterthechallengesofinadequatesupply.Inaddition

toproblemsofwaterquantity therearealsoproblemsof

water quality. Pollution of water sources is posing major

problemsforwaterusersaswellasformaintainingnatural

ecosystems.

Inmanyregionstheavailabilityofwaterinbothquantity

andquality isbeingseverelyaffectedbyclimatevariability

andclimatechange,withmoreorlessprecipitationindif-

ferentregionsandmoreextremeweatherevents.Inmany

regions, too, demand is increasing as a result of popula-

tiongrowthandotherdemographicchanges(inparticular

urbanization)andagriculturalandindustrialexpansionfol-

lowing changes in consumptionandproductionpatterns.

As a result some regions arenow in aperpetual stateof

demandoutstrippingsupplyandinmanymoreregionsthat

is the caseat critical timesof the yearor in yearsof low

wateravailability.

2.2 the many uses for WaterWater for basic human needs and reducing absolute poverty is directly related to the availability and quality of

foodandtotheprevalenceofdisease.Clearlywaterisoffun-

damental importance for foodproduction, fordrinking, for

sanitationandforhygiene.Adequatewaterinbothquantity

andqualityunderpinshealthandbasicqualityoflife.

Water for social and economic development is

clearlylinkedtotheIWRMfocusonthethree‘E’s-namely:

equity,economicsandenvironment.Waterforsocialdevel-

opmentincludestheprovisionofeducationandhealthcare.

Withoutcleanwatersuppliesandgoodsanitationfacilities

inschoolsandhospitalssocialdevelopmentisstymied.And

for education - in schools without sanitation facilities - it

isgirlswho suffermostandare thereforedisadvantaged,

introducing an important gender element into the equa-

tion. Water is of fundamental importance for economic

developmentthroughenergyandindustrialproduction.Itis

neededformanyformsofenergyproduction-hydropower

and the water for cooling of thermal and nuclear power

stations.Andenergyinturnisneededforpumping,includ-

ingextractionofwaterfromundergroundaquifers.Water

isneededformanyindustriesandthoseindustries inturn

have effect, through pollution and abstraction, on water

quality that affects both downstream users and natural

ecosystems.Amajorwateruse isnon-foodagriculture, in

particular recentshifts towardsgrowingbiofuels.Thishas

significantimplicationsforwaterresourcesmanagement.

Water and natural ecosystems -Naturalecosystems

areof fundamental importance tohumanwell-beingand

development. Our concern must not remain focused on

humandevelopmentconsiderationsonlybutitmustplace

thehumanbeing,asanindividual,asamemberofacom-

munityandaspartofsocietyasawholeinanenvironmen-

talcontext,toachievewell-beingandharmonywithnature.

Thelossofbiodiversityandthedegradationofecosystems

meanalossofecosystemproductsandservicesandunder-

mine the habitat Planet Earth provides for humans. We

destroyordegradethesenaturalsystemsatourperil,and

so social and economic development and basic human

bettermentmustgohandinhandwithpreservationofthe

naturalenvironment.

Water security - floods, droughts, pollution spills into

our water systems is of growing importance. Not only, in

�.0 The overall setting

The overall setting

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�

many regions, is there an increase in the frequency and

intensity of floods, droughts and, with increasing industri-

alization,pollution spills,but,with increases inpopulation,

morepeoplearelivinginzonespronetodisasters.Also,with

increaseddemandforscarcerresourcesthereisanincreased

riskofconflictoverwater:itisalreadypartoftheequation

inmanyconflictssuchasDarfurandtheMiddleEast.Water

securityisalsointrinsicallylinkedtofoodsecurity.

2.3 diversityWhiletheworldcomprisesmanyverydifferentclimaticand

hydrological regions, which will be diversely impacted by

climate change, therearemanyotheraspectsofdiversity

whichaffectthewaysinwhichwaterismanaged.

�.�.� The importance of basin management within the context of diversity:There is agreement among many that water should be

managedwithinnaturalhydrologicalunits-theriverbasin,

lake basin or aquifer. However, geographic situations are

diverseandnaturalunitsseldomcoincidewithadministra-

tive units. Some countries, such as Sri Lanka, are single

nationalunits in thesense that thereareno international

landborderswithother countries. Indonesia is composed

of many separate islands each of which has many river

systems;administrativeunitsmay spanbothanumberof

islandsandalargenumberofriverbasins.Theseexamples

contrast with such international river basins such as the

Nilewiththechallengesassociatedwithsharingthewaters

betweenupstreamanddownstreamneighbours.Asimilar

situation can also be seen within many large countries

where rivers run through many states (Australia, China,

India and USA). In other circumstances, such as those of

theRioGrandeseparatingMexicofromtheUSA,themajor

riveritselfformstheboundarybetweennationstatespos-

ing challenges for management of the resource. Some

major aquifers also span national boundaries but as they

arehiddentheirmanagementisoftenneglected.

�.�.� Diversity in demographicsTherearemajorcontrastsindemographicsbetweendevel-

opedanddevelopingcountries.Manydevelopingcountries

haveveryyouthfulpopulationsvirtuallyguaranteeingrapid

population growth in the future; many developed coun-

triesby contrasthaveaginganddiminishingpopulations.

Simplegrowthordepletion innumbers is complicatedby

populationmovements.Urbanpopulationsare,ingeneral,

growing while rural populations are likely to grow at a

much smaller pace or in some places diminish. There are

also major migrations of population across international

borders, some permanent, some seasonal and some, in

thecaseoftourists,veryshortterm;suchpopulationshifts

intensifywatermanagementproblems.

�.�.� Diversity in governanceSocieties are organised in different ways from politically

centralised tohighlydispersed; in some societies, suchas

federal jurisdictions, responsibilities for management of

natural resources, includingwater,areprimarilyatprovin-

cialratherthanatnationallevel.Indeed,theavailabilityof

waterwasamajordriverofthewaygovernancestructures

developed.Currently, responsibilities forparticularaspects

ofwatermanagementoftenaredevolvedtothecommu-

nityleveleventhoughtheymayhaveinadequateresources

toundertaketheirresponsibilities-thisisoftenthecasefor

drinkingwatersupply,sanitationandhygiene.

Attitudes of societies towards stewardship of water

resourcesreflectculturalandreligiousbeliefsandtheydif-

fergreatly fromcountry to countryandoftenalsowithin

countries where populations are of diverse ethnic and

socialbackgrounds.Thesedifferencesarealsomanifested

in the effectiveness and efficiency of institutions and of

legislation. Financial resources and instruments so neces-

saryespeciallyincriticalcircumstancesareoftenlackingin

poorersocieties.

Itisnotonlygovernments,whethernational,provincial

or at lower levels of the municipality or community, that

have responsibility in water management. Very often the

privatesectorplaysvitalrolesintheprovisionofwaterserv-

ices.Inmanycountriespublic-privatepartnershipsarebeing

createdtobettermanagesupplies. Individualcitizens, too

have important roles toplay, especially at the community

level but all toooften citizensdonothave themeans to

expresstheirdemandsandconcerns.

Alltheseaspectsofgovernancearecritically important

and affect the ability of societies to address their water

challenges.

2.4 from fragmented to integrated managementAsageneralrule,inthepastwithsmallerpopulations,less

intense economic activity and with less affluent societies

demandingmuchlesswater,supplyoftheresourcewasusu-

allymuchgreaterthandemandforit.Insuchcircumstances

waterforagriculture,forindustry,fordomesticandallother

uses could be managed separately there being sufficient

watertoaccommodateallneedsandtherebeinglittlecom-

petitionbetweenusesandbetweenusers.Moreover,water

usebyhumansdidnotundulyimpingeonthenaturalenvi-

ronmentandecosystemsasitdoestoday.Thusitwascom-

mon(andstilliscommon)thatwithingovernmentsatboth

nationalandsub-nationallevelsseparateministrieswouldbe

setinplaceforeachuseforwhichwaterwasneeded.

�

As populations have grown, as food production has

increased,aseconomicactivityhasdevelopedandassocie-

tieshavebecomemoreaffluent,sodemandforwaterhas

burgeoned.Climatechangeaddsyetmorepressureonour

limitedwaterresources.Inverymanyplacesdemandhasfar

outstrippedsupply-thismaybeparticularlysoinseasons

whensupplymaybeseverelylimitedorinyearsofdrought,

orattimeswhendemandisparticularlyhigh,forexample

whenthereisgreatdemandforwaterforirrigation.

Thus managers, whether in the government the private sector or local communities have to make dif-ficult decisions on water allocation. They find them-selves in countries and regions that have very differ-ent physical characteristics and are at very different stages in economic and social development: hence there is a need for approaches to be tailored to the individual circumstance of country and local region. More and more often managers have to appor-

tion diminishing supplies between ever-increasing demands taking into account the weaker voices of the poor and of the natural environment. The traditional fragmented or purely sectoral approach is no longer viable and a more holistic approach is essential.

This is the rationale for the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach that has now been accepted internationally as the way for-ward for efficient and sustainable development and management of the world’s limited water resources and for coping with conflicting demands. The most widely accepted definition of IWRM is that given by the Global Water Partnership: “IWRM is defined as a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resourc-es, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without com-promising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”.

The overall setting

�

3.1 the need to set targets and to monitor progress toWards achieving those targetsThere is a well recognized need to undertake compre-

hensive and objective assessments of the state of global

freshwater resources, theuses towhich the resourcesare

put, the challenges associated with the resource and the

abilityofnationsandsocietiestocopewiththechallenges

thatwatermanagersmustaddress.Tothisend,intheyear

2000,theUnitedNationssystemcreatedtheWorldWater

Assessment Programme (WWAP) with UNESCO leading

theProgrammebyhosting itsSecretariat.TheWWAPhas

producedtwoWorldWaterDevelopmentReports(WWDRs)

in 2003 and 2006. This process will continue to produce

WWDRs every three years and thus provide a reporting

mechanism to record the changes taking place in the

resourceitselfandchangingmanagementchallenges.

It is also well recognized that there is a need to set

targets towards which the world must strive if the many

water-relatedchallengesaretoberesolved.Thus,in2000,

headsofStateadoptedtheMillenniumDeclarationonthe

basisofwhichtheUN institutedtheMillenniumDevelop-

mentGoals(MDGs).Itcanbearguedthat,toagreateror

lesser degree, all the MDGs are water-related; with Goal

onerelatedtogrowthandtheothersrelatedtohealthor

social issues. As a follow-up to the MDGs it was further

agreedattheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment

(WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002, through the Johannes-

burgPlanofImplementation(JPoI),to“Developintegrated

water resources management and water efficiency plans

by 2005, with support to developing countries, through

actionsatalllevels”;thistargetiselaboratedinAnnex1.

Therewasfurtherdiscussionon IWRMandwatereffi-

ciencyplansattheCSD12andCSD132meetingswitha

decisionthatatCSD16in2008thereshouldbeanassess-

mentofprogressmadetowardsmeetingthetarget.

Comprehensiveandsystematicmonitoringofallaspects

ofwaterresourcesandtheirmanagementinanintegrated

fashion is undertaken by UN-Water through the WWAP;

the series of WWDRs provide a reporting mechanism for

theUNsystem.

� InadditiontotheIWRMtarget,asetofpolicyactionswasadopted

duringtheCSD�3meetingandUNDESArecentlyembarkedonastudy

toassesstheimplementationoftheseactions.Fordetailssee:

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd�3/csd�3_decision_unedited.pdf.

InassociationwiththeJPoIanIWRMRoadmappingInitiative

hasbeenstarted,facilitatedbytheGovernmentofDenmarkin

collaborationwithUN-Water,theGlobalWaterPartnershipand

representatives of governments. This initiative recognises the

needforcountriestosetout“Roadmaps”thatlayoutaseries

ofactionstobeundertakentoapplyanintegratedapproach

towaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementandtohelp

meettheMDGs.Itrecognizesthatdifferentcountrieswillneed

asetofactionssuitedtotheirparticularneedsandthattime

schedules for implementation would differ from country to

countrydependingonspecificcountrycircumstances.Inother

wordssolutionsmustbe“tailor-made”orthat“noonesizefits

all”.TheRoadmappingInitiativeisbeingdevelopedasasepa-

ratebutcomplementaryinitiativetothecurrentReport.

Creation of the UN-Water Task Force on IWRM Monitoring and ReportingIn2006aTaskForceonIWRMMonitoringandReporting(TF)

was created by UN-Water, with members drawn from UN-

Wateragenciesandfrompartnerorganizations,withtheman-

date,inter alia,ofproducingthecurrentStatus Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD�6(TheReport).

The Report has been undertaken by UN-Water. The

analyseswithintheReportdrawprimarilyonthequestion-

naires undertaken by UN-DESA and UNEP (through the

UNEP Collaborating Center), during 2007 and supported

by inputsfromothermembersandpartnersofUN-Water,

includingUNDP,UNStatistics,WWAPandGWP.Theques-

tionnairesareincludedinAnnexes2,3and4.

The Report also includes information gathered by the

moreinformalsurveysconductedbytheGlobalWaterPart-

nership3(GWP)andtheAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB).

SeeAnnexes5and6forquestionnaires.

For the purpose of the Report countries have been

dividedintotwogroups:

• Group 1 “developing” and “countries with econo-

miesintransition”(asdefinedbyUNStatistics)and

• Group 2 “developed” (those belonging to either

OECDortheEuropeanUnion).

Regionsandsub-regionsareasdefinedbyUNStatistics.

Withintheanalysesmoreemphasisisplacedonthecoun-

trieswiththegreatestneeds,i.e.thoseinGroup1.

3 GWP,February�006,SettingtheStageforChange.

�.0 The response of the United Nations system

The response of the United Nations system

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�

3.2 survey of progress on iWrm

Table 1:countries responding to the un-Water survey (104 in total) and the surveys undertaken by gWp and the afdb

Country UN-Water Survey GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey* Least Developed Countries Response

(2) Countries in transition Y relates to the DESA 1=plan in placequestionnaire 2=plans in preparation

X relates to the UNEP 3=only initial steps takenquestionnaire

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

AFRICA

East Africa

Burundi* 3

Djibouti* 3

Eritrea* Y 2

Ethiopia* 2

Kenya 2 X

Malawi* Y 2

Mauritius X 2

Mozambique* X 2

Rwanda* 3 X

Seychelles Y

Tanzania* X 2

Uganda* Y 1

Zambia* X 2

Zimbabwe X 1

Central Africa

Angola* X 3

Cameroon 2 X

CentralAfricanRep* 3 X

Chad* 3

Congo 3

DRCongo* X 3 X

Northern Africa

Algeria X 3

Egypt Y 2 X

Libya X 3

Morocco X 2

Sudan* 2

Tunisia Y 2 X

�

Southern Africa

Botswana X 2

Lesotho* Y 3

Namibia Y 1

SouthAfrica X 1

Swaziland X 2

Western Africa

Benin* 2 X

BurkinaFaso* Y 1 X

CapeVerde* Y 3 X

Coted’Ivoire X X

Ghana Y 2

Guinea* Y X

Liberia* Y X

Mali* 2

Mauritania* X 2 X

Niger* X

Nigeria 2

Senegal* 2 X

SierraLeone* Y

Togo* Y X

AMERICAS

Caribbean

Anguilla X

AntiguaandBarbuda X

Bahamas X

Barbados Y 2

Cuba Y

Dominica X

Grenada X

Jamaica Y 2

Montserrat X

SaintKittsandNevis Y

SaintLucia X

TrinidadandTobago 2

The response of the United Nations system

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0

Central America

Belize X 2

CostaRica Y 2

ElSalvador X 2

Guatemala Y 3

Honduras X 3

Nicaragua X 2

Panama X 2

South America

Argentina Y 2

Bolivia X 3

Brazil X 1

Chile X 2

Colombia Y 2

Ecuador X

Paraguay X 3

Peru X 2

Uruguay X 2

Venezuela X 3

ASIA

Central Asia

Kazakhstan(2) Y 1

Kyrgyzstan(2) Y 2

Tajikistan(2) Y 2

Turkmenistan(2) Y 2

Uzbekistan(2) Y 2

Eastern Asia

China Y 1

Southern Asia

Bangladesh* 1

India 2

Nepal* 2

Pakistan 2

SriLanka Y*** 3

��

South-Eastern Asia

Cambodia* Y 3

Indonesia X 2

LaoPeople’sDR* X 2

Malaysia 2

Myanmar* 3

Philippines Y 2

Thailand X 1

VietNam Y 3

Western Asia

Armenia(2) Y 1

Azerbaijan(2) Y 3

Georgia(2) Y 3

Jordan Y

SyrianArabRepublic Y

OCEANIA

Melanesia

Fiji 2

SolomonIslands* 3

Micronesia

Kiribati* 2

Polynesia

Samoa* 1

Tuvalu* 3

EUROPE

Southern Europe

Croatia(2) Y

Serbia(2) Y

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Asia

Japan Y

RepublicofKorea Y

Turkey Y

Northern America

USA Y

The response of the United Nations system

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

Central America

Mexico Y

Eastern Europe

Cyprus Y

Bulgaria 2

CzechRepublic Y 1

Hungary Y 1

Poland 1

Romania Y 1

Slovakia 1

Northern Europe

Denmark Y

Estonia Y 1

Finland Y

Ireland Y

Latvia Y 1

Lithuania 2

Norway Y

Sweden Y

Greece Y

Malta Y

Portugal Y

Slovenia 2

Spain Y

Western Europe

Austria Y

France Y

Germany Y

Netherlands Y

Switzerland Y

Oceania

Australia Y 1

NewZealand Y

*** Sri lanka is not included in the analysis as it did not respond to the official UN-DeSa questionnaire even though it did respond to a trial run for the questionnaire.

��

Table 2:summary statistics for country surveys

Region and Sub-region UN-Water Survey 2007 GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey

AFRICA

EasternAfrica 9 13 2

MiddleAfrica 2 6 3

NorthernAfrica 5 6 2

SouthernAfrica 5 5 0

WesternAfrica 9 8 10

Totals 30 38 17

AMERICAS

Caribbean 11 3

CentralAmerica 7 7

SouthernAmerica 10 9

Totals 28 19

ASIA

CentralAsia 5 5

EasternAsia 1 1

SouthernAsia 0 5

South-EasternAsia 6 8

WesternAsia 5 3

Totals 17 22

EUROPE

EasternEurope 0 0

SouthernEurope 2 0

Totals 2 0

OCEANIA 0 5

Total developing countries 77 84

developedcountries 27 11

Grand total 104 95

The response of the United Nations system

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

Commentsonthesurveys:

Generalcomments:

• The questionnaires were addressed to governments

at the national level. Therefore they do not reflect

responsibilities for management at sub-national lev-

els. The case studies in Section 4.5, below, demon-

stratethatmanymanagementdecisionsaremadeat

theprovincialandcommunitylevels.

• TheGWPandAfDBsurveysweremoreinformaland

areusefulastheyreflecttheviewsofadifferentset

of stakeholdersand thereforeprovideanalternative

perspective.

TheUN-DESAquestionnaire:

• 27developedcountriesand39developingcountries

(including countries with economies in transition)

responded. Of the 39 developing countries that

responded,7respondedthroughUNEP(BurkinaFaso,

CapeVerde,Guinea,Liberia,SierraLeone,Togoand

Uganda).

• Atotalof65questionswereposedtobeanswered

in multiple choice fashion; a further 8 questions

allowedwrittenanswerstoelaborateinmoredetail.

The responses to the65questionsare found in the

Database(Annex8),Worksheet2:ResponsestoUN-

DESA questionnaire; the responses to the 8 written

answersmaybeaccesseddirectly throughthesame

Worksheet for specific countries or may be found

separatelyinWorksheet4(TextResponses).

• Therearemanycaseswherecountries, inanswering

thequestionnaire,havetickedmorethanoneboxon

the same line. In such a case UN-DESA, in making

the initial compilationof the responses, has elected

to select just one answer as the most reasonable

choice.

• Many countries have chosen not to answer all the

questions.Thesummarystatisticssimplyignorethese

omissions.

TheUNEPquestionnaire:

• Atotalof58countriesrespondedtotheUNEPques-

tionnaire; the complete setof responses is found in

theDatabase (Annex8)Worksheet 3: Responses to

UNEPquestionnaire.

• For17countriesthereareresponsestoboththeUN-

DESA and the UNEP questionnaires; this allows an

inter-comparisonof responseswhich is important in

assessingtheircompatibility.Theinformationforthe

inter-comparisonisfoundintheDatabase(Annex8)

Worksheet5:DESA-UNEPcomparison.

MergingoftheUN-DESAandUNEPquestionnaires:

• Theinformationforthe39developingcountrieswith-

intheUN-DESAquestionnairehasbeensupplement-

ed for 38 additional countries by partial responses

fromsimilarquestionsintheUNEPquestionnaire.Of

the65questionsposedbyUN-DESA26hadexactor

very similar counterparts in theUNEPquestionnaire.

Overall the answers to the UNEP questionnaire are

slightly lowerthantheanswerstotheUN-DESA(for

18questionstheyarelowerandfor7questionsthey

arehigher).

• Thesummarystatisticshavebeenpreparedfromthe

responsesfrom77developingcountriesplusrespons-

esfrom27developedcountries.

• There are contrasts in the responses from different

regions.ApartfromapartialresponsefromSriLanka,

therearenoresponsesatallfromSouthAsia-amajor

gapinthesurvey.Incontrastthereisacompleteset

ofresponsesfromCentralAsia.

TheGWPSurvey:

• Thissurveycovered95countries,84developingand

11developed.For59ofthesecountriesdatafromthe

UN-Water Survey are also available allowing a valu-

able inter-comparison between these informal and

officialsurveyselaboratedinSection4.2.

TheAfDBSurvey:

• Thissurveycovered17countriesinAfrica;thesurvey

questionswereadirectsub-setoftheUNEPquestion-

naire.Thissurvey isusedtosupplementtheother3

surveyswithintheAfricancontext.

��

4.1 analysis of the un-Water surveyCare must be taken in the analysis of the questionnaires

sentoutbyUN-DESAandUNEPforthefollowingreasons:

• Itmustberecognizedthatmanyoftheverypoorest

countries were unable to respond to the question-

naires through lackof capacity todo so; conversely

a larger proportion of developed countries than

developing countries did respond to the survey. In

thissensethesurveyisbiasedtowardscountriesmore

capableofgivingresponses.

• Some regions of the world, particularly South Asia,

areunder-representedasresponsesfrommanyofthe

countries concerned were not forthcoming - in this

sensethereisregionalbias.

• Insurveysofthistypethereisalwaysroomfordiffer-

ing interpretationof themeaningof questions as a

result of cultural and linguistic diversity; indeed this

mayresultinmore“optimistic”interpretationofsitu-

ationandstatusbysomecountriesthanbyothers.

• This survey was aimed primarily at national govern-

ments.Inmanycountriesresponsibilityandauthority

forwatermanagement,especially infederal jurisdic-

�.0 Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

tions,issubordinatedtosub-nationallevels;converse-

ly some national governments must manage their

waterwithinabroadercontextof internationalriver

basinsorofregionaljurisdictions,forexampleinthe

caseoftheEUwheretheEuropeanFrameworkDirec-

tive becomes more important than purely national

plansandpolicies.

• Severalofthequestionsarenotrelevanttoallcoun-

tries;forexampletransboundarywaterissuesmaynot

be relevant to small island countries, humid regions

maynotbeconcernedwithquestionsofaridityand

land-locked countries are unlikely to be concerned

withdesalination.

Despitethesecaveatsitisstillpossibletodiscernoverall

trends and to draw a number of broad conclusions from

thesurvey.

Comparative resultsbetweenmajor countrygroupings

and between regions and sub-regions are presented in

Tables3aand3b.Diagramsshowingthesecomparisonsare

providedintheAppendix.

Table 3a:comparison of developed countries with africa, the americas and asia

Main National Instruments and other National/Federal Strategies that may contribute to promoting IWRM

• Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedonmainnationalinstruments• AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvancedonnationaldevelopmentplansandnationalenvironmental

actionplanswithIWRMcomponents• OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleastadvancedwithpovertyreductionstrategieswithWRM

components

Water Resources Development

• Developedcountriesmoreadvancedonmostissues,but,asexpected,notforrain-waterharvesting• AsiamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsforWRassessment

Water Resources Management

• Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedexceptinthelessrelevantareasofcombatingdesertificationandirrigatedagriculture

• DevelopingregionsverysimilarexcepttheAmericasmoreadvancedinprogramsandpoliciesforwatershedmanagement,groundwatermanagementanddrainageandirrigation;Asiamoreadvancedinlegislativemechanismstocontrolpollution

Water Use • Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced• Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthanotherregions

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination

• Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced• AsiamoreadvancedthantheAmericaswhichinturnaremoreadvancedthanAfricaonallissues

exceptmonitoringandreportingtheimpactsofIWRMreformswhereAfricaismoreadvanced

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment

• DevelopedregionssignificantlymoreadvancedonallissuesexceptPro-poorpolicieswhicharedesignatednotrelevantbymanydevelopedcountries

• Similarresponsesfromdevelopingregionswithsomeinterestingcontrasts-egAsiamoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformsyetbehindoninstitutionalcoordinationmechanisms

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�6

Stakeholder Participation • Developedcountriesmoreadvancedexceptonprogramsforgendermainstreamingandonpublicawarenesscampaigns

• AfricamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsonallissuesexceptlowerthanAsiaonmechanismstoresolvetransboundarywaterissues

Financing • Developedregionsslightlymoreadvanced• OfthedevelopingregionsAsiabehindonstrategiesformobilizingfinancialresourcesandon

normsandproceduresforfinancialsustainability;Africasignificantlymoreadvancedonsubsidiesandmicro-creditprograms

Table 3b:sub-regional comparisons

Africa Americas Asia

MainNationalInstrumentsandotherfederalstrategiesthatmaycontributetopromotingIWRM

CountriesofNAfricascoresignificantlyhigheronmainnationalinstrumentswhilecountriesofSAfricascorehigheronplanswithIWRMcomponentsandonsustainabledevelopmentstrategies

MajordifferencesbetweenCaribbeancountriesandcountriesofSAmerica-Caribbeanmuchhigheronmainnationalinstruments;SAmericamuchhigheronotherplanscontributingtoIWRM

WAsia:generallylowscoresallround.SEAsiahighonnational/federalIWRMandwaterefficiencyplansincontrasttoCentralAsia

Waterresourcesdevelopment Note:severalissues(egdesalinationandcoastalfogharvesting)notrelevanttomanycountries-otherwiseverysimilarresponses

SimilarresponsesexceptforCaribbeancountrieswhichrankhighforassessment,regulatorynormsandbasinstudiesbutlowonrecycling

HereadefiniteconsistenthierarchyofresponsesfromChinawithhighestscoresthroughSEAsia,WAsiatoCentralAsia

Waterresourcesmanagement VerysimilarresponsesoverallexceptforNAfricawhich,aswouldbeexpectedinaridenvironments,hashigherscoresongroundwater,desertificationandirrigationissues

Aconsistenthierarchyofscores-Caribbeanbeingconsistentlyhighest(except,asexpected,insharedmanagementofresources);CentralAmericasbeingconsistentlylowest

AconsistenthierarchyofresponseswithEandSEAsiahavinghighscoresandCentralAsiahavinglowscores

Wateruse NorthernAfricaconsistentlyhigherscoresthanotherAfricanregionswhichdisplaysimilarresponses

CaribbeancountrieshavesignificantlyhigherscoresthanotherregionsoftheAmericas

EandSEAsiaconsistentlyhigherthanCentralandWAsia

Monitoring,informationmanagementanddissemination

NAfricaconsistentlyhigherscoresthanotherAfricanregionswhichdisplaysimilarresponses

Caribbeanhighestonmostmeasures

CentralAsiagenerallyhaslowestscores

Capacitybuildingandenablingenvironment

Similarresponses-NAfricahighestonsomeresponses

Caribbeangenerallyhighest EandSEAsiagenerallywithhighestscores

Stakeholderparticipation NAfricagenerallyhighest,EAfricalowest

CentralAmericagenerallylowscores.

EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;CentralAsialower

Financing NAfricagenerallyhigherscores;notmanydifferencesforotherAfricanregions

SAmericagenerallywithhighestscoresexceptforCaribbeanwithgradualcost-recoverymechanismsandstrategies

SEAsiagenerallywiththehighestscores

��

4.2 comparative analysis of the un-Water survey With those of gWp and afdbThepurposeofthiscomparisonofsurveyswastoattempt

to assess progress towards putting IWRM plans in place.

TheGWPSurveywascarriedoutabout18monthsbefore

theUN-WaterSurvey, thereforeonly small changesmight

beexpectedasthisisarelativelyshorttimeperiod.

The GWP Survey was carried out at the end of 2005

specificallytoassesstheextenttowhichtheWSSDtarget

had been met. Thus it focused on the creation of IWRM

plans and did not assess the extent of implementation

of plans. The GWP Survey evaluated 95 countries (11 of

which were developed countries having high scores) and

concludedthat:

• 20 countries (21%) had plans/strategies in place or

aprocesswell underway, and that incorporated the

mainelementsofanIWRMapproach.

• 50countries(53%)wereintheprocessofpreparing

nationalstrategiesorplansbutrequirefurtherwork

toliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach.

• 25countries(26%)hadtakenonlyinitialstepsinthe

processtowardspreparingnationalstrategiesorplans

andhadnotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsof

anIWRMapproach.

59 countries (Africa-24; Americas-14; Asia-15; Devel-

opedcountries-6)arecoveredbyboth theGWPandUN-

Water Surveys. Although the questionnaires used for the

GWPSurveyandUN-WaterSurveyarenotcompletelycom-

parableandusedifferentterminologytheyaresufficiently

similartoenablegeneralcomparisonstobemade.

Tomakeacomparativeanalysisofresultsfortheinfor-

mal GWP Survey and the official UN-Water Survey, the

order of the original GWP Survey classification has been

reversed so that responses are ranked in ascendingorder

fromleasttomostadvanced.

Table 4:the ranking for the gWp and un-Water surveys

UN Water Survey GWP Survey (order reversed) Comments

1.Notrelevant1.Countriesthathavetakenonlyinitialstepsintheprocesstowards

preparingnationalstrategies/plansandhavenotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsofanIWRMapproach

2.Underconsideration2.Countriesthatareintheprocessofpreparingnationalstrategies/

plansbutrequirefurtherworktoliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach;

3.Inplacebutnotyetimplemented

3.Countriesthathaveplans/strategiesinplace,oraprocesswellunderway,andthatincorporatethemainelementsofanIWRMapproach.

Forcomparisonpurposesallthosecountriesincludedincategories3,4and5oftheUN-Watersurveyalsosatisfycategory3oftheGWPsurvey.

4.Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented

Notassessed

5.Fullyimplemented Notassessed

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

Table 5:summary statistics for gWp and un-Water surveys

RegionNumber

ofcountries

GWPcategory

3

GWPcategory

2

GWPcategory

1

UN-Watercategory

3

UN-Watercategory

2

UN-Watercategory

1

% % % % % %

EAfrica 8 2 6 0 3 5 0

CentralAfrica 2 0 0 2 0 2 0

NAfrica 5 0 3 2 2 3 0

SAfrica 5 2 2 1 2 3 0

WAfrica 4 2 2 0 2 2 0

Africa total 24 6 25.0 13 54.2 5 20.8 9 37.5 15 62.5 0 0.0

Caribbean 2 0 2 0 2 0 0

CentralAmericas 5 0 3 2 1 4 0

SAmerica 7 1 4 2 3 4 0

Americas total 14 1 7.1 9 64.3 4 28.6 6 42.9 8 57.1 0 0.0

CentralAsia 5 1 4 0 0 1 4

EAsia 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

SEAsia 6 1 3 2 4 2 0

WAsia 3 1 0 2 0 1 2

Asia total 15 4 26.7 7 46.7 4 26.7 5 33.3 4 26.7 6 40.0

Developing countries total 53 11 20.8 29 54.7 13 24.5 20 37.7 27 50.9 6 11.3

Developed countries 6 6 100 0 0 6 100 0 0

Themajorconclusionsfromtheselistingsareasfollows:

• Developedcountries:

For the six countries considered in this comparison

there are no significant differences between the

surveys;asagroupthedevelopedcountriesarewell

advancedintheprocessofincorporatingIWRMprin-

ciples intotheirnationalplansandmostarewellon

theirwaytoimplementthoseplans.

• Developing countries and countries with economies

intransition:

For the 53 countries considered in this comparison

therearemodestbutsignificantimprovementsinthe

summarystatistics:

In22countriestheUN-WaterSurveyshowsahigher

levelofprogressthantheGWPSurvey;

Whilein7countriesthereseemstohavebeenalower

levelofprogress(6ofthesebeinginAsia);

In 24 countries there has been little measurable

change;

ItisintheAmericasthatthegreatestoverallprogress

hasbeenmade.

��

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Africa

0

1

2

3Eritrea (Y)

Malawi (Y)Mauritius (X)

Mozambique (X)Tanzania (X)

Uganda (Y)

Zambia (X)

Zimbabwe (X)

Angola (X)DR Congo (X)

Algeria (X)Egypt (Y)

Libya (X)Morocco (X)

Tunisia (Y)Botswana (X)Lesotho (Y)

Namibia (Y)

South Africa (X)

Swaziland (X)

Burkina Faso (Y)Cape Verde (Y)

Ghana (Y)Mauritania (X)

GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey

Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin

preparationorinplaceinAngola,DRCongo,

AlgeriaandLibya

Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansinplacein

Lesotho

Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans

completedand/orunderimplementationin

Tanzania,EgyptandTunisia

Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation

inNamibia

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Americas

Barbados (Y)

Jamaica (Y)

Belize (X)

Costa Rica (Y)

Guatemala (Y)

Honduras (X)

Nicaragua (X)Argentina (Y)

Bolivia (X)

Brazil (X)

Chile (X)

Colombia (Y)

Peru (X)

Venezuela (X)

GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey

0

1

2

3 Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin

preparationorinplaceinBolivia,Guatemala,

HondurasandVenezuela

Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans

completedand/orunderimplementationinCosta

Rica,Colombia,Peru,BarbadosandJamaica

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Asia

Kazakhstan (Y)

Kyrgyzstan (Y)

Tajikistan (Y)

Turkmenistan (Y)

Uzbekistan (Y)

China (Y)

Cambodia (Y)

Indonesia (X)Lao People's DR (X)

Philippines (Y)

Thailand (X)

Viet Nam (Y)

Armenia (Y)

Azerbaijan (Y)

Georgia (Y)

GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey

0

1

2

3

Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplanscompleted

and/orunderimplementationinCambodiaand

Vietnam

Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans

completedand/orunderimplementationinLao

People’sRepublicandPhilippines

Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation

inThailand,KazakhstanandArmenia;fromin

preparationtonostepstakeninKyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan

GWP UN - Water Comparison for Developed Countries

Czech Republic (Y)

Hungary (Y)

Romania (Y)

Estonia (Y)

Latvia (Y)

Australia (Y)

GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey

0

1

2

3

Alldevelopedcountriesstaticormakingprogress

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0

Given the relatively short time between the surveys it

wouldbeexpectedthatonlysomemodestprogresswould

bemadeandthisisconfirmedbythesefigures.Inindividual

cases theGWPorUNWater Surveymaybemoreor less

optimistic.Forexample,GWPresultsseemoverlyoptimistic

forCentralAsia. TheUN-Water resultsmayalsobemore

optimistic as theyare completedbyofficialswhomaybe

inclinedtogiveamorepositiveresult.Also,thequestion-

nairesmaynotbesufficientlyrobusttocapturenuancesin

understanding by different cultures and language groups

andinterpretationofthequestionsmaywellbesubjectto

individualbiasofthosefilingtheanswers.

Nevertheless,theresultsaresufficientlysimilaroverallto

concludethattheresultsfromthetwosurveysarecompa-

rableandindicatesomeprogresssince2005.

The AfDB undertook an additional survey in 2007; it

covered17African countries. Sixof these countrieswere

notcoveredbytheUN-WaterSurveybutwereincludedin

theGWPSurvey:Benin,Cameroon,CentralAfricanRepub-

lic,Kenya,RwandaandSenegal.Allthesecountriesfallinto

theGWPcategoriesofeitherbeingintheveryinitialstages

ofdevelopingnationalplansortheplanshaveyettoprop-

erly incorporate IWRM principles. The UN-Water Survey

showsnosignificantprogressmadeinthesecountries.

4.3 implementation of iWrm and Water efficiency plans and the outcomes of implementationThe purpose of this section is to attempt to assess the

extent to which countries have been able to go beyond

simplyhavingplansinplacetothestageofimplementing

those plans and the extent to which tangible outcomes

have been forthcoming. This section ties in directly with

section4.4onexamplesofongoing IWRMprocessesand

withsection4.5oncasestudies.

Table 6 presents responses to the UN-Water Survey

on the questions of the extent to which countries have

implemented IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlans. It focuses

onthosecountriesthathaveplansinplaceandwhichare

eitherpartiallyorfullyimplemented.

Table 6:summary statistics for un-Water survey for iWrm and Water efficiency plans

RegionNumber

of countries

National/Federal IWRM plan or equivalent strategic plan document

National/Federal Water efficiency plan

level 1-3 level 4 level 5 level 1-3 level 4 level 5

Developed countries: 27 2 10 6 10 9 3

Developing countries:

EAfrica 9 0 3 0 6 1 0

CentralAfrica 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

NAfrica 5 0 1 1 3 1 1

SAfrica 5 0 2 0 3 0 0

WAfrica 9 0 2 0 3 1 0

Africa total 30 0 8 1 17 3 1

Caribbean 11 5 3 0 6 2 0

CentralAmerica 7 2 0 0 6 0 0

SAmerica 10 3 2 0 9 1 0

Americastotal 28 10 5 0 21 3 0

CentralAsia 5 4 0 0 3 0 0

EAsia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

SEAsia 6 0 2 1 2 3 0

WAsia 5 2 1 0 2 1 0

Asiatotal 17 6 3 1 7 4 0

SEurope 2 0 1 0 1 0 0

Totaldevelopingcountries 77 16 17 2 46 10 1

Notes: level 1-3: No entry, not in place or irrelevant level 4: In place and partially implemented level 5: Fully implemented

��

A total of 104 countries are analysed (77 developing;

27developed).

Developed countries:

• 10 of the 27 countries (37%) have national IWRM

plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther6

countries(22%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;

• LessprogresshasbeenmadeinimplementingNation-

al water efficiency plans - 9 (33%) have plans in

placeandpartiallyimplementedand3(11%)havea

planfullyimplemented;37%ofdevelopedcountries

consideredwaterefficiencyplansnotrelevanttotheir

circumstancesorchosenottoanswerthequestion.

Developing countries:

• 17 of the 77 countries (22%) have national IWRM

plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther2

countries(3%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;

• Far less progress has been made in implementing

Nationalwaterefficiencyplans-only10(13%)have

plans inplaceandpartially implementedandonly1

has a plan fully implemented; 60% of developing

countries considered water efficiency plans not rel-

evanttotheircircumstancesorchosenottoanswer

thequestion.

A total of 64 countries (37 developing and 27 devel-

oped) provided text responses to the UN-DESA question-

naire.Asimpleanalysisfortheresponsestoquestions6,8b

and8cispresentedinTable7.Theresultsshouldbetaken

asmerelyindicativeoftheextentofimplementationofthe

IWRM approach and of results achieved. Many countries

provideddetailedlistsofactionstakenandresultsachieved;

manyotherprovidedonlyskeletalinformation.However,the

amountof informationgivendoesnotnecessarilyproperly

reflectreality.Somecountriesoptedtogivenoresponsesto

questions-butthisdoesnotmeanthatnoactionsactually

have been taken; some countries have simply stated that

noassessmentofoutcomeshasbeenmade-again,thisis

unlikelytomeanthatnobenefitshaveaccrued.

Despitethesecaveatsthereisgoodindicationthatthe

IWRMapproach is being incorporated intonationalplans

andstrategiesandthattangiblebenefitsareeitherevident

orarelikelytoberealisedinthenearfuture.

Table 7:responses to questions 6, 8b and 8c of the un-desa questionnaire

Question6:Ifyourcountryisinthestageofimplementation,indicatespecific

actionsundertaken

Question8b:Whatarethemainwater

managementmeasuresundertaken?

Question8c:Whataretheresultsachieved?

Developingcountries(37)

Severalspecificactionstaken

11 Severalmeasurestaken 10* Goodresultsachieved 7*

Someactionstaken 23 Somemeasurestaken 21 Someresultsachieved 19

Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 4

Noresponse 3 Noresponse 5 Noresponse 7

Developedcountries(27)

Severalspecificactionstaken

25 Severalmeasurestaken 20 Goodresultsachieved 10

Someactionstaken 1 Somemeasurestaken 6 Someresultsachieved 13

Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 2

Noresponse 1 Noresponse Noresponse 2

*) See annex 8 Database, Worksheet 4 for more details on measures undertaken and results achieved.

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

4.4 examples of ongoing iWrm processesTable 8 provides examples of developing countries that

havefoundIWRMausefulframeworkformanagementof

waterresourcesandhaveincludeditasapivotalconcept.

Theconcepthasbeen included inkeyGovernmentdocu-

ments that guide and regulate theuse, conservation and

protectionofanation’swater resourcesand implementa-

tionat local level isongoing.The table isnotexhaustive:

In addition to what is documented here, there are many

ongoing and planned IWRM programmes; as well as

numerous national and regional IWRM partnerships and

initiativesrelatedtotransboundarywaters.

Table 8:evidence of adoption and use of the iWrm approach

Eritrea• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementandWaterEfficiencyPlan(IWRM/WE)-MinistryofLandWater&

Environment(draft2007)

Malawi

• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofIrrigationandWaterDevelopment(2005)• WaterResourcesActNo.15of1969withlateramendments.GovernmentofMalawi• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement/WaterEfficiency(IWRM/WE)PlanforMalawi-MinistryofIrrigation

andWaterDevelopment(draft2007)

Mozambique• GovernmentofMozambique-WaterAct,LeideAguas,16/913August(1991)• IWRMPlan-DireccaoNacionaldeAguas,MinistryofPublicWorksandHousing(draft2007)

Seychelles• WaterRegulations-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(1988)• WaterSupplyDevelopmentPlan-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(2005)• WaterPolicy-PublicUtilitiesCorporation

Tanzania

• NationalWaterSectorDevelopmentProgramme2006-2025-MinistryofWater(2006)• IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofWater(2004)• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater(2002)• NationalWaterLawbasedonrevisedWaterActno.42of1974-GovernmentofTanzania(draft2007)

Uganda

• ANationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater,LandsandEnvironment(1999)• NationalWaterActionPlan-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(1994)• WaterResourcesManagementReformStrategy-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(2005)• NationalWaterQualityManagementStrategy-MinistryofWaterandEnvironment(2006)

Zambia

• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2006)• TheRevisedNationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)• WaterResourcesManagementBill-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(draft2007)• NationalDevelopmentPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)

Angola • IWRM&WaterEfficiencyRoadmap-MinistryofWater&Energy(draft2007)

Algeria• NationalPlanforWater-MinistryofWaterResources(2003)• NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofAlgeria(2005)• ActionPlanforimplementationofanIWRMFramework-MinistryofWaterResources(draft2006-7)

Egypt • NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofWaterResourcesandIrrigation(2004)

Morocco

• MasterPlansofIntegratedWaterResourcesDevelopmentforRiverBasins-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2001)

• NationalWaterPlan-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2006)• Decreeno2-05-1594-DevelopmentandRevisionofMasterPlans&NationalPlansforIntegratedWater

ResourcesManagement-GovernmentofMorocco

Tunisia

• TheWaterCode(Lawno.16)-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1975)• WaterMasterPlanfortheNorthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1970)• WaterMasterPlanfortheCentreofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1977)• WaterMasterPlanfortheSouthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1983)• WaterResourcesMobilizationStrategies-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1990)• WaterConservationStrategy-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1995)

Botswana • IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofMinerals,EnergyandWaterResources(2006)

��

Lesotho• RoadmaptocompletingintegratedwaterresourcesmanagementandwaterefficiencyplanninginLesotho

-MinistryofNaturalResources,WaterCommission(April2007)

Namibia

• NationalWaterPolicyWhitePaper-GovernmentofNamibia(2000)• WaterResourcesManagementAct-GovernmentofNamibia(2004)• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,WaterandRural

Development(2006)

Swaziland• WaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnergy(draft2007)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-WaterResourcesBranch(draft2007)• WaterAct(2003)-GovernmentofSwaziland

BurkinaFaso

• DecreeNo.2003-220:ActionPlanforIWRMinBurkinaFaso(PAGIRE)-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2003)

• BurkinaFasoWaterVision-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2000)• WaterLawNo.002-2001-GovernmentofBurkinaFaso(2001)

Coted’Ivoire • IWRMRoadmap2007-2015-MinistryofEnvironment,Water&Forestry(2007)

Ghana• IWRMComponentSupportprogramme(2004-2008)-WaterResourcesCommission(2004)• WaterResourcesPolicy-WaterResourcesCommission(draft2007)

Liberia• LiberiaIWRMRoadmap-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)

Mauritania• IWRMActionPlan-NationalCouncilforWater(2007)• NationalDevelopmentPolicyforWater&Energy-MinistriesofWater,Energy&Environment(1998)• NationalWaterAct(Article3)-GovernmentofMauritania(2005)

Togo• NationalWaterPolicy-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)• NationalWaterLaw-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)• IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)

Barbados

• NationalWaterResourcesManagementandDevelopmentPolicy-GovernmentofBarbados(Draft,2002)• NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofBarbados• MarinePollutionControlAct-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)• EmergencyDroughtManagementPlan-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

Cuba

• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)• NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)• WaterConservation&EfficientUseStrategy-MinistryofScience,Technology&Environment(2005)• NationalEnvironmentalManagementStrategy-GovernmentofCuba(2007)

Grenada• SimultaneouspreparationofIWRMRoadmapandNationalWaterPolicy-WaterPolicySteeringCommittee

(April2007)

Jamaica

• WaterResourcesAct-GovernmentofJamaica(1995)• NationalWaterPolicy,StrategyandActionPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1999)• NationalWaterResourcesDevelopmentMasterPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1990)• NationalIWRMFramework-WaterResourcesAuthority(2001)

CostaRica• NationalStrategyforIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)• NationalIWRMActionPlan-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)• NationalWaterLaw(No.14585)-GovernmentofCostaRica(draft2006)

Guatemala

• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2004)• NationalWaterLaw(Initiative3118)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2005)• PlanfortheSustainableUseandManagementofWaterResources(Initiative3419)-MinistryofEnvironment

andNaturalResources(2005)• NationalLawfortheProtectionofRiverBasins(Initiative3317)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNatural

Resources(2006)• NationalIWRMPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)• NationalIWRMStrategy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)• EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesProtectionandConservationPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2007)

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

Honduras • IWRMActionPlan-HonduranWaterPlatform(2006)

Nicaragua• GeneralLawonNationalWaters-GovernmentofNicaragua(2007)• EnvironmentalActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1994)• IWRMActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1996)

Argentina • IWRMRoadmap-Sub-secretariatofWaterResources(2007)

Brazil• NationalWaterPolicy(LawNo.9433)-GovernmentofBrazil(1997)• NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(SRH/MMA),NationalWaterCouncil(CNRH)&

NationalWaterAgency(ANA)(2007)

Colombia • NationalDevelopmentPlan2006-10-NationalPlanningDepartment(2006)

Kazakhstan

• WaterCode-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2003)• DraftNationalIWRMandWEPlanforKazakhstan(2005)• IWRMNationalRoadmapincludingproposedprojectoutlines-Speed-upoftheIWRM2005objectives

implementationinCentralAsia-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2006)

China

• NationalWaterLaw-(2002)• WaterPollutionPreventionandControlLaw-(1996)• NationalFloodControlLaw-(1997)• NationalWaterandSoilConservationLaw-(1991)• IWRMPlan-Planningprocessinitiatedin2002andstillongoing.

Cambodia• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM2005)andRoadmapsinCambodia-DepartmentofWater

ResourcesManagementandConservation(2006)• WaterLaw-RoyalGovernmentofCambodia(Sept2006)

Indonesia• NationalWaterLawNo.7/2004-GovernmentofIndonesia(2004)• IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateGeneralWaterResourcesofMinistryofPublicWorks(2006)

LaoPDR• PolicyonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(draft2000)• TheLawonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(1996)• IWRMNationalRoadmap-WaterResourcesCoordinationCommitteeSecretariat(2006)

Malaysia

• 9thMalaysiaPlan-EconomicPlanningUnit-PrimeMinister’sDepartment(2006)• NationalStudyfortheEffectiveImplementationofIWRMinMalaysia-MinistryofNaturalResourcesand

Environment(2006)• OurVisionforWaterinthe21stCentury-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)

Philippines• MediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2004-2010)-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)• CleanWaterAct-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)PlanFramework-NationalWaterResourcesBoard(2007)

Thailand• NationalWaterLaw/Code-Government.ofThailand(draft2007)• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)• IWRMNationalRoadmap-DepartmentofWaterResources(2007)

Vietnam

• LawonWaterResources-GovernmentofVietnam(1998)• NationalWaterResourcesStrategy-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)• NationalStrategyonRuralCleanWaterSupplyandSanitation-GovernmentofVietnam(2000)• NationalStrategicProgrammeofActiononDesertificationControl-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

Armenia• WaterCode-GovernmentofArmenia(2002)• NationalWaterPolicy-GovernmentofArmenia(2005)• NationalWaterProgramme-GovernmentofArmenia(draft2007)

Azerbaijan

• LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconAmeliorationandIrrigation-AzerbaijanRepublic(1996)• WaterCodeofAzerbaijanRepublic-AzerbaijanRepublic(1997)• LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconWaterSupplyandWaterDrainageSystem-AzerbaijanRepublic(1999)• LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconMunicipalityWaterResourcesManagement-AzerbaijanRepublic(2001)• NationalProgramofDevelopmentofAmeliorationandWaterResourcesManagementofAzerbaijan(2007

-2015)-AzerbaijanRepublic(2006)

��

Jordan• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation• NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2003)• NationalWaterMasterPlan-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2004)

Syria• NationalwaterPolicy-GovernmentofSyria• NationalWaterLaw(No.31)-GovernmentofSyria(2005)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplacebutpartiallyimplemented

Croatia

• WaterAct(OG107/95,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement• WaterManagementFinancingAct(OG107/95,19/96,88/98,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,Forestryand

WaterManagement• NationalEnvironmentalStrategywithembodiedNationalActionPlan(NEAP)(OG46/02)-Ministryof

Agriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Underconsideration

Serbia

• NationalWaterPolicy• NationalWaterLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(1991)• EnvironmentalprotectionLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2004)• WaterResourcesManagementMasterPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2002)

4.5 case studies from selected countriesItisinstructivetocitespecificexamplesoftheimplementa-

tionoftheIWRMapproachandthebenefitstherebytobe

derived. While the UN-Water Survey was aimed primarily

at the national level, countries sharing river basins must

alsoconsidertransboundaryimplicationsandincludethem

in theirplanning; converselymanyactionsmustbe taken

at sub-national and at very local levels to manage water

wisely.Theexamplesbelowcoverarangeofcircumstance

andareillustrativeofthediversityofsituationwithamulti-

plicityofbeneficialoutcomes.

IWRMinactionatthelocallevel,aswellasnationaland

internationallevel,isillustratedindetail inmorethan200

case studies within the Global Water Partnership’s IWRM

ToolBox: http://www.gwptoolbox.org. The second WWDR

“Water a Shared Responsibility” from 2006 also includes

various case studies illustrating progress on IWRM, see

http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2

China - Provincial level:LiaoRiverBasinManagement

• Issues: The province of Liaoning with a 41 mill

population has seen a rapid development resulting

inwatershortagesandseverewaterpollution.Inthe

1980swateruseefficiencywasverylowbothwithin

urban/industrialareasandirrigation.Waterpollution

wasrampant.Nofishcouldbefoundin70%ofthe

streams and ecosystem productive functions had

ceasedin60%ofthestreams.Citizenswereignorant

ofwaterconservationissues.Urbanwastewaterwas

dischargeduntreatedintostreamsandinsomecases

infiltrated into thegroundwateraquifers.Deforesta-

tiontookplaceintheupperpartsofthecatchments.

• IWRM Actions: Establishment of an institutional

framework comprising LiaoningCleanerWater Proj-

ectOffice,LiaoRiverBasinCoordinationCommission,

EU-Liaoning Water Resource Planning Project Office

under which an IWRM Planning Project was devel-

oped. Under this project a water resources assess-

mentwascarriedout,areformofthepolicyforwater

exploitation and utilization was made, water prices

adjusted, a monitoring network established and

capacitybuildingwithinIWRMmade.Inaddition,the

cleanerwaterprojectwascreatingwastewaterinfra-

structure, low production/high pollution production

wasdiscouraged,pollutionpreventionandcontrolof

Liao River Basin was planned and reforestation was

implemented.

• Tangible impacts: Reduction of pollution loads by

60%andqualityofriverwaterconsiderablyimproved.

Upstream-downstream conflicts were reduced and

deforestationpracticeshalted.Drinkingwaterwithin

thebasinwassafeguardedandecosystemsinseveral

riverstretcheswererestored.Groundwaterpollution

wasreducedandpublicawarenessofdemandman-

agementandpollutionriskswasraised.

Source:EULiaoningIntegratedEnvironmentalProgram

-ChiefofEUPartyAlanEdwards-MWHEnvironmental

Engineering

Columbia - Local level:ConservingLaCochaLagoon

• Issues: LaCochaLagoonissituatedinthehighAndes

inColombiawith the largestwetland systemof the

Andes.Theforestsofthebasinareexploitedforchar-

coalproductionbeingthecauseofsoilerosion,lossof

fertility,fasterrunoffandgreatlyreducedbiodiversity.

Anotherissueistheplannedconstructionofamajor

damsystemtodivertwaterfromtheAmazonasBasin

tothePacificsideoftheAndes.Inundationof3000

haofgrasslandandthreateningofthelivelihoodsof

localfamiliesareamongthenegativeimpacts.

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�6

• IWRM Actions: Partnership established between the

NetworkofPrivateNatureReserves,Peasants’Devel-

opmentAssociationandvariouscommunityorganiza-

tionwithfacilitationfromWWF.Promotionofgreater

participation in decision-making processes. Private

forestreserveswithsustainableusewereencouraged

as well as ecotourism. A Lake Defense Committee

was formedandplans forestablishmentofofficially

protected areas to complement the private reserves

weremade.

• Tangible Impacts: 387 poor families doubled their

incomeandfoodrequirementsaremetonsite.Threats

toLaCochaLagoonandsurroundingwetlandswere

reduced and the Lake Defence Committee worked

with Ministry of Environment towards a declaration

of the area as a Ramsar Site. The dam system plans

were shelved as Ministry of Environment refused an

environmental licensebasedonabalancingbetween

downstreambenefitsandenvironmentalcosts.

Source: IWRM ToolBox, Case # 225 - www.gwptool-

box.org

Morocco - National level:Managementof scarcewater

resourcesandpilotsonpollutioncontrol

• Issues: Scarcewaterresourcescombinedwitharapid

population increase, urbanization and industrializa-

tion makes water a contentious issue with 42% of

theruralpopulationlackingaccesstopotabledrink-

ing water. Agriculture uses 92% of the country’s

dwindlingwater resources.Largevariations inwater

resources in timeand spacemake sustainableman-

agementofwater resourcesakey issue.Challenges

includetheimplementationofawaterreformdecen-

tralizing financial and planning authority for water

resources tonine river basin agencies tobe created

incrementally.

• IWRM Actions: Improvement of institutions and

policies for water resources management following

IWRM principles. Best practices in water resources

management developed and disseminated. Non-

governmental participation in water resources man-

agement increased. Pilots were undertaken among

others within wastewater. Actions were undertaken

facilitatedbyUSAID.

• Tangible impacts: Soussa -Massa River Basin Agency

established and operating according to IWRM prin-

ciples.Multi- agencycooperationandparticipationof

private water user associations in management deci-

sions takes place. National and regional institutional

responsibilities have been defined and consolidated.

Procedures for allocation of water were established

together with technical capacities to allocate and

monitor water quantity and quality and mechanisms

forcommunicationbetweensectorsandagencies.Pilot

projectswereundertakeninFez,AlAttaouiaandDraga

and included construction of innovative wastewater

treatmentplants.InNakhla,watershedsoillosswassig-

nificantlyreducedthroughsoilconservationmeasures.

Source: USAIDWaterTeam-CaseStudy in Integrated

Water Resources Management. USAID/Morocco SO2

Close-OutReport.

Fergana Valley - International level: Improving water

accessibilitythroughIWRM

• Issues: Once the most fertile valley in Central Asia,

Fergana valley with its approx 10 mill inhabitants is

now subject to high soil salinization and crops no

longer suffice to feed the population. State bound-

aries between Uzbekistan, Kyrgistan and Tajikistan

make tranboundary management problematic and

causeconstantinternalandinterstatedisputes.More

than60%of the inhabitantsdonothaveaccess to

safedrinkingwaterandbasic sanitation resulting in

widespread water-borne diseases in the rural areas.

Irrigation infrastructure is inadequateand thewater

useisinefficient.

• IWRM Actions: Improved management of water

resources based on IWRM principles emphasizing

higher efficiency and more equity. IWRM capacity

buildingwithin riverbasinmanagementamongriver

commissions,provinces,municipalities,companiesand

wateruserassociations.Demonstrationofbottom-up

approachesandincreasesinyieldsandwaterproduc-

tivitybyup to30%.SwissAgency forDevelopment

and Cooperation assisted the Interstate Commission

forWaterCoordinationintheimplementation.

• Tangible impacts:Partnershipbetweenallwaterman-

agement actors across Fergana Valley. Safe drinking

water provided to 28 villages with a population of

80,000 people and 320 ecological sanitation toilets

havebeenconstructedonacost-sharingbasis.Water-

borne diseases have decreased by more than 60%

on average and infant mortality has been almost

eradicatedinallvillagesdespiteprevailingpoverty.28

WaterCommitteeshavebeencreatedoperatingand

maintainingwatersystemsefficientlywithmorethan

30%participationbywomen.Expansionofimproved

irrigationpracticesaswellasinnovativesolutionsfor

irrigation canal management and sustainable water

userassociationsinadditiontosustainablefinancing

atcanal,wateruserassociationandfarmlevel.

Source: SDC inCentralAsia - IWRM.www.swisscoop.

uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_

Resources_Management

��

Sri Lanka - National level: IWRMandWaterEfficiency

Plan

• Issues:Inadequatedevelopedwaterresourcestomeet

thedemands;frequentwaterrelateddisasters(floods,

droughts etc associated with climatic changes); low

wateruseefficiency;delay in implementingNational

WaterResourcesPolicydue topoliticizationofbasic

policyissues.

• IWRM actions: A baseline assessment of water

resourceswasmadeunderSriLankaNationalWater

DevelopmentReport(SLNWDR)preparedforWWAP.

To address the inadequacy of water development,

several diversion and storage projects have been

initiated. Some were completed recently. A disas-

ter management plan and institutional setup have

beenimplementedtoo.Sectoralwateruseefficiency

improvement plans are implemented. A National

WaterDevelopmentReporthasbeenpreparedunder

WWAP and it is planned to update this every 3

years.

• Tangible impacts: A considerable number of people

living in water scarce areas of the country have

benefited through diversions and storage facilities.

To bridge the water demand/availability gap, sev-

eralprojectsareplannedandimplemented.Ongoing

MenikGangaProjectandWeliOyaDiversionProject

are nearing completion. Studies on the impact are

continuing.Inthecaseofirrigationsector,severalirri-

gationschemeshaveimprovedtheirwaterproductiv-

ity.Similarimprovementsareexperiencedindrinking

water sector. The disaster management institutional

setupcontributedtomitigatetheimpactsandprovide

warningforrecentfloods.TheSLNWDRhascreated

anawarenessofwaterrelatedchallengesamongthe

keystakeholders.

Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.

unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2

USA - State level:NYCityWaterSupplyasapartner in

Watershedmanagement

• Issues: Faced with deteriorating input water quality

NYCityhadthechoiceofbuildinganewwatersup-

ply treatment plant at a cost of USD 6,000 million

or taking comprehensive measures to improve and

protectthequalityofthesourcewaterintheCroton

and Catskill/Delaware watersheds totalling approx.

5000km2deliveringwaterforover9millpeople in

NewYorkCity.Dualgoalsofprotectingwaterquality

andpreservingeconomicviabilityofwatershedcom-

munitiesweresetout.

• IWRM Actions:Developmentofpartnershipsbetween

NYCity,NYState,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,

watershedcounties,townsandvillagesenvironmen-

talandpublic interestgroups.Programsweredevel-

oped tobalanceagriculture,urbanand ruralwaste-

waterandstormdrainageinfrastructure,environment

and the quality of water in the 19 reservoirs and 3

controlled lakes. A watershed agricultural program

was supplemented by land acquisition, watershed

regulations,environmentalandeconomicpartnership

programs,wastewatertreatmentplantupgradesand

protectionmeasuresatreservoirs.

• Tangible impacts: More than 350 farms within the

watershed have embarked on implementation of

bestmanagementpracticesreducingpollutionloads,

acquisitionof280km2landforprotection,enforce-

mentofeffectivewatershedregulations,remediation

of 2000 failing septic systems, upgrading of waste-

watertreatmentplantswithtertiarytreatment.More

than50%reductionincoliformbacteria,totalphos-

phorus and several other major contaminants were

achieved.NYCitywater supplywasexempted from

filtration,thepopulationofthewatershedsenjoysan

improvedenvironmentalqualityandatotalsavingof

USD4,400millionwasrealized.

Source: New York City, Department of Environmental

Protection,BureauofWaterSupply:“2006Watershed

ProtectionProgram.SummaryandAssessment”.www.

ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.html

Kazakhstan - National level: Management of scarce

waterresourcesandpollutioncontrol

• Issues:Thereareplentyofwater-ecologicalproblems

servingasobstacle,ofwhichthemostacuteonesare

growingwaterdeficit;Pollutionofopenandunder-

ground waters; Enormous over-norm water losses;

Exacerbationoftheproblemofqualitydrinkingwater

supply to population; Problems of interstate water

apportioning;andDeteriorationofthetechnicalstate

ofthedams,waterworksfacilitiesandotherinstalla-

tions.Actually,thesituationwithwatermanagement

istensethroughouttheterritoryoftherepublicand

the environmental ill-being has overtaken all major

riverbasinsofthecountry.

• IWRM actions: In accordance with the Water Code

of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Water Resource

CommitteeoftheMinistryofAgricultureisassigned

tomanage,regulatetheuseandtoprotectthewater

resources,includingrenewablewaterresources.With

thepurposeofimprovingthemanagementofwater

resources and introduction of international practice,

theCommittee,asof June2004,hasbeencarrying

out the development of Integrated Water Resource

and Water Efficiency Management Plan (IWRM).

Legalandorganizational conditions for transition to

integrated water resource management have also

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

been established. Basin Councils - basis for IWRM

Plan implementation - have been established to

increasetheinvolvementofinterestedpartiesinwater

resourcesmanagement.

• Tangible impacts: The necessary legal framework,

namely Water Code, Land Code and Forestry Code

(2003), The Law “On Sanitary-Epidemic Security of

Population” (2003) isestablished inKazakhstan.For

the implementation of the IWRM Plan, River Basin

Organizations,namelyBasinCouncils arebeing cre-

ated. In the sense of territorial division, the basin

councilshavebeencreated in8hydrographicbasins

ofKazakhstanaswellasinseparatewaterobjects.

Source: The Plan of Integrated Management of Water

Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A.Y. Nikolay-

enko and A.K. Kenshimov

Mozambique/Zimbabwe - Transboundary level: The

PungweRiverProject

• Issues:Duringspringtideand lowriverflows,saline

water intrusion extends upstream of Pungwe River

mouth,whichhasanegativeimpactsonsugarcane

farminganddomesticwaterforBeiraCityinMozam-

bique.TheeffectsofgoldminingactivitiesinthePun-

gwebasindominatethewaterqualityandincreased

sedimentconcentrationsofthesurfacewaterofthe

PungweRiver.Thegoldminingactivities in the river

basinaremainlypoverty-driven,i.e.itisasubsistence

activity. The suspended sediments make the water

unsuitablefordrinking,washingand irrigation,bury

theaquatic fauna,preventphotosynthesis andhave

effects on the fish population. Miners use mercury

in the gold mining process causing elevated con-

centrationsofmercury in the suspended sediments.

Alsootherheavymetals,e.g.leadandcadmium,are

bound to the suspended sediments since they exist

naturallyinthesoils.Floodscausefrequentproblems

inthelowerpartsofthePungweRiverbasin.Wide-

spreadpovertyandcompetingdemandsforavailable

waterresourceswithinandbetweenthecountries.

IWRM actions: The Pungwe Project commenced in

February2002andincludedthreephases,viz:Phase1

-MonographPhase,Phase2-ScenarioDevelopment

Phase,andPhase3-JointIWRMStrategyPhase.Dur-

ingthemonographphasea largeeffortwasdirected

towardsimprovingtheknowledgebaseforthedevel-

opment of thewater resources of thebasin through

a number of sector studies. The scenarios for water

resourcesdevelopmentwereelaboratedinthePhase2.

Thedevelopmentscenariosincludedanumberofproj-

ectsandstudies,includinge.g.possibilitiesofmedium-

largedamsonthePungweRiveroritstributaries,flood

warning system, local groundwater assessments and

measuresforimprovedsurfacewaterquality.InPhase

3implementationplansfortheprojectsadoptedbythe

stakeholdersofthePungweRiverbasinwereelaborated

andtheJointIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement

WaterStrategyformulated.Inparallelthedevelopment

ofaclimatechangeadaptationstrategyforthebasin

hascommenced.Localassessmentofclimatechange

impactsweremadebyfeedingGCMscenarios intoa

regionalhigherresolutionclimatemodelsandlinkingit

tothehydrologicalmodelsofthebasin.

• Tangible Impacts: Sector studies conducted by the

Projectdescribethepresentsituationinthebasinwith

regardstowaterresources,environmentandpollution,

waterdemand,infrastructureandsocio-economy.River

basin organisations have been strengthened, water

permitting and revenue collection operationalized

and stakeholder participation increased through the

establishmentofabasincommittee.Afiveyear joint

program between the Governments of Mozambique

and Zimbabwe has commenced to strengthen the

capacityofkeybasinIWRMinstitutions-Tostrengthen

and expand stakeholder participation in Integrated

Water Resources Management in the Pungwe Basin;

Toensureappropriate,efficient,effectiveandsustain-

abletechnicalsystemsandcapacitiesforthecollection,

monitoring,managementandcommunicationofwater

resources data; Tomobilise resources for sustainable,

poverty-oriented, water-related development invest-

ments inthePungweBasinthroughestablishmentof

aPungweBasinPre-InvestmentFacilityandlaunching

ofthePungweBasinInitiative.Inaddition,sevenCriti-

cal Development Projects have been developed with

their own specific objectives. Large-scale investments

suchasmajorhydraulicinfrastructureisanticipatedto

befundedthroughothersourcesmobilisedthrougha

PungweBasinInvestmentFacility.TheJointIntegrated

Water Resources Management Strategy for the Pun-

gweRiverBasinPungwehasbeenabletomaterialise

thevisionofabroadandsustainablesocio-economic

developmentwithoutenvironmentalharm.

Source:www.pungweriver.net

Chile - National level: Impactonwaterandenvironment

duetomacro-economicandsocialdevelopmentpolicies

• Issues:Chile’smacro-economicgrowthpoliciesboost-

ed exports, but a sharp rise in demand for water

wasalsoevident.Muchof thisdemandoccurred in

relatively water-poor basins, where it was driven by

market forces or the availability of other inputs or

resources,andnotbythearea’swaterendowments.

Thishasledtogrowingcompetitionforwaterinsome

basins. Policy makers and water planners therefore

needtobeawarethat ifeconomicpoliciescontinue

��

to encourage water-dependent exports, then ever-

greater quantities of water will need to be found.

Development has placed additional pressure on the

environment in general, and on water resources in

particular.Over the twodecades theuseofwells in

agriculturehasincreasedsixfold,theuseofwellsfor

drinkingwaterfourfold,and,duringthelastdecade,

40aquifershavebeenclosedtonewconcessions.

• IWRM actions: Improvements inwater-useefficiency

have been considerable, especially in those areas

linked to exports. Cleaner production practices

triggered by globalization have also benefited the

environment. Increased private-sector investment in

sanitationhasbeen encouragedbyChile’s focuson

maintaining its macro-economic equilibrium. This

hasboostedthedevelopmentofChile’ssewerage,as

wellas itswatersupplysector.Newwaterandenvi-

ronmentallawsandregulationshavealsobeenputin

place. In2005, reformof the country’sWaterCode

sought to establish a more stable balance between

thepublicinterestandtherightsofprivateindividu-

als and among social and productive demands and

environmentalconsiderations.

• Tangible impacts:Working inwater-scarceareashas

increased the prices of water rights and forced the

mining sector to increase the efficiency of itswater

usethreefoldoverthelast20years,whilewateruse

inwoodpulpproductionhasfallenby70%perton

produced. Macro-economic policies to improve cost

recovery have caused household water consump-

tiontofallby10%,inreactiontoa38%increasein

domesticwatersupply.Somesectors(suchasmining,

agriculture and wood pulp production) have gone

beyond national requirements and agreed to clean

productionprogramsacceptedglobally.Thepercent-

age of sewage treated in Chile leapt from 17% in

1997 to 81% in 2005, and by 2010 almost all the

country’ssewageislikelytobetreated.

Source: Water and Sustainable Development: Lessons

fromChile,PolicybriefpreparedbySandyWilliamsand

SarahCarrigerunderthedirectionoftheGWPTechnical

Committee.

Uganda - National level: IWRM and Water Efficiency Plan

• Issues:Inthe1990’sdeterioratingqualityandquantity

ofwaterresourcesduetopoorlandusepracticesand

inadequatelyregulateduseofwateranddischargeof

wastewater.Inadequatelegalandinstitutionalframe-

workforWRM.Reforminthelightofdecentralization

goals.Increasedstakeholders’involvementinWRMat

bothnationalandlocallevelsisrequired.

• IWRM actions:TheNationalWaterResourcesManage-

mentStrategyisbeingimplementedatbothnational

andlocallevels.Institutionalarrangementsatnational

level involvinga12memberhigh levelWaterPolicy

Committee is being revitalized and the Department

ofWaterResourcesManagementhasbeenelevated

toaDirectorateintheMinistryofWatertostrengthen

thepositionofwaterresourcesmanagement.Atlocal

level,catchmentmanagementorganizationsinvolving

aCatchmentAdvisoryCommittee,CatchmentSecre-

tariat,StakeholderForumandWaterUserCommittee

arebeingpilotedinonecatchmentbeforerolloutto

awiderpartofthecountryin2008.

• Strengtheningwaterresourcesmanagementframe-work involving water resources assessment andmonitoring networks and regulation of use andpollution of water resources through continuedimplementationofawaterpermitssystem

• Improvement of the enabling legal and institu-tional framework for WRM at both national andlocallevels

• Decentralisationofmanagementofwaterresourc-estocatchmentmanagementzones.

• Tangible impacts:Anenablinglegalandinstitutional

framework for WRM is in place; Water resources

assessment and monitoring networks and a water

permits system are fully operational and Piloting of

decentralisation of WRM to catchments is almost

completeandrollouttoawiderpartofthecountry

willbedonein2008

Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.

unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2

4.6 the development of indicatorsThere is a recognizedneed todevelopa setof indicators

which would characterize the status of implementation

of the IWRMapproachwithincountries.Therehavebeen

many attempts to produce indicators which would ade-

quatelyencompassdiversesituationsandtheverydifferent

time scales at which implementation is taking place. The

process is highly complicated and challenging. Moreover,

thishastobeconsideredinthelightofestablishedreport-

ingmechanisms,e.g.UN-Statistics,andavoidaddingoner-

ousreportingdemandsonnationalgovernments.

UN-Water,hasundertakenamajorinitiativethroughthe

World Water Assessment Programme to develop a com-

prehensivesetofindicators-summaryofprogressisdocu-

mentedintheSecondWorldWaterDevelopmentReport.

To further develop suitable indicators UN-Water has

established a Task Force on Indicators, Monitoring and

Reporting.Manyindicatorsalreadyexisttomeasuresocial

Status of national IWRM planning and implementation

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0

progress and the aim is to add value to these and not

reinventthewheel.Asummaryofprogressmadetodate

bythemanyagenciesandorganizationsinvolvedhasbeen

produced by UNEP-UCC and is found in Annex 7. The

Roadmappinginitiative,beingdevelopedconcurrentlywith

thisReportandcomplementary to it, laysouta timetable

overthenextsevenyearsforthedevelopmentofanachiev-

ablesetofindicatorsincludingthosespecificallyrelatedto

IWRM,seehttp://www.unwater.org.

��

The UN-Water Survey provides the best and most objec-

tivecomprehensiveoverviewofthecurrentstatusofwater

resources management. Care must be exercised in inter-

pretingtheresultsforthefollowingreasons:

• Manyoftheverypoorestofcountrieswerenotable

tocompletethesurveys-inthissensetheresultsare

biased;

• Therewasonlyonepartial responsefromtheSouth

AsiaregionandtheEastAsiaregionwasonlyrepre-

sentedbyChina-thisisamajorshort-comingofthe

dataset;

• It is not certain that questions were interpreted in

exactly the samewaybydifferent countries; indeed

theremaybebias inthat the leastdevelopedcoun-

triesmaymakeunreasonablypositive interpretations

oftheirachievementswhilemoredevelopedcountries

mayhavebeenmoreself-criticalintheiranswers;

• FromthecomparisonofanswersfromtheUN-DESA

and UNEP questionnaires for those countries that

completedbothitisclearthatinmanycountriesdif-

ferentanswersmaybegiventoverysimilarquestions

indicating differing interpretations between govern-

mentdepartmentsorbetweenindividualswithinthe

samedepartment;

• Several of the questions are simply not relevant to

particularcountries;forexampletransboundaryissues

areofnorelevancetocountriesthatshareno inter-

nationalborders,countriesinnon-aridregionsarenot

concernedwithdesertification,land-lockedcountries

areusuallynotconcernedwithdesalinationetc.

Despitetheseshort-comings,manyofwhicharealmost

inevitable given the complexity of circumstances, useful

conclusions can be reached especially when comparing

regionsandsub-regions:

Key conclusions:Developed countries:Theyhaveadvancedonalmost

allmajor issues,however,there isstillmuchroomforfur-

therimprovement.

• Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-

veyonly6claimtohave fully implementednational

IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto

haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.

• The Report indicates that developed countries need

to improve on public awareness campaigns and on

gendermainstreaming.

Developing countries: There has been some recent

improvementintheIWRMplanningprocessatnationallevel

butmuchmoreneedstobedonetoimplementtheplans.

• Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade

between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-

ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-

age of countries having plans completed or under

implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis

measure the Americas have improved most - from

7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere

from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.

However,someofthechangemaybeduetodiffer-

encesinthequestionnaires.

• Africausually lagsbehindAsiaandtheAmericason

most issues,however it ismoreadvancedon stake-

holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit

programs;

• Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet

lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.

Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-

blebenefitsof implementingplansthathaveadoptedthe

IWRM approach. There are examples at the national and

internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-

plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese

levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.

Water efficiency: It is clear that many countries

consider that plans that follow an IWRM approach auto-

maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas

considerableambiguity intheresponsesconcerningwater

efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis

recognised that takingactions thatmakewaterusemore

efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment

and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-

tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant

to theirparticular circumstances, it shouldnotbe implied

thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbeconsiderednecessary.It

canbeconcludedfromthissurveythatmuchmoreeffort

needstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency

measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.

Development of indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas

goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet

therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,

relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.

TheRoadmapping initiative,beingdevelopedconcurrently

�.0 Key lessons learned and future actions

Key lessons learned and future actions

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

with this Report and complementary to it, is intended to

help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards

better water management, drawing inspiration from the

IWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they

have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and

global levels, the roadmapscouldserveasbenchmark for

monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-

ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries

withabetterassessmentoftheneedstoadvanceintheir

implementationofIWRM.

Recommendations: Thesurvey indicates thatmoreemphasis isneeded in the

followingareas:

• Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,

need to prioritise the development of IWRM and

waterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpofsupport-

ingagencies;

• Countries need to prioritise the implementation of

policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;

• Countries should establish roadmaps and financing

strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith

ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors

andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon

demand;

• ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-

ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-

nation mechanisms. This will require more work on

indicators and follow-up processes that do not add

anunduereportingburdenoncountries.

• TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits

associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould

continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof

progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.

��

Annexes are to be found on the UN-Water website at:

http://www.unwater.org/

Annex1 GuidingNoteandIWRMQuestionnaireSentto

Countries to seek information on Implementa-

tionofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansasPart

ofTheirReportingtoCSD-16

Annex2 CoverlettersfromUN-DESAregardingUN-DESA

Questionnaire

Annex3 QuestionnairefromUN-DESA

Annex4 QuestionnairefromUNEP-CollaboratingCentre

Annex5 QuestionnairefromGWP

Annex6 QuestionnairefromAfricanDevelopmentBank

Annex7 IndicatordevelopmentforIWRMbyUNEP-Col-

laboratingCentre

Annex8 Databasecomprisingthefollowingworksheets:

• Responsesummaryforallsurveys

• ResponsestoUN-WaterSurvey

• ResponsestoUNEPquestionnaire

• TextresponsestoUNDESAquestionnaire

• UNDESA-UNEPcomparison

• GWPandUN-Watercomparison

6.0 List of Annexes

List of Annexes

��

1 comparison of developed countries With the regions of africa, the americas and asia

Main National Instruments and other Strategies - All Regions

012345

Water Policy

National/Federal Water Law

National/FederalIWRM Plan

National/Federal Water Efficiency Plan

Poverty Reduction Strategywith WRM Component

National Development Plan with WRM Component

National Sustainable Development Strategy

National Env. Action Plan with WRM Component

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Main National Instruments and other National/Federal Strategies that may contribute to promoting IWRM - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedcountriessignificantly

moreadvancedonmainnational

instruments

AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvanced

onnationaldevelopmentplansand

nationalenvironmentalactionplans

withIWRMcomponent

OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleast

advancedwithpovertyreduction

strategieswithWRMcomponent

Water Resources Development - All Regions

012345

Assessment of Water Resources

Regulatory Norms and Guidelines for Sust. Devt.

Basin Studies for Water Resources Management

Desalination of Seawater

Rainwater Harvesting Programs

Water Harvesting from coastal fogs

Water Supply Augmentation Programs

Programs for Recycling and reuse and water

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedcountriesmoreadvanced

onmostissues,but,asexpected,not

forrain-waterharvesting

Asiamoreadvancedthanother

developingregionsforWRassessment

Water Resources Management-Summary Statistics for All Regions

012345

Programs and Policies for Watershed

Program for improving efficiency ofwater Infrastructure

Progms on Catchment protection

Groundwater Management Program

Program/Policies to reverseEcosystem Degradation

Programs for Flood Control

Programs to combat Desertification

Policies for efficient allocation of water resourcesMechanisms to control pollution

Demand mgt. measures to Improve water use efficiency

Drainage and irrigatedAgriculture Development

Conjunctive use of Surface And Groundwater

Norms & Guidelines for EIAs

Programs for joint management of shared water resources

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedcountriessignificantlymore

advancedexceptinthelessrelevant

areasofcombatingdesertificationand

irrigatedagriculture

Developingregionsverysimilarexcept

theAmericasmoreadvancedin

programsandpoliciesforwatershed

management,groundwater

managementanddrainageand

irrigation;Asiamoreadvancedin

legislativemechanismstocontrol

pollution

Appendix Diagrams showing Regional and Sub-Regional comparisons

Appendix

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�6

Water Use-Summary Statistics for All Regions

012345

Water Demand

Programs and Policies for managing Agricultural water use

Programs & Policies formanaging Municipal water use

Programs & Policies for Managing Industrial water use

Programs and Policies for managing other water uses

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Water Use - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedcountriessignificantlymore

advanced

Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthan

otherregions

Monitoring, Information Management & Dissemination - All Regions

012345

Functional Hydrological and Hydro-meteorological networks

Standard Procedures forData Collection, Processing and Analysis

Reliable IWRM Management Information System

Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing

Monitoring and Reporting On the impacts of IWRM Reforms

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedcountriessignificantlymore

advanced

Asiamoreadvancedthanthe

Americaswhichinturnaremore

advancedthanAfricaonallissues

exceptmonitoringandreporting

theimpactsofIWRMreformswhere

Africaismoreadvanced

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - All Regions

012345

Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs

Capacity Building

Establishment of River Basin Mgt. Institutions

Institutional Reforms

Institutional Coordination

Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors

Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps

Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation

Programs for provision of Extension Services

Technology Transfer Programmes

Pro-poor Policies & Programs in the Water Sector

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedregionssignificantlymore

advancedonallissuesexceptPro-poor

policieswhicharedesignatednot

relevantbymanydevelopedcountries

Similarresponsesfromdeveloping

regionswithsomeinteresting

contrasts-egAsiamoreadvancedon

institutionalreformsyetbehindon

institutionalcoordinationmechanisms

��

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for all Regions

0123

45

Processes for Stakeholder Participation

Decentralized Water Resources ManagementStructures

Programs for Gender Mainstreaming

Public Awareness Campaigns

Mechanisms to discuss & resolve TransboundaryWater Resources issues

Partnerships for Water Resources Management

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedcountriesmoreadvanced

exceptonprogramsforgender

mainstreamingandonpublic

awarenesscampaigns

Africamoreadvancedthanother

developingregionsonallissuesexcept

lowerthanAsiaonmechanismsto

resolvetransboundarywaterissues

Financing - Summary Statistics for all Regions

012345

Water Sector Investment Plan

Strategy for Mobilization of Financial Resources

Norms and Procedures forFinancial Sustainability

Gradual Cost Recovery Mechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures

Subsidies/Micro credit Programs

AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Financing - Summary Statistics for all Regions

Developedregionsslightlymore

advanced

OfthedevelopingregionsAsia

behindonstrategiesformobilizing

financialresourcesandonnormsand

proceduresforfinancialsustainability;

Africasignificantlymoreadvancedon

subsidiesandmicro-creditprograms

Appendix

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

2 regional analyses and inter-comparisons for africa, the americas and asia

�.� Main National Instruments and other National/Federal Strategies that may contribute to promoting IWRM

Main National Instruments & other Strategies - Africa Region

012345

Water Policy

National Water Law

National IWRM Plan

Water Efficiency Plan

Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component

National Development Plan with WRM Component

National Sustainable Development Strategy

National Environment Action Plan with WRM Component

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Summary Statistics for Africa

CountriesofNAfricascore

significantlyhigheronmainnational

instrumentswhilecountriesofS

Africascorehigheronplanswith

IWRMcomponentsandonsustainable

developmentstrategies

Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Americas

0

1

2

3

4

5Water Policy

National Water Law

National IWRM Plan

Water Efficiency Plan

Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component

National Environment Action Plan with WRM Component

National Sustainable Development Strategy

National Development Plan with WRM Component

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Summary Statistics for Americas

MajordifferencesbetweenCaribbean

countriesandcountriesofSAmerica

-Caribbeanmuchhigheronmain

nationalinstruments;SAmericamuch

higheronotherplanscontributingto

IWRM

0

1

2

3

4

5

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

National Water Law

National IWRM Plan

Water Efficiency Plan

Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component

Water Policy

National Environment Action Plan with WRM Component

National Sustainable Development Strategy

National Development Plan with WRM Component

Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Asia

Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Summary Statistics for Asia

WAsia:generallylowscoresallround

SEAsiahighonnational/federal

IWRMandwaterefficiencyplansin

contrasttoCentralAsia

Note:countriesofSAsianot

representedatall;forEAsiaonly

Chinarepresented

��

�.� Water Resources Development

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Africa

012345

Assessment of Water Resources

Regulatory Norms&Guidelines For Sustainable Development

Basin Studies for water Resources Management

Desalination of Seawater

Rainwater Harvesting Programs

Water Harvesting from Coastal Fogs

Water Supply Augmentation Programs

Programs for Recycling And reuse of water

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Africa

Note:severalissues(egdesalination

andcoastalfogharvesting)not

relevanttomanycountries-otherwise

verysimilarresponses

012345

Rainwater Harvesting Programs

Water Harvesting from Coastal fogs

Water Supply Augmentation Programs

Programs for Recycling And reuse of water

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Americas

Assessment of Water Resources

Regulatory Norms&Guidelines For Sustainable Development

Basin Studies for Water Resources Management

Desalination of Seawater

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Americas

Similarresponsesexceptfor

Caribbeancountrieswhichrankhigh

forassessment,regulatorynormsand

basinstudiesbutlowonrecycling

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Asia

0

1

2

3

45

Assessment of Water Resources

Regulatory Norms and Guidelines for Sustainable Development

Basin Studies for Water Resources Management

Desalination of Seawater

Rainwater Harvesting Programs

Water Harvesting fromCoastal Fogs

Water Supply Augmentation Programs

Programs for Recycling And reuse of water

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Asia

Hereadefiniteconsistenthierarchy

ofresponsesfromChinawithhighest

scoresthroughSEAsia,WAsiato

CentralAsiawithlowestscores

Appendix

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0

�.� Water Resources Management

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Africa

01

2

3

45

Programs and Policies for Watershed Mgt.Program for improving efficiencyof water infrastructure

Programs & Policies onCatchment Protection

Groundwater Mgt. Program

Program/Policies to reverse ecosystem degradation

Flood Control Policies &Progms

Programs to combat desertification

Policies for efficient allocation of water resources

Mechanisms to control pollution

Demand mgt. measures to improve water efficiency

Drainage and irrigated Agriculture Development

Conjunctive use of Surface & Groundwater

Norms & Guidelines for EIAs

Programs for joint managementof shared water resources

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Africa

Verysimilarresponsesoverallexcept

forNAfricawhich,aswouldbe

expectedinaridenvironments,

hashigherscoresongroundwater,

desertificationandirrigationissues

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Americas

0123

45

Programs & Policies for Watershed Mgt.

Program for improving efficiency of water infrastructure

Programs & Policies on Catchment Protection

Groundwater Mgt. Program

Program to reverse Ecosystem degradation

Programs for Flood Control

Programs to combat desertification

Policies for efficient allocation of water resourcesMechanisms to control pollution

Demand mgt. measures to improve water use efficiency

Drainage & irrigated Agriculture Devt.

Conjunctive use of Surface & Groundwater

Norms & Guidelines for EIAs

Programs for joint mgt. of shared water resources

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Americas

Aconsistenthierarchyofscores-

Caribbeanbeingconsistentlyhighest

(except,asexpected,inshared

managementofresources);Central

Americasbeingconsistentlylowest

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Asia

0

1

2

3

45

Programs & Policies for Watershed Management

Program for improving efficiency of water infrastructure

Programs & Policies on Catchment Protection

Groundwater Mgt. Program

Program/Policies to reverse ecosystem degradation

Flood Control Programs

Programs to combat desertification

Policies for efficient allocation of water resources

Mechanisms to control pollution

Demand mgt. measures to improve water use efficiency

Drainage & irrigated Agriculture Devt.

Conjunctive use of surface and Groundwater

Norms & Guidelines for EIAs

Programs for joint mgt. ofShared water resources

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Asia

Aconsistenthierarchyofresponses

withEandSEAsiahavinghighscores

andCentralAsiahavinglowscores

��

�.� Water Use

Water Use - Summary Statistics for Africa

012345

Water Demand Surveys

Programs for ManagingAgricultural water use

Programs for Managing Municipal water use

Programs for Managing Industrial water use

Programs for Managing Other water uses

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Water Use - Summary Statistics for Africa

NorthernAfricaconsistentlyhigher

scoresthanotherAfricanregions

whichdisplaysimilarresponses

Water Use - Summary Statistics for Americas

0

1

2

3

4

5Water Demand Surveys

Programs for ManagingAgricultural water use

Programs for ManagingMunicipal water use

Programs for ManagingIndustrial water use

Programs for ManagingOther water uses

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Water Use - Summary Statistics for Americas

Caribbeancountrieshavesignificantly

higherscoresthanotherregionsof

theAmericas

Water Use - Summary Statistics for Asia

0

1

2

3

4

5Water Demand Surveys

Programs for managingAgricultural water use

Programs for managingMunicipal water use

Programs for managingIndustrial water use

Programs for managingOther water uses

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Water Use - Summary Statistics for Asia

EastandSouthEastAsiaconsistently

higherthanCentralandWestAsia

Appendix

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

�.� Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Africa

01

234

5Functional Hydrological & Hydro -meteorological networks

Standard Procedures For Data Collection, Processing and Analysis

Reliable IWRM Management Information System

Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing

Monitoring & Reporting on the impacts of IWRM Reforms

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for Africa

NAfricaconsistentlyhigherscores

thanotherAfricanregionswhich

displaysimilarresponses

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Americas

0

1

2

3

4

5Functional Hydrological & Hydro-meteorological networks

Standard Procedures For Data Collection,Processing & Analysis

Reliable IWRM Management Information System

Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing

Monitoring and Reporting on IWRM Reform Impacts

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for Americas

Caribbeanhighestonmostmeasures

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Asia

0

1

2

3

4

5Functional Hydrological & Hydro-meteorological networks

Standard Procedures for Data Collection, Processing and Analysis

Reliable IWRM Management Information System

Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing

Monitoring & Reporting On the impacts of IWRMReforms

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for Asia

CentralAsiagenerallyhaslowest

scores

��

�.6 Capacity Building and Enabling Environment

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary for Africa

0123

45

Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs

Capacity Building Programs

Establishment of River Basin Management Institutions

Institutional Reforms

Institutional Coordination Mechanisms

Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors

Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps

Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation

Programs for provision Of Extension services

Technology TransferPrograms

Pro-poor Policies & Programsin the water sector

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for Africa

Similarresponses-NAfricahigheston

someresponses

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Americas

01

2

3

4

5Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs

Capacity Building Programs

Establishment of River Basin Management Institutions

Institutional Reforms

Institutional Coordination Mechanisms

Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors

Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps

Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation

Programs for provision Of Extension Services

Technology Transfer Programs

Pro-poor Policies and programs in the water sector

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for Americas

Caribbeangenerallyhighest

0

1

2

3

4

5

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary for Asia

Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs

Capacity Building Programs

Establishment of River Basin Management Institutions

Institutional Reforms

Institutional Coordination Mechanisms

Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors

Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps

Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation

Programs for provision Of Extension Services

Technology TransferPrograms

Pro-poor Policies and Programs in the water sector

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for Asia

EandSEAsiagenerallywithhighest

scores,CentralAsiawithlowest

Appendix

Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��

�.� Stakeholder Participation

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Africa

0

1

2

3

4

5Processes for Stakeholder Participation

Decentralized Water Resources ManagementStructures

Programs for Gender Mainstreaming

Public Awareness Campaigns

Mechanisms to discussTrans-boundary issues

Partnerships for Water Resources Management

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Africa

NAfricagenerallyhighest,EAfrica

lowest

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

0

12

3

4

5

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Americas

Processes for Stakeholder Participation

Decentralized Water Resources Management Structures

Programs for Gender Mainstreaming

Public Awareness Campaigns

Mechanisms to discussTrans-boundary issues

Partnerships for Water Resources Management

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Americas

CentralAmericagenerallylowscores.

Transboundaryanddecentralized

managementstructuresnotso

relevantforCaribbeancountries

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Asia

0

1

2

3

4

5Processes for Stakeholder Participation

Decentralized Water Resources ManagementStructures

Programs for Gender Mainstreaming

Public Awareness Campaigns

Mechanisms to discuss Transboundary issues

Partnerships for Water Resources Management

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Asia

EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;Central

Asialowest

Note:lowscoresinChinafor

decentralizedmanagementstructures

��

�.� Financing

Financing - Summary Statistics for Africa

012345

Water Sector Investment Plan

Strategy for Mobilization Of Financial Resources

Norms and Procedures for Financial Sustainability

Gradual Cost Recovery Mechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures

Subsidies/MicroCredit Programs

Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa

Financing - Summary Statistics for Africa

NAfricagenerallyhigherscores;not

manydifferencesforotherAfrican

regions

0

1

2

3

4

5

Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas

Financing - Summary Statistics for Americas

Water Sector Investment Plan

Strategy for Mobilization of Financial Resources

Norms and Procedures for Financial Sustainability

Gradual Cost RecoveryMechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures

Subsidies/MicroCredit Programs

Financing - Summary Statistics for Americas

SAmericagenerallywithhighest

scoresexceptforCaribbeanwith

gradualcost-recoverymechanismsand

strategies

Financing - Summary Statistics for Asia

01

2

3

4

5Water Sector Investment Plan

Strategy for Mobilization Of Financial Resources

Norms and Procedures for Financial Sustainability

Gradual Cost RecoveryMechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures

Subsidies/MicroCredit Programs

Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia

Financing - Summary Statistics for Asia

SEAsiagenerallyhighest;CentralAsia

lowest

Appendix