1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 1936 USDA-Soil Conservation Service Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory established near Spartanburg, SC. Mission: To study vegetal characteristics for waterway lining. 1940 The Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory was relocated to Stillwater, OK. Mission: Continue the study of vegetal characteristics for waterway lining. Bill Ree named Laboratory Director, serving from 1940-1943 and 1945-1976. 1939 William “Bill” O. Ree arrived to start surveying land downstream of Lake Carl Blackwell Dam to establish a new Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory. 1939 Construction of Lake Carl Blackwell Dam was completed as a Land Utilization Project. 1937 Maurice Cox and Vernon Palmer begins grass-lined channel research in conjunction with the Oklahoma A&M University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1942 Construction of the siphons completed. Original siphons supplied up to 200 cfs of gravity flow according to Bill Ree. 1940s to 1950s Grass-lined channel research commenced under the direction of Bill Ree. From 1943-1945, Vernon Palmer served as acting Laboratory Director while Bill Ree served his country in World War II. Grass-lined waterway research consisted of test on various conditions including plant species, cutting, freeze/thaw cycles, dormant, burning, and other maintenance effects (i.e. seasonal growth). 1946 SCS-TP-61, Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation, was published. This document has been used worldwide and incorporated in many engineering textbooks used by universities today. 1947 Bill Ree’s one of a kind slide rule for calculating Manning’s Formula. Innovations in Hydraulic Engineering Research since 1940 1950s The mission of the Outdoor Hydraulics Laboratory expanded to hydraulic structures. 1954 The Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory found a new home within the newly created USDA- Agricultural Research Service. 1954-1958 Friction factors study for large diversion terraces planted to row crops. 1957 Due to the nature of the research at the Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory, methodology was developed for flow-measuring devices including the Walnut Gulch supercritical flow measuring flume for use in southern Arizona. 1944 Flood Control Act of 1944 (PL-534) passed. This led to the creation of the USDA Small Watershed Program that resulted in nearly 12,000 dams constructed across the U.S. 1956 Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954 (PL-566) passed. 1961 Research begins on trash racks to investigate restriction of entrance flow conditions due to collection of debris. 1967 Hood inlet grade stabilization research completed. 1976 USDA-NRCS engineer, M.M. Culp conceived the stepped baffled trash rack design he felt would eliminate some of the debris collection of the open trash rack risers. Wendell Gwinn completed the research, and indeed it proved to be effective in reducing the debris. The USDA-NRCS adopted the stepped baffled trash rack into their standard designs. 1976-1981 Wendell Gwinn named Research Leader in 1976 and served until 1981. 1959 Fred Blaisdell publishes Ag. Handbook 156 on SAF Stilling Basins. 1981-1998 Charles Rice named Research Leader in 1981 and served until 1998. 1980s Research on grass-lined channels began with a focus on developing a stress based design method rather than a velocity based design method. 1983 The USDA-ARS St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN, closes. The function of this unit was incorporated into the research program of the Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit. 1983 USDA-NRCS engineers and USDA-ARS scientists joined forces to form the Emergency Spillway Flow Study Task Group. Engineers from NRCS gathered filed data from spillways experiencing spillway flow while ARS scientists conducted research to examine erosion processes. In cooperation with Kansas State University, these efforts between ARS and NRCS led to the development of the SITES software for predicting erosion in vegetated earthen spillways. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 1984 Discharge calibration relationships were developed for a drop box approach to the H, HL, and HS flumes such that they could allow for bed load material to pass through the flume without a change in calibration. 1984 Fred Blaisdell, Research Leader of the USDA-ARS St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory relocates to the Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit in Stillwater, OK. 1987 Ag Handbook 667 Stability Design of Grass-lined Open Channels was published. 1991 Greg Hanson, Research Hydraulic Engineer, develops the laboratory, and later field submerged-jet testing device to evaluate the erodibility of soils. Three patents were issued for this device, and the methodology led to the development of ASTM standard D5852-95. 1989 Fred Blaisdell published ARS-76 Scour at Cantilevered Pipe Outlets. 1994 Charles Rice completes research on submerged cantilever pipe outlets to build on previous research completed by Fred Blaisdell. 1990 Design Concepts for Vegetated Waterways named a historic landmark by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1995 Rock chutes for grade stabilization research begins at the HERU. Research led to the development of the rock chute spreadsheet design tool. 1998-2006 Darrel Temple named Research Leader in 1998 and served until 2006. 1998 Low-drop grade stabilization research begins. 2004 USDA-ARS celebrates 50 th Anniversary. 2000 Embankment overtopping and internal erosion research begins. 2006-2012 Greg Hanson named Research Leader in 2006 and served until 2012. 2005 Windows Dam Analysis Modules, WinDAM, is released to predict embankment failure due to overtopping. Subsequent release in 2016, WinDAM C, include modules to predict embankment failure due to internal erosion. 2013 Sherry Hunt named Research Leader in 2013. 2006 Construction begins on prototype stepped chute facility non-aerated flow region, L / L i < 1.0 developing aerated flow region, 1.0 ≤ L/L i ≤ 2.0 entrance conditions fully developed aerated flow region, L / L i > 2.0 stilling basin and exit conditions inception point ycw y 90 y sp L i 2L i y cw = d 1 d 2 growing boundary layer q ysw h y θ H crest TW Ho Cmean Stepped Chute Design Parameters for Skimming Flow: h/dc < 1/(1.2 - 0.325tanθ) Unit discharge, q Chute slope, θ Step height, h Total drop, H crest Critical depth, dc = (q/g 0.5 ) 0.67 Normalized step height, h/dc Roughness Froude number, F* = eq.1 Length to inception point, L i = eq. 2 or 3 Given: Calculate: Ho = eq. 4 y = eq. 5 α = eq. 7 ycw = eq. 6 α = eq. 8 Cmean = eq. 9 y 90 = eq. 11 ysw = eq.12 ycw = eq. 6 α = eq. 8 Cmean = eq. 10 y 90 = eq. 11 ysw = eq.12 Fr = eq. 13 d 1 = ycw d 2 = eq. 14 H = eq. 15 ∆H/Ho = 1-H/Ho Equations: eq. 1: F* = q/[g(sinθ)(hcosθ) 3 ] 0.5 eq. 2: Li = 5.19(F*) 0.89 (hcosθ) for 0.1 < F* ≤ 28 eq. 3: Li = 7.48(F*) 0.78 (hcosθ) for 28 < F* < 10 5 eq. 4: Ho = Hcrest + 1.5dc eq. 5: y = dc(L/Li) -0.22 [0.34(h/dc) 0.063 (cosθ) 0.063 (sinθ) -0.18 ] for 0.1 ≤ L/Li ≤ 1.0 eq. 6: ycw= dc[0.34(h/dc) 0.063 (cosθ) 0.063 (sinθ) -0.18 ] for L/Li ≥ 1.0 eq. 7: α = 1.0+[1.025(h/dc) -0.128sinθ -1.0](L/Li) 0.632 for 0.1 ≤ L/Li ≤ 1.0 eq. 8: α = 1.0+[1.025(h/dc) -0.128sinθ -1.0][(L /Li+0.718) -2.37 +0.723] for L/Li > 1.0 eq. 9: Cmean = 0.11-[0.22/(L/Li)]+0.0645+0.216(h/dc)+0.453(sinθ) for 1.0 ≤ L/Li ≤ 2.0 eq. 10: Cmean = 0.0645+0.216(h/dc)+0.453(sinθ) for L/Li > 2.0 eq. 11: y90 = ycw/(1- Cmean) eq. 12: ysw= F.S. x y90 F.S. ranges from 1.2 to 2.0 eq. 13: Fr = (y/dc) -1.5 or (ycw/dc) -1.5 eq. 14: d2 = 1/2[(1+8Fr 2 ) 0.5 -1]d1 eq. 15: H = ycwcosθ + α(q/ycw) 2 /2g 2014 Step by step design procedures released for stepped chutes applied to embankment dams. 2011 USDA Small Watershed Program named a historic landmark by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2008 Generalized research begins on stepped chutes applied to embankment dams. 2015 and Beyond Research on complex geometries and zoned embankments in the planning stages. Research on stilling basins associated with stepped chutes commences.
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1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
1936USDA-Soil Conservation Service Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory established near Spartanburg, SC. Mission: To study vegetal characteristics for waterway lining.
1940The Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory was relocated to Stillwater, OK. Mission: Continue the study of vegetal characteristics for waterway lining. Bill Ree named Laboratory Director, serving from 1940-1943 and 1945-1976.
1939William “Bill” O. Ree arrived to start surveying land downstream of Lake Carl Blackwell Dam to establish a new Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory.
1939Construction of Lake Carl Blackwell Dam was completed as a Land Utilization Project.
1937Maurice Cox and Vernon Palmer begins grass-lined channel research in conjunction with the Oklahoma A&M University Agricultural Experiment Station.
1942Construction of the siphons completed. Original siphons supplied up to 200 cfs of gravity flow according to Bill Ree.
1940s to 1950sGrass-lined channel research commenced under the direction of Bill Ree. From 1943-1945, Vernon Palmer served as acting Laboratory Director while Bill Ree served his country in World War II. Grass-lined waterway research consisted of test on various conditions including plant species, cutting, freeze/thaw cycles, dormant, burning, and other maintenance effects (i.e. seasonal growth).
1946SCS-TP-61, Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation, was published. This document has been used worldwide and incorporated in many engineering textbooks used by universities today.
1947Bill Ree’s one of a kind slide rule for calculating Manning’s Formula.
Innovations in Hydraulic Engineering Research since 1940
1950sThe mission of the Outdoor Hydraulics Laboratory expanded to hydraulic structures.
1954The Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory found a new home within the newly created USDA-Agricultural Research Service.
1954-1958Friction factors study for large diversion terraces planted to row crops.
1957Due to the nature of theresearch at the Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory, methodology was developed for flow-measuring devices including the Walnut Gulch supercritical flow measuring flume for use in southern Arizona.
1944Flood Control Act of 1944 (PL-534) passed. This led to the creation of the USDA Small Watershed Program that resulted in nearly 12,000 dams constructed across the U.S.
1956Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954 (PL-566) passed.
1961Research begins on trash racks to investigate restriction of entrance flow conditions due to collection of debris.
1967Hood inlet grade stabilization research completed.
1976USDA-NRCS engineer, M.M. Culp conceived the stepped baffled trash rack design he felt would eliminate some of the debris collection of the open trash rack risers. Wendell Gwinn completed the research, and indeed it proved to be effective in reducing the debris. The USDA-NRCS adopted the stepped baffled trash rack into their standard designs.
1976-1981Wendell Gwinn named Research Leader in 1976 and served until 1981.
1959Fred Blaisdellpublishes Ag. Handbook 156 on SAF Stilling Basins.
1981-1998Charles Rice named Research Leader in 1981 and served until 1998.
1980sResearch on grass-lined channels began with a focus on developing a stress based design method rather than a velocity based design method.
1983The USDA-ARS St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN, closes. The function of this unit was incorporated into the research program of the Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit.
1983USDA-NRCS engineers and USDA-ARS scientists joined forces to form the Emergency Spillway Flow Study Task Group. Engineers from NRCS gathered filed data from spillways experiencing spillway flow while ARS scientists conducted research to examine erosion processes. In cooperation with Kansas State University, these efforts between ARS and NRCS led to the development of the SITES software for predicting erosion in vegetated earthen spillways.
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
1984Discharge calibration relationships were developed for a drop box approach to the H, HL, and HS flumes such that they could allow for bed load material to pass through the flume without a change in calibration.
1984Fred Blaisdell, Research Leader of the USDA-ARS St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory relocates to the Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit in Stillwater, OK.
1987Ag Handbook 667 Stability Design of Grass-lined Open Channels was published.
1991Greg Hanson, Research Hydraulic Engineer, develops the laboratory, and later field submerged-jet testing device to evaluate the erodibility of soils. Three patents were issued for this device, and the methodology led to the development of ASTM standard D5852-95.
1989Fred Blaisdell published ARS-76 Scour at Cantilevered Pipe Outlets.
1994Charles Rice completes research on submerged cantilever pipe outlets to build on previous research completed by Fred Blaisdell.
1990Design Concepts for Vegetated Waterways named a historic landmark by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
1995Rock chutes for grade stabilization research begins at the HERU. Research led to the development of the rock chute spreadsheet design tool.
1998-2006Darrel Temple named Research Leader in 1998 and served until 2006.
1998Low-drop grade stabilization research begins.
2004USDA-ARS celebrates 50th
Anniversary.
2000Embankment overtopping and internal erosion research begins.
2006-2012Greg Hanson named Research Leader in 2006 and served until 2012.
2005Windows Dam Analysis Modules, WinDAM, is released to predict embankment failure due to overtopping. Subsequent release in 2016, WinDAM C, include modules to predict embankment failure due to internal erosion.
2013Sherry Hunt named Research Leader in 2013.
2006Construction begins on prototype stepped chute facility
non-aerated flowregion, L /Li < 1.0
developing aerated flowregion, 1.0 ≤ L /Li ≤ 2.0
entranceconditions
fully developed aeratedflow region, L /Li > 2.0
stilling basin andexit conditions
inception point
ycw
y90ysp
Li
2Li
ycw = d1d2
growing boundarylayer
q
ysw
hy
θ Hcrest
TWHo
Cmean
Stepped Chute DesignParameters for SkimmingFlow: h/dc < 1/(1.2 - 0.325tanθ)
Uni t d ischarge, qChute s lope, θStep he ight , hTota l drop, Hcrest
Cr i t ica l depth, dc = (q /g0.5)0.67
Normal ized s tep height , h /dcRoughness Froude number , F* = eq.1Length to incept ion point , Li = eq. 2 or 3
Given: Calculate:
Ho = eq. 4 y = eq. 5α = eq. 7
ycw = eq. 6α = eq. 8Cmean = eq. 9y90 = eq. 11ysw = eq.12
ycw = eq. 6α = eq. 8Cmean = eq. 10y90 = eq. 11ysw = eq.12
Fr = eq. 13d1 = ycwd2 = eq. 14H = eq. 15∆H/Ho = 1-H/Ho
Equations: eq. 1: F* = q/[g(sinθ)(hcosθ)3]0.5
eq. 2: Li = 5.19(F*)0.89(hcosθ) for 0.1 < F* ≤ 28
eq. 3: Li = 7.48(F*)0.78(hcosθ) for 28 < F* < 10 5
eq. 4: Ho = Hcrest + 1.5dc
eq. 5: y = dc(L/Li)-0.22[0.34(h/dc)0.063(cosθ)0.063(sinθ)-0.18] for 0.1 ≤ L/Li ≤ 1.0
eq. 6: ycw = dc[0.34(h/dc)0.063(cosθ)0.063(sinθ)-0.18] for L/Li ≥ 1.0
eq. 7: α = 1.0+[1.025(h/dc)-0.128sinθ-1.0](L/Li)0.632 for 0.1 ≤ L/Li ≤ 1.0
eq. 8: α = 1.0+[1.025(h/dc)-0.128sinθ-1.0][(L/Li+0.718)-2.37+0.723] for L/Li > 1.0
eq. 9: Cmean = 0.11-[0.22/(L/Li)]+0.0645+0.216(h/dc)+0.453(sinθ) for 1.0 ≤ L/Li ≤ 2.0
eq. 10: Cmean = 0.0645+0.216(h/dc)+0.453(sinθ) for L/Li > 2.0
eq. 11: y90 = ycw/(1- Cmean)
eq. 12: ysw = F.S. x y90 F.S. ranges from 1.2 to 2.0
eq. 13: Fr = (y/dc)-1.5 or (ycw/dc)-1.5
eq. 14: d2 = 1/2[(1+8Fr2)0.5-1]d1
eq. 15: H = ycwcosθ + α(q/ycw)2/2g
2014Step by step design procedures released for stepped chutes applied to embankment dams.
2011USDA Small Watershed Program named a historic landmark by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
2008Generalized research begins on stepped chutes applied to embankment dams.
2015 and BeyondResearch on complex geometries and zoned embankments in the planning stages. Research on stilling basins associated with stepped chutes commences.
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