Chapter 6 Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain Suadi and Eiichi Kusano August 2019 This chapter should be cited as Suadi and E. Kusano (2019), ‘Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain’, in Kusano, E. (ed.), Food Value Chain in ASEAN: Case Studies Focusing on Local Producers. ERIA Research Project Report FY2018 no.5, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.134─163.
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Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain · Chapter 6 Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain Suadi and Eiichi Kusano August 2019 This chapter should be cited as Suadi and E. Kusano (2019), ‘Indonesian
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Chapter 6
Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain Suadi and Eiichi Kusano
August 2019
This chapter should be cited as
Suadi and E. Kusano (2019), ‘Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain’, in Kusano, E. (ed.), Food Value
Chain in ASEAN: Case Studies Focusing on Local Producers. ERIA Research Project Report
FY2018 no.5, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.134─163.
134
Chapter 6
Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain
Suadi* and Eiichi Kusano
1. Introduction
The total population of Indonesia in 2017 reached 263,991,379 people; it is still growing
about 1.1% annually.1 The growing population needs a measurable and good food supply
system because, based on the consumption patterns of Indonesians, food expenditure is still
very dominant, especially in the lower class of society. The World Bank indicated that
Indonesian expenditure for food and beverages on average was about 49%.2 Nevertheless,
the expenditure of the lowest class for food reached 56%. The monthly per capita
expenditure in 2013–2017 also showed no significant change of proportion of expenditure
for food and non-food consumption. Both expenditures share half of household expenditures.
Processed food and drinks share 32.7%, followed by cereals (11.6%) and fish (7.7%). In
addition, food expenditure increased on average about 8.6% per year.
The Indonesian economy is still growing and has potential to grow faster. Indonesia’s gross
domestic product (GDP) at current US$ reached $1,015.54 billion with annual GDP growth
about 5.1%. Its GDP per capita at current US$ also increased from $3,113.4 in 2010 to
$3,846.86 in 2017. The World Bank projected that Indonesia’s GDP may grow to 5.3% in
2021. 3 Unfortunately, the role of agriculture, forestry, and fishing as the main food
production sector tends to decline year to year, with contribution only at 13% of GDP (value
added) in 2017, from 14% in 2010. On the other hand, importation of certain commodities
has been increasing remarkably in order to fulfil the country’s food needs Indonesia imported
various food products such as salt for half of the total national need, 70% of soybean, 12% of
corn, 15% of peanuts, 90% of garlic, 30% of beef, and 70% of milk (Husodo, 2014). FAOSTAT
also depicted that based on data of net trade, the value of imported food, particularly for
cereals and preparations, fruit and vegetables, meat and meat preparations, and dairy
products (milk equivalent) is higher than export, except for fish and seafood that are mostly
produced for export. The net trade of fish increased from US$1,566 million in 1995 to
US$3,503 million in 2016.4
According to the International Trade Centre’s top 20 export potential products of Indonesia
to the world, seafood products, particularly frozen shrimp and prawn, placed tenth. The
product performance shows the big potential to occupy the global market (unrealised
* Department of Fisheries, Gadjah Mada University, E-mail: [email protected] 1 https://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia?view=chart 2 http://datatopics.worldbank.org/consumption/country/Indonesia 3 Ibid no. 2. 4 http://faostat.fao.org/static/syb/syb_101.pdf
Figure 6.5: Variation of Indonesian Fish Products, 2014
Source: Ministry of Industry (2017).
In 2010–2014, the production of processed fish products increased from 4,081,618 tons
(2010) to 5,199,930 tons (2014). The average growth of the product was about 6.35% per
year with the highest growth occurring in 2011 at 13.82%.
National fish consumption increases year by year and reached more than 40 kg/cap/year.
The largest fish consumption in 2014 was found in Maluku Province (54.12 kg/cap/year),
Southeast Sulawesi (50.77 kg/cap/year), Riau Islands (49.24 kg/cap/year), North Maluku
Province (48.88 kg/cap/year), West Papua Province (48.16 kg/cap/year), and North Sulawesi
Province (47.83 kg/cap/year). The provinces with the largest growth (above 10%) included
the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY12) (22.28%), West Nusa Tenggara (14.78%), Central Java
(12.31%), DKI13 Jakarta (11.46%), and East Java (10.12%). In fact, DIY is one of the provinces
with low fish consumption (21.74 kg/cap/year) but has potential to increase consumption of
fish commodities.
12 Special Region of Yogyakarta: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). 13 Special Capital Region of Jakarta: Propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta.
142
Figure 6.6: Indonesia Per Capita Fish Consumption
Source: SIDATIK (Data Dissemination Information System and Marine and Fisheries Statistics), 2016.http://statistik.kkp.go.id/sidatik-dev/Berita/Analisis%20Angka%20Konsumsi%20Ikan%202010-2015.pdf (accessed 23 February 2019).
Figure 6.7: Indonesia Per Capita Fish Consumption, 2015 (kg/cap)
Source: Indonesia Ministry of Marine Affairs (KKP) http://statistik.kkp.go.id/sidatik-dev/Berita/Analisis%20Angka%20Konsumsi%20Ikan%202010-2015.pdf (accessed 23 February 2019).
Indonesia's main fishery export products are shrimp, tuna, cob, skipjack, seaweed, crabs, and
pearls. On the other hand, Indonesia also import fish products such as fish flour and
fresh/frozen fish. In 2010–2017, the export value increased but declined in volume. In 2010,
the export value was US$2.70 billion, and increased to US$4.48 billion in 2014. In 2015, due
to various policies issued by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MAF), the export
as mix cropping pattern in which different species are cultivated in the same or nearby area,
competition among buyers for seaweed, seaweed diseases, and the quality of seaweed.
Figure 6.16: List of Main Importing Markets for Seaweed Product (HS Code 121221)
Exported by Indonesia in 2017
Source: International Trade Centre database, http://www.intracen.org.
Figure 6.17: Export Trend of Seaweed Selected Product (HS Code 121221) from Indonesia, 2013–2017
Source: International Trade Centre database, http://www.intracen.org.
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
101,547
118,759
156,259
100,972
132,048
89,904
136,450 127,216
70,195
135,283
Exp
ort
Qu
anti
ty (t
on
s) a
nd
Val
ue
(US$
tho
usa
nd
)
Exported quantity (Tons) Exported value (US Dollar thousand)
155
Figure 6.18 shows the typical supply chain model of the seaweed industry in the study site.
The main players in the business are farmers, collectors, processors (companies), and buyers.
The industry in the case study relies on dried seaweed from around Sulawesi and other
islands in the eastern part of Indonesia. Nevertheless, more than half of raw materials are
supplied by farmers from other islands. The distant source of raw materials has created
logistic problems due to the high cost of transporting raw materials from producers to
processors. The high competition over the local seaweed caused the company to find other
suppliers from outside the province (islands). To ensure the sustainability of dried seaweed
supply, the processors collaborated with producers (seaweed farmers) on technical
assistance, seaweed farmers’ training, and financial capital support. However, the seaweed
farmers are not well organised; therefore, it is important to strengthen collective-based
seaweed production to fulfil the need for standardised seaweed products from farmers and
to facilitate empowerment and cooperation.
Figure 6.18: Seaweed Supply Chain Model in Makassar, South Sulawesi
Seaweed Farmer
(Aquaculturist)
RAPID
(Processing Unit)
70% CT, 30% SP
Buyer
Sulawesi Farmer
(40%)
Out of Sulawesi
Farmer
(60%)
Nunukan,
Kalimantan
Farmer
(70%)
Tual, Maluku
Farmer
(30%)
Bantaeng
(Farmer)
Palopo
Wajo Bone
(Farmer)
Mamuju
(Farmer)
Bau-Bau
(Farmer)
Domestic
(20%)
Export
(80%)
Philippines
70%
China
10%
Others
(European)
Makassar SurabayaJakarta-
Bogor
Source: Author.
Indonesia, particularly South Sulawesi, is the major and rapidly growing producer of seaweed,
particularly for raw materials of carrageenan extraction. Seaweed culture can potentially
optimise marine space and solve many coastal community problems, such as poverty, as it
can be a new source of income. Nevertheless, seaweed production still faces the problem of
good seed quality and occurrence of diseases, locally called ici-ici, that may cause total loss
of seaweeds.
The current seaweed industry mainly focuses on the upstream side of the business,
particularly on producing wet and dried seaweed (farmer to processor), or lack of value-
added product (advanced processing industry). Most seaweed products, particularly dried
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seaweed, are exported as raw materials. Therefore, the downstream step is expected to
impact on strengthening the industrial structure, increasing added value, fulfilling the
domestic market, and increasing exports of processed seaweed.
In particular, the export market for seaweeds, whether as raw material or end product, is still
expanding. The domestic market, particularly for food and health, is also growing. However,
the processing industry is still lacking in number and many in the industry rely only on dried
seaweed products.
Fish Supply Chain Model at Traditional Markets in Yogyakarta City
The number of traditional markets in Indonesia is very large, more than 13,450 markets, with
total traders reaching 12.63 million people. The market is not only a place of economic
transactions but also a public space where social interaction takes place. However, the
traditional market mostly has a negative image of being chaotic, uncomfortable, and a place
with minimal facilities. Revitalisation of the traditional market is needed and is a long-term
investment as part of the city’s development. In many cities in Indonesia, the traditional
market symbolises the face of the city – a well-organised traditional market means the city is
also well managed. The traditional market has also become a national indicator of domestic
inflation.16
This case study has been conducted in one of the central markets in Yogyakarta city, the so-
called Beringharjo Market. It is the largest traditional market in Yogyakarta owned and
managed by the city of Yogyakarta. This market is located in the Malioboro area, which is an
area at the centre of DIY. The strategic location and proximity to tourist centres makes
Beringharjo Market the main destination of raw materials of any product, including fish. In
terms of fish consumption, this province is one of the lowest fish consumers compared to
the other provinces of Indonesia. But the growth in consumption recently became the
highest in the country. It was projected that, until 2014, the province needed about
89,614.30 tons but the fish products were mainly imported from other regions around the
province.
The study showed that fish commodity in Beringharjo Market consists of marine, freshwater,
and processed fish, such as salted fish and bandeng (milkfish) presto (softened bone) product.
About 86% of fresh fish in the market comes from outside DIY and only about 14% are local
fish. Ninety percent of freshwater fish is from outside DIY and ten percent is from a local area
in DIY. Salted fish and milkfish as raw material are both 100% from outside DIY.
Analysis of the supply chain pattern of fish processing units (UPI) in DIY shows a distinctive
pattern in supply chain management, especially in the supply of raw materials to UPI. There
are two general trends from the case study in DIY related to the management of raw
materials from marine products: (i) UPI generally manages raw materials that are not from
16 Traditional markets provide the majority of people's basic needs and are central to regional economic activities, so the dynamics of prices of basic necessities in the traditional markets might become an indicator of regional economic conditions.
157
DIY but imported from outside DIY, and (ii) DIY fishery products as a source of raw materials
are generally brought outside DIY. These findings illustrate the characteristics of UPI that
have little connection with DIY production or local DIY suppliers for the supply of raw
materials. This is caused by several factors, including processed fish whose species are scarce
or are not produced in DIY such as milkfish, limitations and uncertainties of local fish as raw
materials, and local fish that tend to have good distribution channels outside the region.
Figure 6.19 shows a supply chain model for fresh fish involving three parties: the suppliers,
the sellers, and the ultimate customers. The supply chain model for processed fish involves
four parties: the suppliers, the wholesalers, the retailers, and the ultimate consumers. Finally,
the supply chain model for milkfish comprises the suppliers, the UPI, the wholesalers, and
the ultimate consumers.
Figure 6.19: Fish Supply Chain Model at Traditional Market in Yogyakarta City
Out of
Region
In City/
Market
Marine fish
Supplier
from out
region
Institutional
market
Traditional market
surround
Peddler
End consumer
Out of
Region
Freshwater fish
Central market in
Semarang City
(Kobong Market)
Fishers
Aquaculturist
Fish
auction
Traders/
Processing
industry
Main traditional
market
(city market)
Local
supplier
Source: Author.
The traditional market, as found in this case study, has become a place for nurturing
entrepreneurs and prospective entrepreneurs with their own capital. Nevertheless, most
such entrepreneurs lack an understanding of consumer behaviour, including in seafood
products. Therefore, apprenticeship, training, and education are needed. In addition, the
traditional market as, in this case, also provides various fish products – marine fish,
freshwater fish, and processed fish – that are originally from various regions. Being a
perishable good, fish gets easily spoiled without a cold chain system. Therefore, it is
important to improve the distribution and cold chain management systems in the traditional
market. Provision of support for traders, such as for insurance and financial capital, is still
needed.
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Tuna and Tuna-like Supply Chain Model at Fish Processing Unit in Bitung City, North
Sulawesi
The city of Bitung is located on the edge of the Pacific Ocean. The city is the main producer
of fish, particularly tuna and tuna-like, in North Sulawesi Province and Indonesia. The city’s
fishing industry is centred at the Bitung Ocean Fisheries Port (PPS). Based on the 2016 PPS
Bitung Annual Report (PPS, 2016, 12,973 fishing fleets visited the port, including 1,592
outboard motor boats (12%), most of which were motorised boats under 30 GT (76%), and
the remaining motorboats were over 30 GT.
Fish production is mainly through purse seine fishing gear (77%), followed by pole and line
(10.9%), and handline (9.8%); total fish produced was 46,522 tons. Fish production grew from
30,018 tons in 2012 to 111,315 tons in 2014. However, in 2015, it declined significantly and
had not returned to a convincing growth in 2016, reaching only 46,552 tons. This decrease
was mainly due to new regulations relating to capture fishery to reduce the problems of
illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing.17
Skipjack tuna and tuna are the main fish products landed in Bitung PPS. In 2012–2016, the
average production of skipjack tuna reached 34,001 tons/year, while that of tuna was 11,826
tons/year. In addition to skipjack and tuna, cob is also an important commodity in the Bitung
PPS. The average production of cob reaches 7,166 tons/year.
Overall, there are 60 fish processing companies (large-scale UPIs) and two of them are no
longer operating. The main products of UPI are various processed tuna, cob, and skipjack,
both in the form of fresh, frozen, or canned fish. The city is the centre of the fish processing
industry, particularly for tuna commodities. In addition to the large-scale fish processing
industry, Bitung city also has a growing group of fish processing totalling 21.
The fish processing industry mostly processed fish for the export market. Fish exports
continued to increase in 2010–2014, from 29,109.8 tons in 2010 to 32,574 tons in 2014.
However, export volumes declined to 18,658.4 tons in 2015 and 15,800.4 tons in 2016. The
new regulation related to fishery management, such as prohibition of transshipment and ex-
foreign fishing vessels, created a raw material shortage for the industry.
17 Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (or IUU) fishing is a broad concept found in all types and dimensions of fisheries, on the high seas and in areas within national jurisdiction. It concerns all aspects of and stages in the capture and utilisation of fish. It may sometimes be associated with organised crime, http://www.fao.org/iuu-fishing/background/what-is-iuu-fishing/en/ (accessed 22 May 2019).
Figure 6.20: Fish Supply Chain Model of Tuna and Tuna-like in Bitung City
In the city
Import
Fishers
Domestic
market
Fish processing
unit
Collector/
trader/supplier
Fishing port
Fishing
companies
Export market
Source: Author.
Two main policies directly impacted Bitung city’s fishing industry: (i) the Ministry of MAF
Decree No. 56/2014 concerning temporary termination (moratorium) of licensing of capture
fisheries business and (ii) the Ministry of MAF Decree No. 57/2014 concerning the
termination or prohibition of transshipment activities. In addition, the UPI in Indonesia is
dominated by traditional home-based UPI (accounting for 97.67%); modern units including
this case study account for 2.33%. Therefore, supporting the growth of such modern UPIs is
important.
The banning of foreign and ex-foreign fishing vessels, the government’s policy to fight illegal
fishing, since 2014 has significantly impacted the fishery industry and the city of Bitung, as
the region heavily relies on the fishery industry. Fish production even declined 59% in 2015
(to only 45.209 tons). Such situation impacted on the UPI that was having difficulty getting
raw materials. As a result, processing units were forced to reduce the number of workers;
some of them closed and did not operate anymore.
The decline in fish production will automatically reduce the industry's market share, which is
marked by a decline in fishery product exports. To deal with the issues, the processing units
imported raw materials from other countries and transported in from outside the region.
Reassessment of current policy particularly by promoting the development of national
fishery will be needed.
Based on the recommendation of the Regional Fisheries Management Organization,
increasing the number and capacity of the national fishing fleet to exploit tuna resources
would need support from the policymakers such as simplifying and accelerating the licensing
160
process. Empowering and increasing the role of national fishery companies18 are needed to
manage the upstream side of the tuna fishing industry.
The national fish logistics system19 could be improved by strengthening the national tuna
commodity business chain. This effort can be pursued by developing eastern Indonesia as a
source of raw materials while strengthening the infrastructure for the fish processing
industry and still maintaining Indonesia's western region as one of the centres of the fish
processing industry.
6. Conclusion
Fishery plays an important role for Indonesia as a main source of animal protein and primary
nutrition for most people, of main livelihood and income, and of foreign exchange for the
country.
Despite being an exporter country, Indonesia is still behind other countries, particularly Viet
Nam and Thailand even if Indonesia is the world’s second-largest fish producer and there is
potential to expand its production and markets. Its strong outward-looking policy must be in
balance with its inward-looking policy orientation because of the rapidly growing new trend
in fish import in the last decade.
The fishery sector received a big push when the current government clearly stated the need
for the country to be with the ‘world maritime centre’ (poros maritim dunia) and issued
Presidential Instruction No. 7 of 2016 on Accelerating the Development of the National
Fisheries Industry. The strategy is expected to resolve the fundamental problems of fishery
related to the lack of infrastructure of fishery production, the weakness in fish supply chain
and logistics, the lack of fish quality, and less harmonious fishery policies.
Strengthening the fish business in the upstream sector should be prioritised to ensure the
development of downstream industries. With the potential of fishery resources, Indonesia
could become the world's fish barn (lumbung ikan dunia).
A few challenges need to be addressed in each supply chain:
⚫ In the upstream (production) site
The lack of supporting production infrastructure, such as the lack of modern and well-
managed fishing ports, still emerges. Most or more than 91% of the total fishing ports are of
lowest class or traditional and nature based. The fishing ports also lack facilities such as cold
chain systems. A national fish logistic system should be implemented to optimise the use of
fishery resources and to ensure food safety and food security.
The main production facilities are also weak. Most of the fishing vessels are small scale
(87.6% are under 10 GT) and dominate coastal-based fishery. This fishery is also challenged
18 State-owned enterprises: Badan usaha milik negara (BUMN). 19 National Fish Logistic System: Sistem Logistik Ikan Nasional (SLIN).
161
by the declining trend in coastal-based fishery resources. The promotion of middle- to large-
scale fishery (offshore fishery), which is serviced by only 1.71% of the total fishing vessels
(with less than 30 GT), is needed. In the meantime, the training of fishers and managers for
the medium- to large-scale fishery is needed to ensure the availability of human capital to
manage the fishery.
As shown by the case of anchovies and lobster fishery, two examples of coastal-based fishery,
it is important to enhance proper fishery management to ensure the sustainability of the
fishery and community livelihood. Meanwhile, there is still opportunity to expand fishery to
the offshore.
In terms of mariculture, particularly seaweed culture, the problems of good seed quality and
occurrence of diseases, such as ici-ici, are still emerging. Therefore, a seaweed seedling
system and/or centre that can produce good quality and superior seeds is important.
⚫ In the midstream (handling and processing) site
The lack of a cold chain system that impacts the quality of fish products still emerges. The
rejection of seafood products by the market is mainly due to quality issues. Therefore,
implementing and improving a national fish logistic system is important to secure and
improve the quality and safety of seafood products. Emerging logistical problems result in
high-cost fishery, low quality of products, and big price disparities. The improvement could
be implemented along the supply chain of seafood products – from handling in fishing boats,
to landing places, to the processing units until the final consumers.
The case of anchovies and seaweed shows that most fish products are processed in a
traditional way (dried/salt, boiled, and paste). Value-added products must be promoted to
respond to the changes in the consumption and lifestyle of the consumers.
High-value products could be promoted by producing live fish, such as in the case of lobsters.
In fact, many mariculture products, such as grouper, also keep their high value added by
being sold alive. Therefore, it is important to improve the handling and transportation system
from the producer to the consumer.
⚫ In the downstream (market) site
The fish market is open and growing for the domestic and export markets. Indonesia’s
domestic consumption trend shows that fish consumption is still growing. In addition, the
export market of Indonesian seafood also increases, even though growth has been slow since
2015 due to various policies that impact on the processing industries that could not achieve
their normal producing capacity.
The competitiveness of Indonesia’s seafood products is still weak. As an exporter country,
Indonesia is behind other countries, such as Viet Nam and Thailand in terms of value-added
products. While Indonesia is the world’s second-largest fish producer, there is still potential
to expand its production and its markets.
162
The role of the traditional markets in Indonesia’s domestic market is obvious. The traditional
markets provide various fish products – marine, freshwater, and processed fish – that are
originally from various regions. As perishable goods, fish products easily get spoiled due to
the lack of cold chain systems. Therefore, the distribution and the cold chain management
systems in the traditional market should be improved.
Despite these challenges, fishery products can potentially support Indonesia’s economic
growth as a source of livelihood of fishers.
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