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Acredolo, L. , , Ameka, F. xxi, , Anderson, S. Aoki, K. Argyle, M. Aristotle , Asch, S.E. Austin, P.
Baayen, H. Baddeley, A. , , Baker, R.R. , , , , , Bambi, J. xxii, , , , Bates, E.A. , , Batschelet, E. , , , , Beattie, G. , Bell, S. Bennardo, G. xxiBerg, R. van den Berlin, B. , , , , Berthoz, A. Beusmans, J. Bickel, B. xxi, xxii, , , , , Biederman, I. Bierwisch, M. , Bisiach, E. xviiiBlake, B.J. , Bloom, P. , Boesch, C. Bohnemeyer, J. xxi, xxiii, , Bowden, J. xxi, Bower, G. Bowerman, M. iii, xxi, xxii, , , , , Boyd, R. Breedlove, D. Bresnan, J. Brewer, B. , , ,
Brugman, C. , Buhler, K. , Bulthoff, H.H. Burgess, N. , ,
Cablitz, G. Calbris, G. , Call, J. , Campbell, A. Campbell, J. , Carey, S. Carleton, L.R. Carlson-Radvansky, L.A. , , , , ,
Carpenter, P. Carroll, M. Carruthers, G. Casey, E. , Cassell, J. Cassirer, E. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Chafe, W. Charlie, D. Chen, L. , Cheng, K. , Chijk’, X.G. xxiiChoi, S. , , Chomsky, N. , , Cicero Clark, H.H. , , , , , , , , ,, , , , ,
Claudi, U. Cohen, D. , , Colasante, C. , Colby, C. Collet, T.S. Corballis, M.C. Cosmides, L. , Cowan, N. ,
Danziger, E. xxi, xxii, , , , , , ,, ,
Dasen, P. xxii, , , , , Dawkins, R. Deacon, T. Dennett, D. , , Descartes Dilke, O.A.W. Dougherty, V. Dubois, J. Duhem, P. Duncan, S. xxi, Dunn, M. xxiDurham, W.
Eilan, N. , Einstein, A. , Elman, J.L. , , Emlen, S.T. Emmorey, K. , Enfield, N. xxiiiEssegbey, J. xxiEtienne, A.S. Ettlinger, G. Evans, N. xxi, , , , ,
Feldman, M.W. , Fillmore, C. , , Fodor, J. , , , , , , , ,
Fodor, J.D. , , Foley, W. xxiFortescue, M. Frederick, R.E. , , Friederici, A. , , Friedrich, P. Frisch, K. von , Furby, C.E. Furby, E.S.
Gage, J. Gale, N. Galea, L.M. Galileo Gallistel, C.R. , , , , , , ,, , , ,
Garrett, M. –, Gaskins, S. xxi, xxii, Gauker, C. Geertz, C.C. Georgakopoulos, J. Gillner, S. Gladwin, T. , Gleitman, L. , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,,
Goddard, C. Golledge, R.G. , Good, C. –, –Goodenough, W.H. Gordon, T. xxiiGreenbaum, S. Gregory, R. Groen, G. de xxiiGuirardello, R. xxiGullberg, M. xxi, Gumperz, J.J. , Gusman Osil, A. xxiiGwinner, E.
Haiman, J. Hanks, W. Harley, J.B. , –Hart, R. xxii, , , Hatfield, G. Haun, D. xxi, , , , , Hauser, M. Haviland, J.B. xxi, xxii, , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , ,
Healy, S. Heeschen, V. , Heine, B. , , , , , , , , ,
Helmholtz, H. Hermer, L. Herrmann, T. Herskovits, A. xix, , , , ,
Mishkin, M. , , Mithun, M. , , , , Moar, I. Molyneux, W. ix, , , , Morrel-Samuels, P. , Muller, C. , Munn, N.
Nadel, L. , , , , , Nagy, L. xxi, xxii, Nash, D. xxi, , , , Needham, R. Neumann, S. xxi, , , Newton, I. , , , , , Norman, J. , Nunberg, G. Nuyts, J. iii
O’Keefe, J. , , , , , , , , ,, ,
Ozanne-Rivierre, F. Ozyurek, A. xxi,
Paillard, J. , , Pears, J. , ,
Pederson, E. iii, xxi, xxii, , , , , ,, , , , , ,
Pellegrino, J. Peterson, M. Piaget, J. , , , , , , , , ,, ,
Pick, H.L. , , , , Pinker, S. , , , , , , ,
Poincare, H. , Potter, M. Putnam, H.
Quirk, R.
Rasch, B. xxi, , , , , Raven, P. Reichenbach, H. Renzi, E. de Richerson, P.J. Rock, I. , , Roelofs, A. Ruggles, A. Ruiter, J.P. de , , , ,
Sapir, E. Save, E. Schegloff, E. , , Schmid, H. Schmitt, B. xxi, xxii, , Schone, H. , Schultze-Berndt, E. xxi, , Searle, J. Senft, G. iii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, , , Senghas, A. xxi, Serlin, R.C. Shephard, R. , , Sherry, D. Simpson, J. xxiSinha, C. xxiSjoerdsma, E. xxiiiSlobin, D. xxii, , , , , , , ,, , , , , ,
Sonnenschein, A. xxiSorabji, R. , , Spallanzani, L. Spelke, E. , , , , Sperber, D. , Spetch, M.
Squire, L.R. Staden, M. van xxi, Stassen, L. Stein, J.F. , , Steinhauer, H. , Stephens, D. Stoll, S. xxiStolz, C. xxi, , , , , Stralka, R. Stross, B. Stutterheim, C. von Sundurum, O.K. xxiiSutton, P. , Svartvik, J. Svorou, S. xix, , , , , , , , ,,
Takano, Y. , Talmy, L. xix, , , , , , , , ,, ,
Tarr, M. , Taylor, H.A. Tees, R. Thompson, J. Tindale, N. Tinkelpaugh, O.L. Tolman, E.C. , , , , Tomasello, M. , Tooby, J. , Trower, P. Tsivkin, S. , , , Tudor, L. Tversky, B. , , , , Tye, M. , ,
Ulltan, R. Ungerer, F. Ungerleider, L.G. ,
Van Cleve, J. , , Vandeloise, C. xix, , Vygotsky, L.S.
Wassmann, J. , , , , Waterman, T.H. , , , , Wehner, R. , , Weissenborn, J. , Werker, J. Wheeler, D. Whishaw, I. Whitehead, A.N. Whorf, B.L. , , , , , , , Widlok, T. xxi, xxii, , , , , ,, ,
absolute frame of reference (cont.)vision and, , –, –, –, weak vs. strong, –Western subjects and, widespread use of, see also allocentric, environment-centered
absolute vs. relative space, –, , –and egocentric/allocentric distinction, ,
Newton vs. Leibniz, –primacy of relative space, , , ,
acquisition of language, , , , , , ,, , , –, –
gesture aids, language induces concepts, –, –language-specific style and, –learnability puzzle, , order of, of spatial concepts, , , ,
, adpositions, , , , –, , , ,
topological, –universality and, –
Alaskan languages, , allocentric frames of reference, xviii, , –,
, , , , distinguishing absolute from intrinsic, –see also egocentric coordinates
ambiguity, between frames of reference,xvii–xviii, , , , , , , , ,
vs. semantic generality, , –Amerindian languages, analogue vs. digital representations, , ,
, , , anaphora and gesture, anchoring labels to coordinates, , , , ,
angular specifications of direction, , –, ,
, –, , –, –see also frames of reference (nature of),
cardinal directions, directionanimal spatial cognition , see also navigation (animals)
cartography, see mapscases, grammatical, , , –, , ,
, , causal role of language, in cognition, –,
–, , –see also linguistic determinism
central thought processes, , vs. input/output modules, ,
centroid, , channels of communication, child development, of spatial concepts, , ,
, , , –, –of absolute orientation, , , , ,
–absolute before intrinsic, Euclidean before topological,
cross-cultural differences, , egocentric before allocentric, , of egocentric vs. allocentric, intrinsic before relative, , , language in, –
as dependent on conceptualdevelopment,
as facilitator, –, , –of left and right, , navigation, perceptual vs. conceptual, , –of relative systems, and sound-systems, , –topological before projective, –, see also acquisition of language
circular statistics, –, –, , see alsonavigation (methods forinvestigating)
classical thought, see Western thoughtclassification, of spatial scenes, , , ,
egocentric coordinatesvs. allocentric frames of reference, xviii,
–, , in all frames of reference, –, multiple systems of, –, primacy of, , , protoypical only in relative frame, , –as viewer-centred,
enantiomorphs, , –, , –, environment
and culture, see culture and spatial thinkingeffects on cognition, , –, –,
, controlling for, , –minimal,
impoverished as source for learning, indoors vs. outdoors, –, , –
effect of windows, landmarks and orientation, , , orientational skills and, semiotic, –see also scale
environment centred frame of reference, see also absolute frame of reference,
allocentric frames of referenceerrors
analysis of, , cognitive, related to linguistic coding,
–frequency of,
Eskimo languages and cultures, , wayfinding in, ,
ethnographic methods, European languages, , evolution, and spatial cognition, xvii, , ,
, –of culture, , see also co-evolutionof language, see also under co-evolution, navigation
experiencing for speaking, , see also codingexperimental evidence, for language/cognition
correlations, –, –hypotheses, –, , , –
variants of, –see also tasks
extrinsic frame,
facets, of objects, , , , –, see alsointrinsic frame of reference
field conditions and experiments, figure and ground, , , , ,
defined, dimensionality of, encoding patterns in language, –
fixed bearings, , , and survey maps, –
foraging, optimal, , , see also navigationform-classes, in spatial description, –frames of reference, Ch. passim
acquisition of, –aligning across modalities, –, –allocentric vs. egocentric, anchoring systems in, angular specifications in, , –application in cognition, –Aristotelian views, as biocultural hybrids, –brain bases of, choice of, –and classification of arrays, in cognition not in language, competition between, , conform in individuals, , confusions about, –, –conventions in, –, conversions between, see translationas coordinates, not reference objects or
origins, –, , –, , , correlations between linguistic and
non-linguistic, see language andthought
cross-cultural variations in, cross-modal identity, –, cultural elements in, –definition of, –, –deixis and, see deixisdiffering distinctions, –, –distinguishing between, –dominant, –, encoding patterns in language, –environmental conditioning of, , in gesture, , , –, see also gestureinnateness and, –, , –, ,
, , –, and origin of coordinates, primitives of, –relative system and, , , and rotation, –, shape and, similarities to absolute, simplicity of, as sole frame, theory of vision and, , , , topology and, –, , typology of, –universality of, , , , , ,
irreducible spatial concepts, , see alsotranslation (between representations)
Kalahari Desert, , Kantian notions of spacesee Kant in author index, absolute vs. relative
spaceKhoisan languages,
landmarks, , , , , , , , –,, see also figure and ground,orientation
landscape, and absolute systems, language and genes, –language and space, see spatial languagelanguage-specific categories, –, –language and thought, , , , , ,
consequences of linguistic variation, , ,–, –, –
of frame of reference specialization, ,–, –, –
correlations in frame of referencespecializations, xix, , –, ,, , –, , –
deixis and thought, –facilitation of complex thought, limitations of language, –, , linear nature of language, –pragmatics and the unsaid, –redundancy in language, representational isomorphism, –,
–, restructuring cognition, , see also linguistic determinism
language/cognition interface, xviii, –, ,, see also projection, linguisticdeterminism, spatial language,Whorfianism
language of thought, , , , , seealso central thought processes
language use, –causal role in cognition, see linguistic
determinismcolloquial, expert, , , habitual see habitual thought
language variation, –unique in communication systems, , see
left and right (cont.)acquisition of, , , as body parts, , , and brain lesions, xviiicomputing, family of notions, –gesture and, –, intrinsic vs. relative, , , , –, literacy and, non-spatial notions of, non-universality of, , , , symbolism of, , see also handedness, mirror-images, relative
frame of referencelexicalization patterns, lexicon, finite nature of, ,
coarse categories of, , , decompositional vs. unitary theories of
meaning in, –effects on cognition, role in memory, semantic generality in, ,
linearization in language production, , linguistic and non-linguistic categories, ,
–, , –causal relation, see linguistic determinismcorrelation, –, , –, –, ,
see also language and thoughtidentity vs. distinctness of, –independently investigable, , language-specific, see also language and thought, linguistic
determinismlinguistic determinism, , , –, , ,
, , –, , –, –,, , –
causal vs. correlational analysis, –, conditions for, –confounds and, , –defined, dialects and, –vs. ecological/cultural determinants,
–, mechanisms of, mental architecture and, number marking and, , vs. other semiotic systems, –, predicting, memory coding, –,
orientational abilities, –, –
translational constraints as source, –,
types of, –universals and, , variant hypotheses, –see also language and thought, Whorfianism
linguistic diversity, see diversitylinguistic effects on memory and perception,
–, see also linguistic determinism
linguistic relativity, , , , see also diversity,language and thought,Whorfianism
linguistic resources vs. use, –linguistic typing, of communities, literacy, , localism, locative, construction, –
abilities, , –, –basis for, –predicted by language, –
in absolute vs. relative communities,–
canonical, of objects, , –pointing and, see pointingpoor in Western societies, –skewed estimations, –, –see also navigation
orientation-free vs. orientation-bound framesof reference, –, , –, , ,,
equation with intrinsic vs. absolute/relativeframes, , ,
origin, of coordinates, –not equated with frames of reference, ,
variable interpretations, otoliths, , , , , see also vestibular
system
Papuan languages, parts of objects, , –, see also intrinsic
frame of referenceperspective, philosophical approaches to spatial concepts,
–, –, see also Western thoughtand under name index Aristotle, Kant,Leibniz, Newton
phonetics, and acoustic discriminations, ,, –
piloting, , , , place, vs. space, –, , ,
Aristotelian definition of, , in navigation,
place names, , , , –pointing, accuracy, –, –
across cultures, , , –polarized light, see navigationpragmatics, and thought, –prepositions, see adpositionsprimary vs. secondary coordinates, see relative
frame of referenceprimate navigational abilities, see navigation
(animals)primitives in spatial cognition, –, –,
–, see also absolute, intrinsicand relative frames of reference, anddecomposition
relativity, theory of, , , see also linguisticrelativity
relatum, , , see also figure and ground,landmarks, reference object
representations, mental, central vs. input/output systems, congruence between, , , –, ,
–different, for different mental functions, ,
dual-level theory of, –experimental evidence for, external vs. internal, , , , , frames of reference restricted in, , , geometric, –gesture and, –, see also gesturehaptic, see touchimagistic, , , see also imageryinferences and, –kinaesthetic, , , , , language as,
access to spatial representations, internal and external, , limitations of, –
linguistic vs. non-linguistic, –, ,–
mismatch between, , –partial isomorphism of,
motor systems, , multiplicity of, , , , propositional, , , , public vs. private, see external vs. internal‘representational redescription’ and, restricted interactions, semantic, properties of, –spatial,
inventory of, multiple or singular amodal, , , ,
, partial isomorphisms between,
specificity of, –structure of, translation between, see translationvisual, see vision
right vs. left, see left and right, handednessrotation
rotation paradigm, , –, –, –gesture and, –logic of, , ninety vs. one hundred and eighty degrees,
–route description, –, , , , ,
scale, and frame of reference choice, geographic, , table top, , ,
schooling and cognition, , , , –search domain, , , , , , secondary vs. primary axes in spatial
representation, see relative frame ofreference
semantic parameters, , see also spatiallanguage
semantic representations, vs. conceptualrepresentations, –, see alsorepresentations
semantics, vs. conceptual structure, ,–
semiotics, senses, xviii
exotic, in animals, , , and their frames of reference, –, –see also modalities, vision, touch
sex differences, and spatial cognition, seegender
shape, in spatial description, , , , , ,,
short-term memory, see memorysides, sign languages, –, , social symbolism of space, , , see also left
and rightsolar compass, , see also compasssource and goal, , , space concept
as infinite void, , material conception of, , relational nature, ,
spatial cognition, xvii, xix–xx, –, , –animal, see navigationcovariation with language, , distance, , –environmental effects on, see environmentestimating, angle, , , –
expert, gender and, see genderhuman inadequacies in, –linguistic effects on, , , see also
linguistic determinismliteracy and, –modularity and, , see also modularitymulti-modal vs. sense-specific, , universal bases, , , –see also brain and space, dead reckoning,
inference, modularity, navigation,psychology
spatial language, –abstract nature of, , angular vs. non-angular specifications, –coding tendencies, –cognitive support for, deixis, see deixisdistributed nature of, , , –diversity in, –domains within, –frames of reference and, –, –, see
also frames of referencegeometry of, –
Euclidean, , restricted to ‘gross geometry’, topological, , , ,
grammar of, –location vs. motion, , –motion, ,
fictive, relational nature of,
spatial language (cont.)static, strategies for location specification, –topological nature of, topological sub-domain, , , –, ,
, see also topological relationsuniversals of, , , –, , –variation in, –window into non-linguistic cognition, see also adpositions, figure and ground, verbs
of motionspatial models in thought, –spatial neglect, xviiispatial nominals, , –
spatial representations, see representationsspatial thinking, centrality of, –spatialization of thinking, , see also metaphorspeakers, vs. languages, speaking, vs. thinking, , see also thinking for
speakingsubjective space, sun, and orientation, see compasssurvey perspective, , see also mapssymbolism, spatial, , –, , synopsis, of the book, –
in acquisition studies, –in anthropology, dual-level theory of representations and,
–grammar vs. lexicon and, loss of favour of, –mental architecture and, neo-Whorfianism, , –in philosophy, –revival of, –semantic diversity and, –, –types of Whorfian effects, –universals and, see also linguistic determinism, linguistic
relativity, and Whorf in author indexworld-view, , see also cosmology