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Abdullah, Emir, 20, 112Abwehr, 80, 179, 203, 204, 205–206, 209,
228, 241, 243Budapest station, 191, 206, 208, 221, 222,
323–327Jewish and half-Jewish agents, 191Sofia station, 81, 216, 219, 223takeover by SD, 182, 223, 234Vienna station, 207Zionist connections with agents of, 207;
Africa, 31Agranat, Shimon, 325Albania, 40Aleppo, 228, 234, 242, 250, 251Alexander, Harold, 85Algiers, 99Allen, Mordechai, 90, 136Altman, Arie, 93Alvarez David, 336Aly, Gotz, 284Amery, L. S., 112Amsterdam, 70Ancel, Jean, 162Anders, Wladyslaw, 299Andrew, Christopher, 79, 82, 87, 88Andronovich, Nicholas, 90, 130, 257, 263,
272Ankara, 201, 210, 212, 230, 250, 254, 336Antonescu, Ion, 40, 167Antonius, George, 17, 51Appel, Leonard, 185Arabs, rebellion in Palestine, 6–7, 14, 15,
17–20Ardennes, 199Arendt, Hannah, 153
Argentine visa, 181Arian, Dr., 324Athens, 54Atlit, 80, 105, 257Auchinleck, Claude, 85Auschwitz, 46, 66, 81, 153, 154, 156, 177,
182, 184, 229, 233, 242, 255, 258, 259,266, 267, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284, 289,305, 309–313, 319, 320, 325, 335
controversy over bombing of, 290, 291,292, 293, 294, 295, 297
Austria, 47, 56, 203, 212, 215, 217, 221,230, 233, 236, 247, 249, 276, 288, 293,295, 304, 308, 309, 313, 334
Anschluss of, 6Avneri, Uri, 229, 334
Backe, Herbert, 5–6, 23, 31, 37, 46Bader, Menachem Mendel, 161, 164, 192,
227, 255, 256, 266Bad Ischl, 304Badoglio, Pietro, 182, 221Baghdad, 84, 87, 299Bagyonyi, Ferenc, 211Baky, Laszlo, 247Balfour Declaration, 20, 107, 147, 150Balkans, 83, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95, 100, 104,
105, 129, 137, 159, 160, 178, 193, 204,210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 252, 262,268, 286, 288, 301, 303, 332, 336
Allied intelligence activities in, 94“Germany’s soft belly” viewed as, 210Zionist intelligence gathering in, 95Zionist rescue efforts in, 104; see also
specific countries; Berman, Yitzhak
361
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Baltics, 29, 30Bari, 54, 263Barlas, Chaim, 163, 167, 168, 180, 190, 232,
253, 254, 266Barneys, Murray C., 327, 332Barry, Major, 256, 257Baruch, Bernard, 33, 34, 129, 151, 152Basel, 69, 70Batumi, 5Bauer, Yehuda, 93, 175, 177, 178, 191, 202,
203, 210, 211, 213, 214, 224, 235, 247,269, 287, 316
Baumam, Isaiah, 116Bavier, Jean de, 195Beaverbrook, Lord, 12Becher, Kurt, 221, 228, 229, 230, 231, 235,
237, 243, 260, 282, 286, 291, 304, 305,307, 310–319, 323, 324, 325
“Becher Deposit,” 304, 324“Becher line” as adopted by Kasztner, 304bombing of Germany, alleged role in
treatment of Jews, 291Kasztner’s affidavits in favor of, 228, 229,
231, 282, 323, 324, 325negotiations with Kasztner, 282, 283, 284,
286, 307, 308, 309, 314, 318negotiations with Mayer and McClelland,
288, 308, 309, 314, 318, 321, 330in Nuremberg Trial, 325, 326told by Himmler about no Nazi quo for
Allied quid pertaining to Brand mission,240, 243
“Weiss Family deal” by, 282Beckerle, Adolf, 219, 220Begin, Menachem, 30, 84, 94, 111, 113, 138,
187, 229, 299, 323arrival in Palestine, 138, 299, 302and “Great Season,” 298, 299, 300, 301portrayal by Jewish Agency memo to OSS,
185, 216, 299rebellion against the British, 300, 301, 302and “Stern Group,” 301, 302
Beirut, 98, 140Belgrade, 204Bendersky, Joseph, 130Ben-Gurion, David, 19, 62, 63, 79, 108, 109,
113, 115, 117, 130, 133, 137, 138, 152,159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 180, 185, 186,231, 233, 263, 298, 300, 302, 303
“activist politics,” 52, 302Arab question and federation plans, 18,
108, 142“Biltmore strategy,” 123, 124
covert intelligence and rescue efforts, 79,161
described as “collaborator” with theBritish, 231
described as running military undergroundand of being “active in movement tosmuggle immigrants into Palestine,”186–187
described as negligent, less involved inrescue of European Jews, 100, 232–233
direct involvement in rescue of, 124, 159,170–171, 180
and elections of 1944, 139, 298and “Great Season,” 301, 323Holocaust impact on, 108, 109, 110, 111and Peel Commission, 20reaction to Brand-Grosz Missions, 216,
232reaction to the “White Paper,” 52, 53and Rescue Committee in Palestine, 100,
180and “Rescue Debate,” 77, 103–111timetable of “Final Solution” and, 103,
109–110, 115view of and actions in Britain, United
States, as targets of Zionist efforts,62–63, 108–109, 133
visits to Bulgaria and Rumania in 1944,301, 303
visits to U.S. in 1941–1942, 108, 109, 110Weizmann, Chaim, cooperation and
differences with, 62–63, 138Benvenisti, Misu, 163Bergen–Belsen, 261, 276, 277, 281, 282, 283,
286, 287, 288, 304, 313, 317, 318, 319,320
Bergson, Peter (alias for Peter Kook), 59, 99,197, 198, 251
Berlin, 30, 53, 54, 83–84, 104, 109, 145, 163,164, 169, 177, 181, 182, 214, 238, 244,258, 307, 318, 335
Eichmann’s office in, 166, 318, 331radio broadcasts, 54Mufti’s presence in, 51, 53, 60, 131
Berman, Yitzhak, 93, 94, 95Bermuda Conference, 62, 90, 125, 127, 128,
129, 135, 152, 165, 252, 268Bern, 70, 71, 115, 116, 212, 216, 220, 221,
237, 265, 274, 287, 316, 336American Legation in, 200center of OSS Activities in Europe, 71,
183, 216, 219Bernadotte, Folke, 318, 320
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Bernstein, William, 333Best, Werner, 178Biddle, Francis, 132Biltmore Program, 107–110, 111, 113, 115,
120, 123, 133, 136, 137, 141, 150, 164,180, 187
Birkenau, 312Biss, Andreas, 231Blaschke, Hanns, 276Bletchley Park, 81, 181, 336Blum, Josef, 260, 266Blum, Leon, 307Bochnja, 194Bormann, Martin, 27Born, Friedrich, 314Bosnia, 53Bowden, George K., 82Bradsher, Greg, 69, 269, 338Braham, Randolph, 285, 304, 316Brand, Hansi, 255, 264, 265Brand, Joel, 163, 191, 194, 219, 222, 223,
227–230, 232–236, 238, 240–248,249–253, 254–260, 262, 264, 265, 266,268, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 282, 283,288, 308, 322, 323, 332
American reports on mission upon arrival,217, 237, 238
arrival and activities in Istanbul, 219, 227,232, 248
background, 191behavior after the failure of mission,
323British evidence supplied to U.S., 235–236early rescue activities, 193, 196evaluation of mission, behavior, by
Reuben Resnik, 248–249failure of mission becomes postwar
argument against Zionist leadership,233, 323
interrogation by Shertok, 228, 242, 245,250
interrogations by the British, 219, 223,247, 251, 253
mission discussed by Shertok with theBritish, 246, 251, 252
mission made public by the British, 239,256
mission mixed up by X-2 with “WeissFamily Deal,” 237, 238
mission named by the Allies as “GestapoDeal,” 238
preparations for rescue mission, 173Shertok’s view of mission, 251
Bratislava, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179,180, 232, 235, 258, 305
Breitman, Richard, 182, 213, 235Breslau, 177Brod, Max, 136Brunner, Alois, 311Brussels, 293Buber, Martin, 136, 137Bucharest, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 339
Gestapo records, 162, 164, 326, 329, 330Zionist activities, 159, 166, 167
Buchenwald, 317, 318, 320Budapest, 155, 156, 173, 191, 194, 198, 203,
204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 222, 229, 232,235, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246–247,248, 249, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 266,267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 276, 277, 292,293, 294, 295, 304, 308, 309, 311, 316,323, 324
Allied intelligence activities in, 182, 206,269
bombing of, impact, 274circumstances of Ghetto’s survival in, 230,
284, 315Germans in Rumania as hostages in
exchange for Budapest Jews, 313–314ghettoization of Jews in, 285Horthy’s activities regarding Budapest
Jews, 221, 264, 275, 287, 295“Horthy’s Offer,” 267, 269–270; see also
Hitler; Hungarysiege of, 315, 316status after German occupation, 285“Weiss family deal,” 237, 238, 282Zionist activities before the German
occupation, 159, 164, 166, 188, 190,206
Buechi, Walter, 70Bulgaria, 64, 110, 155, 166, 179, 200, 219,
270Allied intelligence activities in, 81, 217German intelligence activities in, 81, 204,
219special status as German ally, 40, 166,
200, 205Zionist intelligence activities in, 95, 167,
168, 201Burma, xiii, 63, 65Bush, Vannevar, 141Byalistok, 171
Cadogan, Alexander, 59Caen, 292
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Cairo, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 94, 98, 103, 105,106, 107, 111, 112, 130, 138, 140, 144,150, 162, 185, 218, 229, 230, 238, 241,251, 253, 263, 299, 340
assassination of Lord Moyne in, 112British and American armies’ intelligence
centers, 57, 79–80, 82, 84, 90, 103British Army Middle East Command
Center, 85, 142–145, 150, 162, 178Hirshman’s visit to, 253interrogations of Brand and Grosz in, 230Shertok’s visits to, 142
Cameroon, 98, 117Campbell, Ronald, I., 62Canada, 106Canaris, Wilhelm, 179, 182, 205, 216, 218,
220, 222Cape Methaphan, 28Capone, Al, 130Carpathians, 160, 220, 242, 243, 265,
295Carpenter, George, 263Casablanca Conference, 75, 127, 146Caserta, 99, 256, 257Casey, William, 332, 333Caucasus, 65Cavendish-Bentinck, V. F. W., 57Cecil, Robert, 81Chamberlain, Neville, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24,
45, 55, 58, 63anti-Semitic prejudices of, 12appeasement policy, 11, 13
Chaplin, Dwight, 121Chenstochowa, 194Chiang Kai-Shek, 307Chicago, 82, 122, 130Children Plan, 180China, xiii, 132, 307Churchill, Winston, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26,
32, 33, 45, 49, 53, 63, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88,97, 107, 112, 235, 262, 269, 296, 297,301
and bombing of Auschwitz controversy,292, 293
early public reference to the Holocaust, 54Hitler’s view of, 12, 13and Palestine Question, 21, 53, 61, 112plans regarding postwar future of the
Middle East, 112as “Zionist” sympathizer, 14, 21, 85, 90,
111, 148Cincinnati, 99
Clages, Gerhard, 204, 222, 239, 241, 243,244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 288
circumstances of death, 239negotiations with Grosz, 239, 244, 245,
305real intentions as SD officer in Budapest,
222, 239SS career before Budapest, 204
Clayton, Gilbert, 84Clayton, Iltyd, 84, 89, 149, 263, 340Clinton, Bill, 339Cluj, 257, 261, 281, 286, 325Cohen, Kenneth, 80Coleman, Archibald (alias Cereus), 160, 207,
209, 218, 220, 247Colombia, 121Colorado, 120Connally, Senator, 141, 152Constanza, 243, 275Cornwallis, Kinahan, 84, 112Cowgill, Felix, 80, 82, 96Crakow, 194Crane, Charles, 17Crete, 28Croatia, 183, 192, 200Crockatt, Brigadier, 262Cyprus, 80Czechoslovakia, 56, 203, 233
Dachau, 50, 318, 319, 320Daladier, Edouard, 307Dallek, Robert, 118Dalton, Hugh, 88Dannecker, Theodor, 182Dansey, Claude, 80Danube, 50Danzig, 8Darlan, Jean-Francois, 68Darre, Walter, 5, 6, 23Davis, Elmer, 67, 91, 265Dayan, Moshe, 53, 97Debrecen, 292de Gaulle, Charles, 99, 307de Leon, 94Denmark, 40, 96, 320Denver, 120de Vries, B. A., 70Dietrich, Otto, 96Dinur, Dov, 23, 25Dogwood, see Schwarz, AlfredDohnanyi, Hans von, 179Donitz, Karl, 320
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Donovan, William, 81, 87, 95, 97, 98, 118,140, 210, 212, 217, 218, 220, 263,337
background and early activities as COI,72, 81, 87
early cooperation with the British, 81–84,97
and the Moltke Affair, 212, 214role in preparations of the Nuremberg
Trials, 327, 332, 333and the “Sparrow Mission,” 212
Dovey, H. O., 84Downie, H. F., 56, 57, 58, 86, 95Dreyfus, Paul, 69, 70, 71, 104Duke, Florimond, 220Duker, Abraham, 117, 118, 338Dulles, Allen W., 82, 115, 122, 219, 221,
265, 306, 316and Fritz Kolbe’s activities, 71and Hatz, 219as liberal Republican, 115, 116meetings with Ben-Gurion and Zaslani,
115and the “Sparrow Mission,” 216view of the Holocaust, 116
Dwork, Charles Irving, 31, 99, 118, 305,307, 322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,332, 333, 338, 339
Dwork, Shirley, 339
Eaker, Ira, 295East Indies, Dutch,Eddy, William A., 97, 99Eden, Anthony, 45, 61, 62, 112, 118, 267,
268Egypt, 18, 27, 84, 85, 93, 214, 299Ehrenburg, Ilya, 129Eichmann, Adolf, 37, 45, 57, 93, 99, 163,
166, 170, 171, 182, 221, 228, 231, 232,233, 234, 240, 241, 245, 249, 250, 253,255, 256, 267, 274, 276, 281, 282, 283,284, 285, 286, 288, 293, 315, 318, 319,323, 325, 331
Bialistok children and, 171and Death Marches, 308, 309, 311and as described by Kasztner in, 282;
postwar affidavits, 330–331deportations to and killing centers in
Poland, role of, 22–23, 47early career in Austria, 56, 317forced emigration policy conducted by, 50,
56, 104
and “Hitler’s line,” 311, 330involvement in “Europa Plan,” 172, 173,
178involvement in “Reservat Plan,” 22and Kurt Becher, 326“Madagascar Plan” and, 26negotiations with Brand and Kasztner,
221, 260, 261, 265, 274, 282, 309Nisco, see NiskoRichter correspondence and, 163, 172role in early deportations to Poland, 26role in Hungary in relation to Wehrmacht,
242, 246–247, 269role as “Judenrefernt” of the RSHA, 47,
50, 56, 104trial of, 26, 170, 329
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 291, 307, 320El Alamein, 65, 168, 173Emerson, Herbert, 128, 305, 306Endre, Laszlo, 247Engel, Gerhard, 14, 27, 28, 57Enzer, Shmuel, 163Epstein-Elath, Eliahu, 105Erskine, Ralph, 96Ethiopia, 28“Europa Plan,” 167, 174, 209, 322Evian Conference, 11
Falaise, Pocket, 294Feingold, Henry, 117, 126, 127, 128Ferenczy, Laszlo, 285Field, Henry, 116Filderman, Wilhelm, 163, 166Finland, 30, 31Fleischmann, Gizi, 179Flossenburg, 318Foley, Frank, 79Forster, Jurgen, 24Fort Meade, 336Fort Sumter, 120Foster, Reginald S., 238“Four Year Plan,” 4–5, 6, 22–23France, 9, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 40, 52, 54, 65,
87, 88, 97, 141, 292battle of, 24, 25, 105stages in liberation of, 216, 233, 235, 292,
294Frank, Hans, 24, 125Frankfurter, Felix, 12, 33, 34, 108, 149, 151,
152Freiburg, 290, 340Freudiger, Phillip von, 260, 266, 276, 286
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Friedman, Nathan, 94, 186, 299Friling, Tuvia, 100, 109, 159, 169, 178, 191,
202, 216Fuller, J. F. C., 58
Gehlen, Reinhard, 234, 235Gelber, Yoav, 105General Gouvernement, 23, 24, 38Geneva, as center of Zionist activities, 159,
162, 164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174,194, 227, 243, 246, 260, 304, 324
Georgia, 5Gerbera, see Kollek, TeddyGerlach, Christian, 284Germany, xii, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 34,
38, 45, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 68,69, 80, 83–84, 87, 88, 91, 103, 110, 117,118, 119, 121, 122, 125, 127, 134, 137,169, 173, 188, 191, 197, 209, 210, 211,212, 214, 217, 223, 227, 245, 249, 250,256, 259, 274, 288, 289, 307, 311, 315,320, 324, 327, 332, 333
activities in the Middle East, 26, 41, 51,92, 148, 185
aims for destruction of Bulgarian,Hungarian and Rumanian Jews, 205
bombing by the Allies, 65, 66, 233, 290,292, 297
forced emigration policy, 37, 51, 58German–Soviet Relations 1939–1941,
29–32impact of Allied bombing on, related to
treatment of Jews, 36, 47, 67, 153, 291,296
impact of creation of WRB on, 272Jewish policies of, 1939–1941, 22–35, 37Jewish policies of, early stages, 3–9Jews after WWI until Hitler’s takeover, xi,
16occupation of Hungary, 220, 269occupation of Italy, 65relations with Balkan allies, 286relations with Great Britain and U.S.
pertaining to Jews, 26–28, 120relations with Rumania, 201, 329stages of “Final Solution” conducted by, 4,
5, 37–42, 46, 47, 233, 284, 293, 305,309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319
“unconditional surrender” demandedfrom, 68, 119, 127, 210
see also Gestapo; Hitler, Adolf; SD; SS;Wehrmacht
Geschke, Hans, 239, 249, 284Gestapo, xiii, 57–58, 79–80, 82, 89, 93, 95,
99, 104, 113, 162–165, 166, 167, 168,172, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 203, 211,212, 214, 326, 332, 333, 334
central role in dealing with Jews, 5–6,22–23, 45–47, 56, 234, 237, 274, 277,317, 329, 330, 331
decrypts of messages thereof by Allies, 81,82, 181–184
“Final Solution,” role of in Slovakia, 47,172–178
forced emigration policy, role of, seeEichmann, Adolf
gathering intelligence on rescue efforts,Zionists, 79, 162–167
“Gestapo Deal,” also as perceived byAllies, 170, 217, 227–230, 240,237–238, 243–247, 248–249, 254–255
Jews, esp. Zionists, accused ofcollaboration with, xiii, 56–58, 254–255;see also “Gestapo Deal”
occupation of Poland, role of, 22role in Hungary, 166, 170, 174, 191, 204,
205, 208, 209, 217, 219, 221, 227, 228,229, 231, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243,244, 246, 247, 249–253, 254, 256, 258,261, 262–269, 274, 275, 276, 277, 284,323, 332
role in Rumania, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167,216, 329, 330
takes over Abwehr in Hungary, 179; seealso Clages, Gerhard; Laufer,Frantisek-Fritz
see also RSHA; SD; SSGibson, Harold, 80, 95, 106, 203, 207Gilbert, Martin, 230Giles, Arthur F., 93, 257, 339Glavin, Edward, 99Glidden, Harold (alias Robert Laing), 99,
131, 133, 148, 149, 150, 152Globocnik, Odilo, 172Glueck, Nelson (alias Hicks), 99, 150, 151,
263anti-Zionism of, 150, 151
Goebbels, Joseph, 42, 328Goldberg, Arthur, 95, 115, 123, 216, 220
early role in OSS, 82and the “Final Solution,” 123involvement in “Sparrow Mission,” 122,
123Goldmann, Nahum, 208
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Goldstein, Peretz, 264, 265Gollancz, Victor, 12Goring, Hermann, 5, 23, 104, 165, 178, 273,
307, 333involvement in the “Final Solution,” 37,
38, 40role as head of the “Four Year Plan,” 4–5,
104Goring Bureau, 164Grant, Ulysses S., 68Great Britain, xii, 12, 14, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32,
36, 55, 65, 66, 68, 82, 109, 125, 128,152, 209, 235, 255, 273, 291, 300
anti-Semitic prejudices, 12, 15, 56, 61,68–70, 105, 106, 107, 126, 132
appeasement policy of, 11–15blockade policy, 68bombing policy, 291, 293bombing strategy of, 65, 233, 292–294decrypts of German radio messages by, 81,
181–184, 223–224fear of Jews dragging GB to war, 12fear of Hitler’s use of Jews to taint war as
Jewish, 12; see also Hitler, Adolfeconomic warfare waged by and rescue of
Jews, 68–71fear of German “Vergeltungswaffen,”
treatment of POWs, 296“Gestapo Deal,” role of in, 229–230,
235–236“Imperial Censorship,” 236intelligence agencies of, see Middle East,
intelligence centers; MI5; MI6 (alsoISLD); MI9; PICME; SIME; SOE
Middle East policy, 86–87, 144North African Campaign, 65, 88Palestine policies of, see Palestinerelations with Stalin of, 34, 64, 307–308relations with U.S., especially pertaining to
Jews of Europe, 269rescue of children by, 171–172role of military and civilian bureaucracies
in regard to alien Jews, Zionists, 54–56,57–58, 59–60, 61–62, 72, 79–80, 103,107, 268
strategy after the fall of France, esp. in theMiddle East, 21, 24, 26, 32, 33, 88–89,112
structure and role of intelligence services,82, 83
Syria, Iraq, Iran, occupied or subdued by,84–85
treatment of Jewish refugees, 16, 61,105–107, 267–268
see also “White Paper” on Palestine;Zuckerman, Solly
Greece, 28, 132, 179, 204, 272Greenberg, Uri-Zvi, 186Grosz, Bondi, see Gyorgy, AndorGroves, Leslie A. (alias Gross), 141, 293Gruenbaum, Yitzhak, 100, 118, 298Gruenwald, Malkiel, 231, 325, 334Gruninger, Major, 176Gunther, Rolf, 318Gustav Adolf, 274G’vat, Kibbutz, 92Gyorgy, Andor (alias Bandi Grosz, alias
Trillium), 10, 194, 206, 207, 209, 211,218, 219, 221–224, 230, 235–239, 241,243, 244–251, 253–256, 323
as Abwehr agent, 217, 219, 245background, 191, 193early contacts with Zionists, 194, 209,
217, 218, 251as Hungarian agent, 194, 206, 209relations with Klatt Organization,
224interrogations by SIME, 206own mission, 239, 240, 245, 246, 250,
251, 305preparations toward Brand mission, 227,
238, 241, 243, 244Gyr, Karl, 167, 168, 251
Hacohen, Devora, 180Hadari, Gideon, 136Hagana, structure, activities, British
measures undertaken against, 19, 91,93, 105, 186–188, 298–303
Hagen, Herbert, 57Haifa, 80, 92, 105, 136, 230Halder, Franz, 25Haleb, see AleppoHalevi, Binyamin, 231, 325Halifax, Lord, 62Hamburg, 318Hamman, 15Hanfstaengel, Ernst, 125–129Hanyok, Robert, 336Harel, Isser, 334Harper, Harry, 204, 205Harriman, J. Averell, 200Harris, Arthur, 291Harrison, Leland, 69, 316
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Hatz, Otto, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 247Allied view of, 217, 219, 220relations with Abwehr, 236relations with Grosz, 218relations with OSS and Zionists, 217, 218,
220Hecht, Ben, 59, 229, 304, 326, 334Heideking, Jurgen, 202, 210, 214Heidelberg, 153Herzl, Theodor, 98, 130Heydrich, Reinhard, 37, 45, 56, 204
involvement in the “Final Solution,” 37,38, 39, 40, 42
involvement in “Reservat Plan,” 22Hilberg, Raul, 56Himmler, Heinrich, 5, 6, 23, 24, 104, 105,
154, 169, 172, 181, 182, 183, 199, 212,213, 228, 231, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244,250, 283, 286, 288, 308, 309, 310, 312,313, 314, 315, 317, 320
alleged in advance knowledge of July 20Putsch against Hitler, 212, 250
Backe, Darre’ and, 23Bialistok children and, 171–172conversation on Jews with Hitler, 42and death marches, 313, 319final break with Hitler, 307, 308, 317,
320“Germanization” of Poland, 23“Gestapo deal,” no quid for Allied quo,
240, 243Jewish labor camps in Poland, liquidation
of, Operation “Erntefest,” 154involvement in “Europa Plan,” 172, 173,
178negotiations with Bernadotte, 105, 322,
329, 330, 335, 336negotiations with Masur, 317, 318, 319negotiations with Musy, 304, 305, 306,
307ransoming of Jews and Goring, Hitler,
104–105relations with Becher, 230, 243, 282, 283,
308, 310role in expediting the “Final Solution” in
Italy, 183, 184role in use of Jews as trump card for
separate peace, 40, 42, 172, 173, 182,242, 316
speeches regarding the “Final Solution,”181, 244
see also Gestapo; RSHA; SD; SS; WVHA
Hirshman, Ira, 200, 212, 241, 251, 253, 254,267, 287, 288
Histadrut, 134, 139, 161, 193Hitler, Adolf, xii, 3, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 34,
51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 78,87, 92, 95, 96, 106, 110, 113, 121, 123,124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 137, 147, 148,160, 166, 179, 192, 195, 197, 198, 210,211, 212, 216, 220, 223, 242, 268, 269,274, 287, 288, 307, 308, 311, 315, 316,317, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336,340
Allied perceptions of behavior toward warend, 296
and Budapest Jews, 309; and negotiationswith Horthy regarding, 275, 285
characterization of, 44–45, 47considers Madagascar plan, 25, 26, 27, 37,
45decision on “Barbarossa,” 28, 30, 32, 37,
38decisive role of in creating multiple trap,
xi–xiiidomestic ramifications of “Final Solution”
calculated by, 42–43, 47–48euthanasia order of, 22excludes Jews from Abwehr service, 234“Final Solution” and its justification, 4, 27,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48forced Jews’ emigration policy, 7, 10, 26,
103, 250German society and, 24, 26, 47impact of early British bombing, 23, 36insistence on continuing Holocaust until
the end, 173, 310, 319, 320intentionalist School of Holocaust Studies
and, 45Japan’s role in strategy of, 29, 63“Jew’s War” allegedly fought by Allies,
Allied fears of, 14–15, 42–43, 66–67,72, 119–120, 173, 199, 215, 297
and the Mufti of Jerusalem, 41OKW/Chi decrypts, access by, 199,
336–337perception of British blockade, 6, 31perception of British elite, 12, 13, 25, 26,
49, 58, 199perception of Stalin, 30perception of U.S. policy 28; creation of
WRB, 114perceptions of, by Chamberlain, Churchill,
FDR, 12–15
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“prophecy” of Holocaust, 8, 9, 33, 42,46
ransom of “a few rich Jews,” 104–105,172, 178, 205
role in “Final Solution” described byKasztner in postwar affidavits, 330
Speer on, no cessation of Holocaust thanksto Allied bombing, acceleration ofHolocaust, 153–154, 290–291, 295
splitting the Allies, infecting them with“Jewish disease,” 9, 214–215, 250–251,306
stages of anti-Jewish policies of before“Final Solution” decision, includingemigration to Palestine, exportinganti-Semitism to West, 4–9, 25–26,27–28, 37, 103
victory over France, impact on, 24–26view of Imperial Rome, Pauline
Christianity, and Jews, 48–49Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and, 49, 53Western reactions to forced emigration
policy of, 10–16, 250–251worldview, xiii, 7, 8, 48
Hochberg, Anna, 70Holland, 52, 66, 69, 70, 281, 294, 305Homs, 80Hoover, J. Edgar, 11, 104Hope-Simpson, John, 132Hore-Belisha, Leslie, 16Horthy, Miklos, 239, 264, 267, 271, 274,
275, 277, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294, 295,308
behavior during German occupation, 221negotiations with the Allies and “Horthy
Offer,” 233, 267, 269, 270stops deportations, 233, 267, 287toppling by Arrow Cross, 294, 295, 308
Hoskins, Harold B., 97, 98, 140, 145, 151Hoss, Rudolf, 311, 313, 320Howard, Michael, 86Hull, Cordell, 98, 117, 200, 309, 312Hungary, xii–xiii, 40, 82, 110, 113, 127, 137,
144, 151, 160, 166, 168, 170, 174, 176,187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200,202, 203, 223, 232, 234, 235, 237, 239,251, 252, 257, 260, 263, 265, 268, 271,272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 283, 285, 288,291, 293, 296, 301, 304, 312, 314, 319,322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 330, 332, 334,337, 339, 340
death marches from, 295, 313
final battle with Red Army in, 295German operations during occupation,
122, 207, 218, 221, 254, 256, 290German target after fall of Mussolini,
182–183Hagana commandos sent into, 89, 155,
193, 216, 262, 264Horthy’s decision to stop deportations,
decrypted by OKW/Chi, 267“Horthy’s Offer,” evaluation of by OSS
R&A, 267, 269–270, 277; decrypted byOKW/Chi, 287
intelligence services in, 95, 100, 122, 212,215, 217, 220, 236
Jews’ condition until German occupation,40, 102, 155, 162, 175, 188, 189, 192,205
object and center of rescue efforts beforeNazi invasion, 155, 161–162; see alsoKasztner; Springmann; WRB
OSS operations regarding, failure of,216–221
rescue activities of Wallenberg and othersin, 230, 273, 277, 315
role in the “Final Solution,” 177, 189,201, 233, 244, 284
role of Wehrmacht in the “Final Solution”in, 247
separate peace feelers toward Allies, 182,183, 221
stops deportations, 233, 267, 287suspension of the “Final Solution,” 233,
267, 286takeover by Arrow Cross, 315, 316Zionist Rescue Committee’s activities after
occupation, 227–230; see also Budapest;Kasztner, Rezso
Hunsche, Otto, 282, 318Hurley, Pat, 98Husseini, el Hajj Amin, 17, 18, 19, 41, 53,
60, 83, 85, 93, 108, 131, 137, 148, 183,245, 330
and Bialistok children, 171–172
Ibn Saud, 98I. G. C. R. (Intergovernmental Committee on
Refugees), 11, 118, 128, 267, 305Ilan, Amitzur, 140, 150India, xiii, 63, 65, 85, 89, 126–132, 137Iran, 53, 86, 105, 146, 207Iraq, 18, 19, 53, 85, 93, 94, 105, 133, 143,
152
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Israel, 57, 104, 148, 186, 249–253, 324, 325impact of rescue debate on, xiii, 100, 137“Kasztner’s Trial,” 113, 231, 323, 325,
326, 334Israel, Wilfried, 79, 80Istanbul, 80, 91, 209, 216, 219, 227, 229,
237, 238, 250, 251, 266, 271, 272Allied intelligence activities, 160, 217, 218,
223, 236, 237, 245, 247, 248, 249, 254German double agent Gyr activities, 251visit of Shertok, 207Zionist rescue mission in, 98, 106, 155,
159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167,168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 179, 180, 188,189, 192, 194, 195, 201, 203, 204, 206,207, 209, 217, 218, 222, 224, 228, 232,235, 236, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248,254, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266,271, 287, 288
Italy, xii, 20, 41, 51, 52, 54, 65, 81–84, 92,93, 94, 99, 148, 182, 183, 185, 210,212, 256, 262, 263, 292, 307, 335
desert’s war, 26, 65invaded by the Allies and defection from
Axis, 65, 182, 216“Final Solution” in, 81–84, 182, 183, 184
I. Z. L.-N. M. O. (Irgun Zvai Leumi), 59, 92,93, 95, 111, 113, 134, 138, 155, 185, 186,187, 197, 229, 251, 298–301, 302, 323
recruitment for the British, 92, 93, 94, 95Izmir, 163
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 20, 92, 93, 100, 286,299
and Avraham Stern, 51, 76, 185, 186British politics of, 20, 92as leader of the Zionist Revisionists, 20,
51, 76, 134and mass immigration into Palestine, 137,
138mission in the U.S., 59, 127and the partition debate, 20, 137
Jackson, Robert H., 325, 327, 328, 329,333
Jahnke, Kurt, 235Japan, xiii, 34, 63, 119, 307Jerusalem, 61, 83, 89, 90, 91, 93, 112, 120,
148, 151, 160, 163, 166, 170, 185, 192,231, 257, 263, 272, 275, 299, 325, 330,339
as seat of American diplomatic mission,17, 61, 130, 257, 272
as seat of German diplomatic mission, 53
as seat of Grand Mufti, 18, 85, 137, 148as seat of Jewish Agency’s executive, 160,
188Jodl, Alfred, 336John XXIII, 266Joseph, Bernard, 102Juttner, Hans, 311, 313
Kallay, Miklos, 193, 205Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 224, 239, 276, 282,
331role in deportation of Jews from Italy, 183,
184role in Hungary, 326, 332role in the last stages of the war, 276, 319
Kant, Immanuel, 48Kaplan, Benjamin, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332Kaplan, Eliezer, 159Kappler, Herbert, 181, 182, 183Kasserine pass, 117Kasztner, Rezso, Rudolf, Israel, xiv, 23, 25,
26, 118, 155, 166, 188–191, 194–196,201–203, 222, 228, 230, 231, 242, 243,255, 256–258, 259, 260, 261, 264, 266,267, 270, 271, 273–276, 277, 281–288,291, 300, 303, 304, 308–317, 321, 322,324–326, 329–332, 334
affidavits given in favor of Becher, 228,229, 323, 324
affidavit given to the IMT, 326and the alleged termination of the “Final
Solution,” 309, 311, 312, 314background, character, assessments of
Hungarian situation before Naziinvasion, 188–196
central figure in “Rescue Debate,” xiv,230–231, 322–326
and Cluj Ghetto, 251, 257, 260, 281, 286continues negotiations with Becher, 282,
286, 304, 307, 308, 309, 315correspondence with Istanbul Rescue
Committee before German invasion,189, 192, 193, 194
differentiation between previous SS policyof extermination and use of remnants asuseful tools, 274–275
early activities in Budapest RescueCommittee, 173, 188, 190, 191
early talks with Eichmann’s death squad,228, 245, 274, 282
and Hagana “paratroopers,” 228, 262,264
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“Kasztner’s train,” 228, 230, 256, 261,267, 281, 282, 286, 287, 304, 308
Miklos Krausz and, continued vendettas,190, 230, 264, 287, 323, 325
and negotiations with WRB inSwitzerland, 265, 274, 275, 286, 288
preparations for the Brand-Groszmissions, 241, 242
and rescue of Jewish inmates in Germanconcentration camps in 1945, 318
role in American War Crimes Trials, 322,326
and Strasshof labor camp, 275, 276strategy of involving the Allies, 255
258–260trial and assassination of, 89, 113, 229,
231, 264, 323, 325, 334and use of ethnic Germans under Soviet
control as hostages to save BudapestJews, 313, 314
WRB, contacts with after Nazi invasiondecrypted by OKW/Chi, 201, 265–266
Katz, Barry M., 96Katzenelson, Berl, 19, 111, 124, 169, 298Katzki, Herbert, 118, 329Kauders, Fritz (alias Richard Klatt), 81, 216,
223, 224, 234, 235, 241Kaufering, 319Kaufman, Hugo, 70Keitel, Wilhelm, 221, 337Keller, Franz, see Mayer, SalyKempner, Robert, 31, 332Kennedy, E. F., 257Kennedy, Joseph, 11, 12, 13, 15, 87, 126Kersten, Felix, 288, 307Kettlitz, 304Kirchheimer, Otto, 96, 328Kirk, Alexander, 214“Klatt Organization,” 81Klatt, Richard, see Kauders, FritzKlausner, Margot, 104Klausnitzer, Erich (alias Alfred), 204, 211,
224Knight, Maxwell, 55Knox, Frank, 97Kolasch, Thibor von, 235Kolbe, Fritz (alias George Wood), 30, 216,
217, 219, 236, 269, 316, 338becomes OSS agent, 71, 183, 219reports on colonel Hatz and Zionist rescue
workers, 219, 220, 247Kollek, Teddy (alias Gerbera), 106, 160, 161,
185, 192, 202, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215,
217, 218, 220, 235, 247, 254, 263,288
becomes Dogwood’s agent, 202, 204, 206,207, 208, 211, 216
British warnings against cooperation with,236
connection with Grosz, 209, 246early activities in Istanbul, 160, 192, 206,
207further intelligence activities in Jerusalem,
257Komoly, Otto, 191, 196, 242, 274, 286, 324Kook, Hillel, see Bergson, PeterKramer, Joseph, 313, 318Krausz, Miklos-Moshe, 193, 230, 231, 264,
285, 287, 315activities in Budapest Ghetto, 230, 275,
277postwar vendetta against Kasztner, 287,
323, 325rift with Kasztner, 190, 191, 194as Zionist Immigration Officer in
Budapest, 190Kremer, 254Krieger, 96“Kristallnacht,” 6, 14, 118Krumey, Hermann, 228, 241, 249, 288, 315,
318, 325Kushner, Tony, 12, 15, 55, 58, 59, 81, 95,
106, 334
Laing, see Glidden, HaroldLampson, Miles, 84, 112Landauer, Georg, 136Langer, William, 96, 328Latham, R. T., 57Laud, Gordon, 99, 149Laufer, Frantisek-Fritz (alias Schroeder, alias
Iris, alias Ludwig Mayer), 203, 204,205, 206, 210–215, 219, 221, 222, 223,224, 227, 233, 234, 236, 237, 240–251,254, 255, 257, 258, 282, 288, 289, 305,308, 322, 323
activities in Prague and Belgrade, 193, 194alleged postwar activities, 224background, 191, 203, 204British and American suspicions of, 205,
215, 217, 222, 230, 234, 246, 254, 255Jewish Agency’s view in fall 1944, 205role in Brand’s and Grosz’s mission, 211,
219, 227, 240, 243–247, 322role in trying to keep Brand’s mission
alive, 282
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Lavi, Shlomo, 92Lawrence, Lord, 333Lazarus, Isidor (alias Lee Lane), 104Leary, Lewis, 98, 142, 143, 150, 263Lebanon, 112, 144Lehman, Herbert H., 34, 151, 152, 254Lemberg/Lvov, 164, 194, 211Lend Lease Act, 28, 33, 86–87Leopold, III, 307Levitzki, Asher, 136Lewis, Bernard, 17Ley, Robert, 104Libya, 28, 251Lichtheim, Richard, 163, 166Lincoln, Abraham, 120Link, Julius, 260, 266, 276Lippmann, Walter, 12, 34Lisbon, 237, 242, 246, 254, 255, 258, 259
as possible rescue target, 238List, David, 335Litvinov, Maxim, 29Lodz, 26, 40, 102, 312London, 9, 24, 53, 57, 69, 70, 83, 85–86, 87,
89, 91, 92, 108, 109, 122, 126, 144,160, 203, 220, 230, 253, 254, 262, 272,283, 292, 296, 297, 312, 328, 329, 330,331, 332
British Intelligence Center “Broadway,”81, 236
dispatches from British Embassy inWashington, 238
OSS center, 122, 216, 220, 238Shertok’s meeting on Brand’s mission in,
251, 253, 266Weizmann’s activities in, 233, 238
Long, Breckinridge, 24, 58, 126–132, 137,198–206
Longerich, Peter, 3, 4, 37, 40, 44Lubeck, 320Lubin, Isidor, 333Lublin, 24, 26, 27Ludin, Hans, 176Lugwigshafen, 266Lutz, Charles, 230, 277
Macedonia, 201Macfarland, Lanning, 210, 216, 218, 247
end of mission in Istanbul, 247involvement in Hungarian affairs, 218Zionist rescue efforts and Dogwood, 217
Mach, A., 175MacMichael, Harold, 81–84, 107, 149
Madagascar Plan, 25, 27, 36, 37, 38, 45, 51,93
Madrid, 237, 238Manila, 146Mapai, structure, internal cleavages,
intelligence reports on, 93, 107–108,111, 134, 136, 138, 161
in Hungary, 190–191Marcus, Karl (alias “Dictionary”), 235Marcuse, Herbert, 96, 328Marmaros, 265Marshall, George C., 141, 142, 143, 145,
210, 302Marton, Ernst, 313, 314Masur, Norbert, 313, 317, 318, 319Mauch, Christoph, 202, 210, 214Maunsell, Raymond, 57, 84, 340Mauritius, 51, 301Mauthausen, 264, 318, 324Mayer, Gerald, 265Mayer, Ludwig, see Laufer, Frantisek-FritzMayer, Saly (alias Franz Keller), 163, 195,
242, 243, 259, 265, 266, 271, 277, 288,305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 318,321, 330
Gestapo intercepts rescue efforts by, 164negotiations with Becher, 305, 308
McCarthy, Joseph, 333McClelland, Roswell, 265, 274, 275, 276,
277, 286, 288, 308, 309, 312, 314, 318,321
McCloy, John J., 141, 328McCormack, Col., 219, 338McQueen, Doris, 120Megiddo, 99Mehdi, 85Meirov-Avigur, Shaul, 201Menzies, Stewart, 81Merkly, Anton, 211Messner, Franz (alias Cassia), 215, 236,
247Metz, 294Mexico, 181, 209MI5, 55, 83, 84
anti-Semitic prejudices in British centersof, 56, 82, 87
operations in the Middle East, 79, 83, 85MI6, 79, 80, 81, 203, 207
code-breaking operations of, 80, 81operations in the Middle East, and as ISLD
in occupied Europe, 80, 83, 84, 87relations with OSS X-2, 82, 99
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MI9, 89, 91, 92, 262“A Force,” 89, 91, 262–269supporting Zionist commandos, 207
Middle East, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 26, 57, 60,61, 80, 84, 85–86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,92, 98, 99, 112, 121, 130, 131, 132, 137,140, 142, 151, 162, 178, 186, 223, 230,256, 262, 300
British plans for future of, 112, 151growing American interest in, 72, 97, 98,
129, 140intelligence centers (MEIC-SIME), 57, 83,
84–85, 89, 211, 222, 223, 230, 244,246, 251, 253, 254
strategic situation therein after defeat ofAxis, xiii, 17, 140, 144
as war zone 1940–1943, xii–xiii, 20, 41,53, 54, 57, 63
Milne, Tim, 80Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW),
67–70Minz, Matitiahu, 64MO 9, 155Mohammed, 60Moltke, Helmuth James, Count von, 210,
211, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 223, 240,245, 247, 250, 323
Montreux, 304, 305Morgenthau Jr., Henry, 33, 34, 119, 151, 327Morocco, 251Morrison, Herbert, 56Moscow, 64, 68, 109, 200, 235, 306, 336Moyne, Lord, 109, 112, 113, 138, 229, 230,
241, 253, 254, 301, 303assassination of, 112, 186, 298, 299,
300Mufti of Jerusalem, see Husseini, el Hajj
AminMuhldorf, 319Muller, Heinrich, 56, 104, 234, 329, 330Mundt, Carl, 126Munich, 15Murphy, James, 96Murray, Wallace, 82Mussolini, Benito, 25, 26, 28, 92, 93, 182,
183, 212, 215, 216, 335Musy, Jean-Marie, 304, 305–306, 307, 310,
313, 315
Naftali, Timothy, 82, 224Namier, Lewis, 251Neuengamme, 318
Neumann, Franz, 41, 96, 117, 118, 120, 328,329, 330, 331, 332
“spearhead theory” of, 41, 96New England, 116Newfoundland, 32New York, 34, 59, 82, 87, 108, 109, 115,
116, 122, 132, 162, 164, 166, 201, 266,327, 328
Niedermayer, Ritter von, 30Niemoller, Martin, 59Nietzsche, Friedrich, 48Nisko, 23, 24, 93Nohl, Kriminalrat, 215Normandy, 115, 122, 234, 237, 246, 292North Africa, xiii, 65, 68, 71, 92, 97, 98, 99,
100, 111, 117, 119, 121, 129, 194, 242,253, 291
North Dakota, 126Norway, 88, 320Nuremberg Laws, 4Nuremberg Trials, xiv, 23, 25, 26, 31, 99,
118, 229, 316, 323, 325, 326, 327, 331,332, 333, 334, 339
preparations of, 327role of Dr. Dwork in preparations, 329,
332; see also Dwork, Charlesrole of Holocaust in, 329role of Kasztner in, 322, 323, 324, 325,
326role of OSS in preparations, 326, 332, 333see also Barneys, Murray; Jackson,
RobertNuri Said, 138Nussbecher-Palgi, Joel, 264, 265
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 72, 81, 82,95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 127, 129, 140, 142,155, 162, 185, 194, 199, 202, 203, 205,206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 227,235, 236, 238, 247, 254, 263, 322, 328,332
Bari office, 263Bern office, 71, 183, 216, 220, 221British decrypts of German cables made
available to, 81–82, 185–187, 223–224British influence over, 82, 87, 96–97, 99,
140, 142–145Cairo office, 98Caserta office, 256cooperation with Zionists, double agents,
160, 206–210, 215–224; see alsoSchwarz, Alfred
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Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (cont.)Counter-Espionage Branch (X-2), 81, 82,
96, 99, 182, 206, 208, 209, 217, 218,219, 222, 236, 237, 238, 247, 254, 257
evaluation of by Richter documentation,162
Istanbul office, 160, 162, 209, 217, 218,236, 247, 254
“Jewish Desk Officer” of, see Dwork,Charles Irving
Labor desk, 122London office, 82, 122, 123, 216, 238Madrid office, 238Middle East and Palestine experts of, 85,
86, 89, 97–99, 131, 142–145, 147–152New York Office, 82, 115North African Campaign, 97–99origins of, 87postwar period, 224, 324, 326, 327reports on Jews and Zionists, 80–81, 82,
84, 91, 140, 146, 148, 150, 151, 152Research and Analysis Branch (R&A), 41,
96, 97, 99, 117, 118, 147, 267, 269,305, 307, 328, 331
Secret Intelligence Branch (SI), 82, 95, 98,216, 237, 238, 332
Special Operations Branch (SO), 95SSU, 224structure, command, modes of operations,
95–97, 115–118, 129, 212, 214–220Washington office, 209, 212, 216, 217,
238, 257WRB and, 199
Office of War Information (OWI), 67, 91,265, 272
OKW, see WehrmachtOKW/Chifrierabteilung (OKW/Chi), see
WehrmachtOllenhauer, Erich, 122Orwell, George, 15Osmun, Russell A., 90, 130Oster, Hans, 179OSS, see Office of Strategic ServicesOswego, 132
Palestine, 26, 40, 54, 57, 72, 75, 76, 88, 89,90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105,106, 108, 109, 110, 113, 117, 118, 121,122, 123, 135–139, 149, 154, 155, 159,160, 161, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 180,185–196, 201, 207, 218, 223, 229, 230,231, 232, 242, 243, 245, 251, 252, 253,
255, 257, 259, 261–268, 272, 273, 274,275, 277, 281, 282, 287, 289, 298, 299,300, 301, 302, 306, 324, 330, 334, 337,338, 339
Allied discussions on future of, 98, 112,128, 129, 134, 141, 144, 147, 148, 208
American and British intelligence anddiplomacy, censorship reports on,80–87, 135–137, 140–146, 147–150,165
anti-Zionists attitude regarding, 86, 147,148, 149, 150, 151, 152
Arab leadership in and abroad, 17–19, 53,85, 111
Arab rebellion in 1937–1939, 6, 15, 17Arab riots, 18, 85, 92Axis propaganda related to, 58, 60–61Balfour Declaration on, 20, 107“Biltmore program” regarding, 120, 123,
133, 142, 187British intelligence reports on, fed to U.S.
Intelligence, 80–87, 130–135, 142–146,165
British “White Paper” of May 1939 on,17, 20, 56, 112, 186
central role in this study of, xiiichildren’s emigration into during
Holocaust, 171–172debate on partition of, 20, 140FDR’s views of, 118, 119, 123, 127, 132,
133, 140fear of renewed Arab rebellion in by Allies,
15, 85–86forced emigration by Nazis to, 50;
forbidden by Nazis, 51, 58Hitler’s views of Jewish emigration to, 4,
5, 6, 26, 27, 201, 250illegal immigration to, 50, 51, 52, 53, 94immigration restrictions to, 6, 14, 15, 20,
50, 112mandate given to Britain on, 19military situation of, 15, 63, 65, 85partition of, Peel Commission and debate
among Zionists, 20, 111–112, 140as rear base of Allied operations, 83, 85, 90terrorist campaigns against British in, see
Yishuvtransfer of Arabs from, 4, 142, 143“White Paper” regarding continued role
until end of WWII, 20–21, 85–86, 107see also Yishuv
Paris, 293
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Pas de Calais, 292Passen, van, Pierre, 99Pauley, Ed, 333Pearl Harbor, 33, 34, 63, 77, 109, 129,
337Peel Commission, 20, 140, 142Pehle, John, 288Penrose, Stephen B. L., 98, 117, 142, 143,
263Petain, Philippe, 307Peterson, Morris, 106Pfaff, Major, 206, 217, 218, 236Philby, Kim, 80Philippines, 146Pinkerton, Lowell C., 61, 151, 257, 263
anti-Zionism of, 149, 150Pius XII, pope, 64, 182, 183, 197, 274Ploesti, 30Pohl, Oswald, 154Poland, 9, 11, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 58, 64,
90, 93, 104, 115, 125, 133, 154, 155,161, 164, 165, 168, 178, 186, 188, 193,211, 233, 293, 294, 295, 312, 317, 331
deportations of Jews into, 23, 24, 26, 45,171, 175, 179, 181
early Nazi anti-Jewish measures in, 22government and army in exile of, 299; seealso Anders, Wladislaw
phases of the “Final Solution” in, 22, 36,39, 46, 47, 102, 109, 295
rescue activities in and from, 189, 190,193, 194, 195, 243
Zionist activities in, 191, 193, 207Political Intelligence, Middle East (PICME),
83, 142, 145origins, 83, 85
Polkes, Feibl, 57Pomeranz-Hadari, Venia, 161, 163, 166, 167,
168, 169, 171, 173, 178, 179, 192, 227,232, 264
Poole, DeWitt C., 99, 116, 117, 140Popescu, Erik (alias Erich Wehner), 191, 193,
206Popper, Karl, 202Porat, Dina, 100, 159, 166, 169, 178, 290Portland, Duke of, 57Portugal, 80, 181, 235, 241, 258, 259, 269,
281, 282, 287Posen, 181Posner, Chaim, 162, 243, 304, 324Potsdam, 29Prague, 58, 80, 203, 204, 211, 224, 237, 239
Pressburg, see Bratislava“Project M,” 116, 117, 118, 130Protectorate, 23, 26, 179, 204, 215
Qeillani, el Rashid Ali, 93Quilliam, C. D., 85, 142, 143, 144, 340Quinn, 224
Rabat, 251Rademacher, Franz, 26Radom, 312Rahn, Rudolf, 183Raim, Edith, 319Randall, Alec W. G., 252, 253Rapallo Conference, 31Rathenau, Walther, 31, 121Rauschning, Hermann, 8Rayburn, Sam, 132, 133Raziel, David, 92, 93, 94, 185Reading, Lord, 291Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), 22, 47,
56, 163, 164, 182, 183, 223, 282, 319,326, 331; see also Gestapo
Rescue Committee in Bratislava, 174, 188Rescue Committee in Budapest, 173, 188,
189, 191, 194, 196, 240, 242, 255, 260,261, 274, 275, 281, 284, 285
Rescue Committee in Istanbul, 188, 189,194, 258, 275
Reservat, of Jews in Poland, 24, 27Resnik, Reuben B., 248, 249Reynoud, Paul, 307Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 71, 125, 165, 183,
219, 269, 309, 315Richter, Gustav, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166,
167, 216, 339Riegner, Gerhard, 31, 66, 128, 163Ritter, Ambassador, 269Rivlin, Gershon, 192Robinson, Jacob, 328, 329, 333Rome, 48, 81, 109, 126, 181, 182, 183, 211,
212, 336Rommel, Erwin, 65, 90, 216Roncalli, Angelo Guiseppe, 266Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 11, 12, 15, 25,
28, 33, 34, 63, 72, 87, 97, 98, 108, 111,123, 125, 129, 132, 133, 141, 145, 149,150, 151, 152, 182, 198, 199, 200, 210,211, 233, 237, 238, 262, 269, 272, 274,285, 287, 297, 309, 320, 336, 338
aid to the British in 1940–1941, 33Arab pressure on, 133, 152
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Roosevelt, Franklin D. (cont.)attitude toward the Holocaust, 119, 120,
125China, Japan and, 63creates the WRB in January 1944, 113,
119, 127and Felix Frankfurter, 33–34, 151–152OWI’s reservations regarding rescue
declarations of, 272–273“project M” initiative considered, 116,
117, 118, 119policy toward Jewish refugees in the
1930s, 10, 118, 119and “Putzi” Hanfstaengel, 125relations with American Zionists, 117,
128, 129, 131, 133, 151, 152relations with the Congress regarding
Zionists, 119as target of “Jew’s War” allegations,
119–120, 238, 272“unconditional surrender” declared by, 68,
72views of Jews, 10, 117, 121, 122views of the Palestine Question, 53, 118,
126, 128, 130, 132, 140, 145warnings issued by to Hungarians to stop
deportations, 274war priorities, 68; and aims, 34, 140
Roosevelt, James, 104Rosenberg, Alfred, 38, 125, 328Rosenman, Samuel, 33, 34, 98, 108, 133, 145Rothermere, Lord, 12Rotstein, Moshe, 93, 94Rubin, Barry, 202Rumania, xii, 30, 40, 59, 95, 99, 102, 105,
110, 126, 155, 160–164, 166, 167, 168,183, 188, 192, 204, 207, 208, 263, 313,314, 337
break with Nazi Germany of, 201, 284British reaction to offer to release Jews by,
62German Legation’s archive (Richter’s
documentation) captured intact in,162–164
Germans in as hostages, 313–314Holocaust and deportations to
Transnistria, 168, 200, 201, 205impact on Nazi Germany of withdrawal
from Axis, 270, 284, 286Nazi intention to destroy remaining Jews
in, 205
OSS operations in, 162, 217rescue efforts from and through, 180, 194,
200, 201, 257, 268, 272, 275, 284, 301,314
rescue from Hungary into, 257, 284Soviet occupation of, 314stop of Holocaust in, 201Transnistria, Zionist rescue efforts from,
and from Rumania proper, 155, 161,180; British attitude toward, 62
Zionist operations in, 50, 51, 193,263
Rumbold, Horace, 16Russell, Bertrand, 202Russia see Soviet Union
“Safehaven Operation,” 69, 305–306St. Albans, 81Salzburg, 324Samuel, Herbert, 89San, river, 23Sanbar, Moshe, 287Sass, S., 121Saud, King, 98Saudi Arabia, 98Schacht, Hjalmar, 14Schellenberg, Walter, 165, 199, 223, 224,
234, 235, 245, 288, 306, 307, 310, 313,315, 317, 318, 320
and Brand Grosz Missions, 222, 234, 235,305
efforts to split the Allies, 240, 306–307role during final phase of Third Reich,
244, 305, 306, 319, 320Schlesinger, Arthur M., 11Schmidt, Dr., 207, 222, 224, 243Schmidthuber, General, 316Schocken, Gustav-Gershom, 136Scholz, Rudi, 104, 191, 206, 208, 209Schopenhauer, Arthur, 48Schorske, Carl, 328Schramm, Percy Ernst, 340Schulte, Eduard, 66“Schulte Report,” 31Schwalb (Dror), Nathan, 161, 162, 164,
165, 166, 169, 173, 177, 180, 194,195, 227, 228, 243, 246, 289, 318,321
contacts in occupied Europe, 162, 164messages intercepted by Gestapo, 164,
165
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postwar arguments pertaining to rescue,171
role as Zionist representative in Geneva,161
Schwarz, Alfred (alias Dogwood), 160, 202,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,211, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222,223, 224, 235, 236, 240, 245, 246, 247,248, 249, 250, 254, 323
Austrian connections and demise ofnetwork, 23, 212, 217, 247
background of, 202, 203, 205, 209demise of network and dismissal, 236,
247early contacts with Teddy Kollek, 206,
207, 208, 209, 211early stages of Dogwood network,
202–213Hungarian plans of, 215, 216, 217, 218,
221inquiries into credibility of, 217, 236Moltke’s plan and, 210, 211, 215, 220,
240, 245, 250political action in favor of Zionists, 207,
208postwar allegations on shortening the war
and rescue of Jews, 247relations with Laufer and his betrayal,
204, 205, 206, 214, 234relations with other double agents, 206,
222, 243X-2’s transformation of into enemy agent,
232, 236, 257Schwartz, Josef, 246, 255, 256, 258, 259,
260, 261, 266, 314, 315Schweiger, Moshe, 264, 304, 324SD, 22, 45, 56, 79, 96, 162, 165, 175, 176,
177, 182, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244,245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 254, 255, 284,296, 305
Allied decrypts of messages sent by, 81home intelligence operations, 7, 203operations in Hungary, 206, 215, 216,
219, 234, 239, 244, 246origins and general activitiesrivalry with Abwehr, 182, 222, 223, 224,
234role in Slovak Holocaust, report on,
175–177Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), British, 80,
82, 85–86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95
Security Intelligence Middle East (SIME),British, 57, 83–84, 89, 209n–254, 340
Selborn, Lord, 88Sereni, Enzo, 263Shackburgh, John, 86Shaw, George B., 15Sheib-Eldad, Israel, 94, 186Shepardson, Whitney, 149, 238Sherman, William T., 120Shertok (Sharett), Moshe, 19, 63, 91, 130,
138, 139, 159, 160, 187, 208, 230, 232,234, 251, 262, 266, 268, 302
attitudes toward Palestinian Arabs, 42,142, 143, 144
beginning of rescue action in Istanbul,159, 207
drawing of Palestine’s frontiers, 144Gestapo knowledge of visit to Istanbul,
164, 216Kasztner’s Trial used to discredit behavior
of during the Holocaust, 231role regarding Brand-Grosz missions, 251,
252, 253, 254used by Allied Intelligence to discredit
Zionist schemes in U.S., 130Shind, Ze’ev, 161, 192, 206Siberia, 30, 31Sicily, 65, 291Sidon, 143Siebert, Detlef, 335Silberschein, Abraham, 163, 164, 166Silesia, Upper, 23, 178Silver, Abba Hillel, 133, 150, 152, 300Simon, Ernst, 136SIME (Security Intelligence, Middle East),
57, 83–84(see also Brand, Joel; Gyorgy, Andor)
Simonds, Tony, 91, 262“Sledghammer” operation, 65Slovakia, xii, 27, 40, 110, 161, 162, 169,
170, 171, 172–179, 189, 190, 192, 200,201, 206, 207, 221, 232, 271, 275, 295,297, 310, 312
halt of Holocaust in postwar literature,177, 179
perception of wrong reasons for halt ofHolocaust by rescue workers, 174, 175,176, 177, 179
reasons of halt of Holocaust in, 167,172–179
resumption of Holocaust in, 177
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Smart, Bill, 84Smith, Bradley F., 87, 125Sne, Moshe, 300Snyder, Major, 149SOE (Special Operation Executive), 87–89,
91–92, 94, 105, 262Sofia, 81, 163, 166, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223,
235Somalia, 28South Africa, 59, 291Soviet Union, 4, 6, 8, 9, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32,
33, 34, 45, 54, 64, 66, 81, 88, 116, 129,130, 134, 146, 153, 168, 214, 221, 255,299, 317, 330
American interest in spurring to fightJapan, 307
anti-Zionist measures during annexationof Baltic States, 29
battle for Hungary, 293, 295beginning of the “Final Solution” in, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 296cooperation with Nazi Germany in
1939–1941, 25, 30, 215and postwar future of Jews in Soviet zone
of influence, 64refusal to give Jewish Holocaust its due
significance, 64takeover of Rumania, 314unnatural alliance of with Western
powers, 245Spain, 181, 209, 241, 255, 256, 258, 259,
266, 267, 269, 273, 281, 282, 307“Sparrow” Mission to Hungary, 122, 123,
212, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 236Special Operations Executive (SOE), 91, 94,
95, 105, 262origins of, 88spying on Zionists, 89, 91Zionist hopes for cooperation with, 89
Speer, Albert, 47, 49, 66, 153, 154, 178, 294,295, 297
interview of, 153, 154, 290, 291Speiser, Efraim Avigdor, 99Springmann, Samu, 163, 188, 190, 191, 193,
194, 196, 205, 206, 209, 211, 230, 251,322
arrest and interrogation by SIME, 223background and early rescue work in
Budapest, 190departure for Palestine in 1944, 196role in Budapest Rescue Committee,
164
SS, 22, 23, 26, 31, 35, 45, 56, 81, 96, 118,154, 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 181,182, 221, 235, 237, 243, 244, 246, 250,274, 275, 276, 277, 282, 284, 291, 309,310, 312, 313, 316, 318, 319, 321, 327,330, 332
competition and cooperation with otherNazi agencies regarding Jews, 47, 56, 81
control of Weiss family industrial concernby, 228
decrypts of cables traffic of by British, 81,182–184
deportations, killing centers, role of, 46Economy and Administration Main Office
of (WVHA), especially in battle forBudapest, 183, 245, 264, 295, 309, 314,316
“functionalist” school of HolocaustStudies, 44
“moderates” as against “radicals” in, 154Muslim troops recruited by, 53perception of Palestine as Jewish
self-containing force, 250–251use of Hungarian and other European Jews
for work, as hostages by, 274–275, 310Waffen SS, 245, 264, 295, 314, 316see also Eichmann, Adolf; Gestapo;
Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich;Kaltenbrunner, Ernst; RSHA; SD
Stalin, Joseph, 30, 34, 37, 58, 129, 237, 246,306, 307, 314
criticism of “Operation Sunrise,” 306Hitler’s perceptions of, 8, 25, 29, 30, 215interest in collaboration with Nazi
Germany, 31, 34, 64view of early stages of World War II, 34
Stalingrad, 12, 168, 173, 178Stanley, Oliver, 112Stauffenberg, Claus von, 250Steinhardt, Laurence, 200, 246, 248, 254,
287Stember, Charles, 10Stephenson, William, 87, 122Stern, Avraham, 84, 92, 93, 94, 107, 111,
112, 138, 185, 186, 187, 300, 323and Jabotinsky, 51, 76killed by the British in 1942, as described
by the Jewish Agency to OSS, 94view of the British as the main enemy, 92,
93Stern Group, 52, 92, 93, 186, 187, 229, 298,
299, 301, 302, 339
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assassination of Lord Moyne, 186, 229,253, 298, 300, 301
British campaign against, 186feelers to collaborate with the Axis, 51, 93,
94“Small Season” against, 186, 187terrorist campaign against the British, 52,
186, 187, 298Sternbuch brothers, 275, 276, 304, 305, 306Stettinius, Edward R., 58, 82, 145, 197, 198Stimson, Henry L., 140, 141, 142, 143, 145,
152, 327Stockholm, 288Storey, Robert G., 328Strachan, Lieutenant, 230Strachey, Oliver, 336Strasshof, 276Streicher, Julius, 331Strong, George, 72, 98, 145, 302, 337“Struma,” 94, 95, 298–301, 334Stryj, 194Styer, General, 141Sudan, 85“Sunrise,” negotiations, 307Sweden, 96, 197, 209, 241, 252, 264, 269,
273, 307, 315Switzerland, 31, 69, 104, 162, 190, 197, 209,
228, 242, 251, 252, 254, 259, 264, 268,269, 275, 286, 287, 288, 289, 304, 305,306, 307, 308, 312, 314, 315, 318, 320,324, 329
as base for Allied intelligence operations,209, 254
as base of rescue activities, 161–162, 166,288–289, 305; see also Becher; Kasztner;Musy; WRB
as base for WRB’s rescue operations, 265,266, 271, 277, 306, 309
as base for Zionist rescue operations, 159,163, 165, 166, 183, 188, 195, 288, 289
as German economic asset and relatedAllied countermeasures, 315
intervention by on behalf of foreign Jews,and OKW/Chi decrypts related to, 201
role of diplomats in Budapest, 230as source of reports on the Holocaust, 126,
164, 202suspected as asylum for leading Nazis, 307Swiss subjects serving the Gestapo,
167–168, 251as target of Allied economic warfare
operations, 288, 289
Sykes, Christopher, 57Sykes, Mark, 57, 84, 103, 104, 105Syria, 19, 50, 80, 94, 97, 105, 112, 144, 207,
228, 229, 230, 234, 299Szatmar, Rabbi of, 286Szenes, Hannah, 89, 228, 262, 263, 265Szombatelyi, Ferenc, 217
Tabenkin, Yitzhak, 19, 52, 138Tamir, Shmuel, 302, 323
role in Kasztner’s trial and assassination,229, 230, 231, 264, 323, 325, 334
Tannenbaum, David, 163Taranto, 28Taylor, Myron, 132, 133, 328Teague, John, 83, 105Tedder, Arthur, 291, 292Teheran, 152Teitelbaum, Joel, 261, 286Tel Aviv, 92, 93, 186, 287, 339Tene, David, 164Texas, 141Thadden, Eberhard von, 25Theresienstadt, 155, 171, 200, 294, 295, 305,
306, 313, 318TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee),
336–337Tilsit, 211Tindal, R. G., 210, 211, 214Tiso, Josef, 175, 177Tito, Jozef Broz, 160“Torch,” Operation, 68, 71, 100Totter, Grete, 215Toulmin, John, 98, 99, 218Toynbee, Arnold, 86Transjordan, 81–84, 112, 147, 300Transnistria, 40, 71, 168, 180, 200, 201Transylvania, 188, 286, 313, 314, 325Travniki, 47Treblinka, 154, 330, 331Tripoli, 251Truman, Harry, 11, 333Tuka, Vojtech, 175, 176, 177Tunisia, 65, 183, 215Turkey, 95, 105, 106, 138, 146, 155, 164,
167, 192, 202, 203, 204, 217, 222,223, 246, 248, 249, 251, 254, 266, 287,288
as base for Allied intelligence operations,192, 206, 215
as base for rescue operations by Zionists,105, 155, 159, 194, 208, 266, 287
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Turkey (cont.)as base for WRB’s rescue efforts, 200, 211,
248, 251, 273as haven and rejection of Jewish refugees,
200, 207, 301neutrality status during World War II, 159,
241, 249, 265Tyre, 143Tyrol, 319, 321
Uberall-Avriel, Ehud, 192, 217, 218, 229,257
Ukraine, 32United States, 9, 11, 12, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34,
40, 61, 62, 67–70, 75, 81, 99, 104, 106,108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120,121, 122, 123, 125–129, 136, 145, 146,147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 160, 166, 169,179, 197, 200, 207, 208, 251, 255, 267,268, 269, 287, 288, 299, 300, 304, 307,337
aid to British in 1940–1941, 33anti-Semitism in, 10, 57–58, 126, 132anti-Semitism in Army, 140Army-CIC, 72, 79–80, 82, 86, 95–99,
198–206, 219, 254, 256, 302, 324Army G-2, 60, 72, 82, 84, 85–86, 90, 94,
99, 130, 131, 145, 178, 216, 219, 257,302
bombing strategy of, 65, 233, 293, 295,296
Department of State, 56–58, 151, 197, 198,199, 200, 201, 277, 308–310, 312–318
economic warfare of, “Safehaven” project,69–71
intelligence agencies of, see Army G-2;Navy, ONI OSS
forces in the Middle East (USAFIME), 60,72
government system and limits imposed onexecutive branch, 119
impact of Nazi propaganda pertaining toJews, Palestine, on, 60–61, 67, 72,19–121, 238
Japan and, 63, 307Joint Intelligence Collection Agency of
Army in the Middle East, 84mobilization to war, 59, 63Navy, ONI, 86North African Campaign, 65, 71Office of War Information (OWI) and the
Holocaust, 67–70
preparations for War Crimes Trials,323–327; see also Barneys, Murray;Jackson, Robert
refugee policy 10, 11, 75, 115, 121, 123,126, 128, 129, 146, 147, 148, 242, 243,269, 273; before Pearl Harbor, 58–59;after Pearl Harbor, 126–130, 132
relations with the British pertaining toJews, Zionists, 61–62, 71, 86–87,129–135, 140–146, 207–209, 253–254;see also Palestine; Yishuv
relations with the Soviet Union, 64, 200,306–307
rescue efforts initiated by American Jews,Zionists, in, 58–59, 123, 125–129,197–199, 212; see also Palestine; Yishuv
views of Palestine Question in, 58, 87,123–124, 130–135, 140–146, 147–152
views of U.S. Army of Jews, Zionists, 72,90, 130–132, 140–146, 152, 186–187,254–257
war aims of general public, 67, 109, 115,129, 146, 150
war priorities of administration and,113–116, 141, 145
see also Roosevelt, Franklin D; WRBU.S.S.R., see Soviet Union
Va’ada, see Rescue Committee in BudapestVanamann, General, 320Vatican, 132, 177, 181, 183, 305Veesenmayer, Edmund, 269, 284, 285, 287,
309, 315, 325, 326Versailles Treaty, 11, 16, 214Vichy, 40, 50, 60, 71, 97Vienna, 175, 224, 249, 276, 309, 311, 313,
316, 334Abwehr activities in, 206, 207deportations of Jews from, 23, 38forced emigration of Jews from, 6, 317Jewish survivors in, 238; see also Strasshof
Viniarsky-Meridor, Ya’akov, 187Vinogradov, Sergei, 200Vrba, Rudolf, 229Vught, 281
Wagner, Colonel (alias Dr. Delius), 219, 223,235
Wagner, Horst, 25, 217Wagner, Senator, 145Wagner–Taft Resolution, 141Waldsee, 266
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Wallenberg, Raoul, 230, 273, 277, 315, 316War Refugee Board, see W.R.BWarsaw, 42, 161, 312
ghetto uprising, 49, 154, 155, 253Polish uprising, 293
Washington, 62, 66, 105, 109, 115, 142, 144,145, 149, 200, 211, 218, 267, 272, 287,315, 316, 331, 333, 336
as base for intelligence activities, 98, 212,216, 217, 219, 221, 237, 238
British reports from, 62Wasserstein, Bernard, 61, 68, 69Wavell, Archibald, 85Wehner, Erich, 191Wehrmacht, 312–318
in Hungary, 242, 247, 284involvement in “Final Solution,” 245OKW, 284OKW-Chifrierabteilung (code breaking
operation), 164, 199, 200, 201, 265,266, 267, 287, 313
in Soviet territories, 78Weimar, 320Weinberg, Gerhard, L., 68Weiss, industrial complex, 228, 235, 237,
244, 282Allied mix-up with Brand-Grosz Missions,
237“Weiss family deal,” 237, 238, 282
Weissmandel, Michael Dov Ber, 172, 173,174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 232, 233, 297,311
Weizmann, Chaim, 19, 20, 62, 63, 98, 99,109, 117, 132, 138, 142, 145, 164, 251,302
and Arabs of Palestine, 108, 142and Ben-Gurion, 62, 63and “Biltmore Program,” 108and Churchill, 90
Weltch, Robert, 136Wells, H. G., 15Wenck, Alexandra, 313West, Nigel, 87Westerbork, 281West Indies, 32“White Paper” on Palestine, 17, 20, 51, 52,
53, 85, 86, 95, 112, 149, 151, 167,172–179, 186, 272, 300, 301, 302
Whittal, Arthur, 207Wiese, Colonel, 234Wildt, Michael, 57Wilkie, Wendell, 97, 111, 113, 121
Wilson, Henry Maitland “Jumbo,” 85Wilson, Woodrow, 68, 72, 87, 119, 125–129,
140, 214Wingate, Orde Charles, 19, 84, 97Winkelmann, Otto, 284Winninger, Joseph (alias Begonia), 191, 193,
206, 207, 221, 222, 241, 243, 251Wintebotham, Frederick, 83, 262Wise, Stephen, 99, 128, 150, 164Wisliceny, Dieter (alias Willy, alias Sztadlan),
175, 176, 181, 207, 209, 228, 232, 242,271, 283, 310
postwar testimonies, 172, 326role in Greece, 179role in Hungary, 228, 232, 241, 242, 243role in last phase of World War II, 315, 318role in Slovakia and “Europa Plan,” 163,
171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179Wisner, Frank G., 162, 247Wolfson, Commander, 91, 106, 207, 262Woods, Sam E., 70WRB (War Refugee Board), 64, 114, 119,
128, 197–198, 211, 212, 230, 242, 248,249, 251, 253, 265, 286, 288, 308, 312,314, 329
constrains by State and War Departments’control, 199, 308
decrypts of rescue messages of byOKW/Chi, 200, 201, 202, 265
further rescue efforts in Hungary of, 289,305
negotiations with Becher of, 308–321origins of, 127, 128, 196, 197, 198possible German response to creation of,
199–212, 246reports on Jews in last stages of World
War II, 312rescue operations in Hungary in
cooperation with Kasztner, 265, 288,308, 309
Wright, Edwin M., 90, 130, 131Wyman, David, 71, 128, 199
Yaari, Meir, 19, 194Yezenitski-Shamir, Yitzhak, 94, 186Yishuv, xiii, 20, 71, 90, 91, 95, 100, 104,
105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 126–132,133, 135, 137, 165, 169, 170, 195, 207,227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 262, 264, 265,290, 298, 301, 303, 339
British and American description as aNazi-like community, 107, 113, 135
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Yishuv (cont.)British censorship intercepts reflecting
opinions during the Holocaust 106n,120–121, 135–136, 151, 165n
British measures against illegal weapons90–91
creation of WRB and hopes of leaders,196; and OKW/Chi decrypts, 201
domestic rivalry between Labor andright-wing Zionists, Labor’s legacies andinternal cleavages, 20, 51–52, 75–78,111, 155, 185–187, 221, 229, 298–303
elections to main political bodies in 1944,139, 298
German-Jewish criticism of leadership of,135–137
impact of the Holocaust, 52, 53, 102, 103,107, 108, 154, 155
intelligence cooperation with Allies,difficulties and failures, 89–90, 105,155, 160, 192, 206–210, 215–223,232–233, 257, 236, 262–263, 288–289
Jewish Agency and illegal emigrationfollowing British “White Paper,” 50;suspicions of British concerning, 56–58,334
“Jewish Brigade Group” recruited from,53
leadership considers bombing ofAuschwitz, 233
missions in Istanbul, Geneva, and rescuefrom Poland, Rumania, Slovakia,Hungary, 159, 162–163, 167–168, 215,217–218, 227–229, 232, 275
mobilization to British Army, 21, 264,265
ransoming of European Jews by rescueworkers of, Allied views of, 71,170–171, 178–180, 215–216, 227–228,237–238, 257–261
reaction to white paper, 51, 52reflected in Allied and German records,
159–168, 178–179, 201, 217–218,237–238, 254, 256–257; and in Zionistrecords, 161–162, 169, 189–196, 228,242–243, 255, 257–260
“Rescue Committee” and its limitations,193, 195, 196
and “Rescue Debate,” 75, 174, 297,322–323
rescue efforts, 100, 105, 154, 155rescue mission in Istanbul, 159, 161response to Arab Rebellion of 1937–1939,
19“Small” and “Great Season” by leadership
of, 186, 187, 229, 298, 301structure and self-government, 19, 20, 135,
136, 159terror campaigns against the British, 52,
93–94, 185–187, 298–301under British intelligence surveillance, 134,
135Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and, 154Zionist ethos of, “spirit of the time,” 75,
76Zionist-Nazi common denominator
suspected by Allies, 56–58, 87, 237–238,256–257; see also “Gestapo deal,” alsoSchwarz, Alfred
see also Great Britain; PalestineYitzhaki, Menachem, 92Yugoslavia, 89, 160, 189, 228, 263, 265
Zaslani-Shiloah, Reuven, 89, 91, 95, 115,257, 263, 288
Zisu, A. L., 163Zuckerman, Solly, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297Zurich, 70, 202Zweig, Arnold, 136, 137Zweig, Ron, 86, 107
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