Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811070/37885/index/9781107037885_index.pdf · Index Abrahamsen, R. 24 absolute vs. relative costs 109 abstract collective goods
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see also protesters; Shi Tao caseactors see non-state actors; public
actors; state vs. non-state actorsAdams v. Cape 49–52, 56Afghanistan 109agent-centred errors (type-1 errors)
111–14acceptability and desirability 141autonomy 142roles and responsibilities 149, 157unjustifiable responsibility 6,
111–12vs. victim-centred 116, 150
agent-neutral reasons for action 67–69,68 (Table 2), 79–80
agent-relative reasons for action 42, 53,67–69, 68 (Table 2)
agential costs 108–9absolute vs. relative costs 109Afghanistan 109assigning responsibility 110autonomy and roles 139de facto political authority 149definition 108justifiability and TNCs 149respecting human rights 109–10responsibility types 111, 115TNCs vs. individuals 107
agents of responsibility see moralagents; responsibility-bearers
agents, public, identifying 6agreement method, to locate human
rights practices 77aid projects 64Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) 17–18,
56, 152Alien Tort Statute (ATS) 20
see also Alien Tort Claims Act(ATCA)
Alston, Philip 64Amazon rainforest 26, 123Amazon region 127, 132
of Brazil 123, 125–27, 132–33Amnesty International 17, 21–22, 90, 160anarchist perspective 42–43anarchy 12, 41, 44Annan, Kofi 31anti-globalisation protesters 24appeal-court justice decisions (US) 29,
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control theories of rights 54corporate agents 9, 143corporate entities vs. individual
persons, international humanrights law 49
corporate liability 153corporate moral agency 8–11, 85corporate person 85Corporate Responsibility Coalition
(CORE) 22corporate responsibility to respect
human rights (UNGP) 62conflation of responsibilities 153conflation of refraining from harming
and respect 64, 82, 84–85corporate social responsibility (CSR)
53, 159vs. business and human rights 52–55Escola que Vale programme 25moral principles 140Vale Brazil 133withdrawal from 146, 148, 157
corporationsUN Guiding Principles 4
see also companies; incorporation;transnational corporations
corporations vs. states, UNGP view of4, 33
costsabsolute vs. relative costs 109acceptable-cost-to-responsibility-
bearer threshold 112agents vs. victims, balancing 115–16,
149–50
excessive 106–9to self 110
see also agential costs; brute costscrimes against humanity, accountability
26criminal law 26, 49criminal negligence 25, 27criminal offences, human rights
violations 27criminal responsibility 87, 159
agent-centred (type-1 errors) 112–13vs. human rights responsibilities
110–11public vs. private agents 138victim-centred (type-2 errors) 112
CSR see corporate social responsibility
de facto political authority 28–29conflicting authorities 37conflicts of judgement 58justifiability and TNCs 149political agents, flexibility of 143political-sociological perspective
144primary political roles 150rule of law problem 40, 45, 61, 154socio-political context 144state–non-state assemblages 24term 6, 50TNC agential costs 149transforming into 147
see also legitimate authority;political authority
De Schutter, O. 30deaths 18, 21, 25, 107‘decent peoples’ 128decision-making agents 54–55
complexity 60insider/outsider status 125–26
see also discretionaryduties; duty-bearers; non-discretionary duties
defence, in the case of invasions,agential costs 108–9
delinquent companies 55–59delinquent states 4, 37, 154
capacity to act 107legality levels 45–46public representatives 129
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definition 86humanitarianism 159vs. non-discretionary 45, 53–54private moral agents 42respect/agential cost 109–10responsibility to respect 146theories of rights 54–55transnationality 52–54
dislocation, forced 21, 25, 127dissidents see activists; protestersdoctors’ responsibilities 67 (Table 1)Doe v. Unocal 21domestic criminal law, corporate entities
vs. individual persons 49domestic politics 30, 41domestic sovereignty 41, 121domestic/foreign duality see insider/
see also brute costseconomic migrants 84, 96, 125economic power 25, 90economic rights 25–26, 73economic role, TNCs 145–46Eichmann, Adolf 129, 142Eide, Asbjørn 64electronic communications
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and human rights 7inner and outer spheres of morality
85–86special responsibilities 66
EU (European Union) 160European jurisdictions 123
ATCA-style legislation 22, 152human rights activists 55NGO campaigns 22
evolution, of state-centred authority144
excessive costs to responsibility-bearers106–9
executions 18exploited groups 67 (Table 1)expression, freedom of 123, 125,
161extraterritorial jurisdictions 25extraterritorial law
delinquent states 50, 59global rule of law 55non-discretionary duties 53‘Yeehaw’ 55–59
extraterritorialityactivists 55ATCA-style legislation 22delinquent states 37, 45, 59Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.
51policy 59UN Global Compact 31UN Norms 31
US legal mechanisms 31see also international human
rights law; jurisdictions; ruleof law problem
fallibilist perspectives 111false convictions 18feminist perspectives 118–19filial responsibilities 67 (Table 1)food, prisoners without 74–77forced labour 17, 21, 107forces see military forcesfreedom from arbitrary detention
75Freedom from Extreme Poverty
as a Human Right(Pogge, T.) 90
freedom from poverty 74–75, 90freedom of expression 123, 125,
161see also Yahoo; ‘Yeehaw China’
freedom of movement 125, 127French, P. 8, 85Fuller, L.L. 44future analysis and research 91, 136,
154, 160–61
G4S 98gas, natural, Doe v. Unocal 21Gbokoo, Daniel 18General Comment 12 of the UN
Committee on Social,Economic and Cultural Rightsin 1999 64
general publicbest interests of 133collective responsibility 129–30common conception of good 128dissidents/activists 107institutions 130revolts 107
general responsibility 66–67, 67 (Table 1),70, 129–30
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role-independent 136, 144–45roles and autonomy 138–42roles and identities 139–40social stigma 112sovereign agents 101state vs. non-state actors 22TNCs as 47, 69, 141TNCs vs. states as 3
see also agential costs; duty-bearers; responsibility-bearers
moral judgements, quality of 146moral philosophy 155
agential costs 108–9corporate social responsibility
(CSR) 140‘do no harm’ discussion 78, 82human rights vs. human rights
responsibilities 1material and abstract objects 7moral importance 104–6objects, abstract and material 8responsibility to respect 64universality, of human rights 62–63views on military 108
see also ethicsmoral responsibilities
capacity approach 114and objects of fundamental moral
importance 7public vs. private agents 138
Movement for the Emancipation of theNiger Delta 132
Movement for the Survival of theOgoni People 132
movement, freedom of 125, 127Mozambique, Vale Brazil 25multiple identities, individuals with 136multiple moral agents 132–34, 149Myanmar (Burma) 21, 127
NAAC (North American AsbestosCorporation) 49–52
NATO 109, 160natural gas, Doe v. Unocal 21Nazi Germany 47–48
see also Holocaustnegative duties 65, 75, 83neo-liberalism, investment agreements
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non-governmental organisations (NGOs)Amnesty International 160ATCA-style legislation 22, 152European campaigns 22perspectives 64political responsiveness 131–32Shi Tao case (China) 17UN Norms 32
see also civil-society organisationsnon-ideal states 46, 92–93
see also delinquent states;imperfect states; weak states
non-ideal theory mode, definition 5non-ideal theory mode (capacity
approach) 91, 102, 114, 156, 159brute costs 107and ideal theory 91–94, 101, 114, 156need for 91primary political roles 157–59and publicness approach 151, 157–58Shell 102Vale Brazil 102
see also ideal-theory modenon-ideal theory mode (publicness
approach) 118, 149–51, 157–58non-legal political rule 44non-natural persons 85non-physical agents 23, 107non-political roles, definition 150non-responsiveness, political
responsiveness 130non-state actors 26
analysis of responsibility 3capacities 1complicity with the state 23criminal offences 27dualities 161Ireland 27legal obligations 37mainstream assumptions 93mainstream capacity assumptions 93other than TNCs 161positive law 27roles 1
agent-neutrality 80vs. human rights 7–8, 70and human rights responsibilities 8multiple duty-bearers 134, 149vs. normative responsibilities 71responsibilities associated with
72, 74universalist theory/universalism
70–72see also objects, abstract and
materialnormative sovereignty 46normative standards, shifts in 123Nuate, Felix 18Nussbaum, M.C. 70
objects, abstract and material(of normative rights)
current view of 69delivering outcomes 72important 7, 155moral philosophy 8and moral responsibilities 7need for institutions 72‘ought to have’ list 70–72, 155universal duties 78
Ogoni peoplecollective responsibility for HR
violations against 130Movement for the Survival of 132
Olympic Games, 2012 98O’Neill, O. 7, 69, 72–73, 99order (collective goods) 121, 123Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development(OECD) 30
outlaw states 46
Palestinian Authority 160Pará see Carajás, Brazilparent companies
insiders/outsiders, political 52transnationality and jurisdiction 9,
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policy agenda/projects see businessand human rights policy; futureanalysis and research
political authorityaccepting 145–47anarchist perspective 42–43blurring of boundaries 133delinquent states 60domestic politics 41erosion of sovereign authority 41evolution of state-centred 144gaps/unanswered questions 41vs. individual discretion 42institutional assumptions 58legitimate 58–59, 137–39non-state 1public vs. private agents 133quality of moral judgements 146Raz-based account 43–44and social contexts 43state-non-state assemblages 24TNCs in a weak state 145Waldron account 44–45
see also sovereign authoritypolitical community membership 30,
117, 125–28political identity see insider/outsider
status
political insiders 52, 59see also insider/outsider status
political institutionsas corporate agents 143fallibility 111
political membership 30, 117, 125–28political philosophy 2
conflation of responsibilities 111human rights vs. human rights
responsibilities 1legitimate authority 58–59role of 42views on military 108
political power, of TNCs 26, 28–29political representation
conflation of theories 130vs. political responsiveness 129–30public leaders 128public representatives 129
political responsiveness 117, 134–35collective goods 128–35environmental interests 134general responsibility vs. specific
responsibility 129–30ignoring host communities 133–34issues 130liberal-democratic ideal 133–34multiple moral agents 132–34Niger Delta oil companies 130non-responsiveness 130vs. political representation 129–30protestors 133–34punishing protestors 133spheres of influence 133
political roles 136, 142–48accepting political authority 145–48publicness 117responsibility to respect 146–47TNCs 145–46TNC sponsorship 125, 148weak states 145withdrawing from political authority
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multiple 132–34, 149see also agential costs; duty-
bearers; moral agentsresponsibility, epistemology of
see epistemology ofresponsibility
responsibility for blame 110–13, 156responsibility to protect and provide
(for others’ normative rights)11, 88, 155
causality/causation 75–77juridical sovereignty 123liberty rights 73–74normative rights vs. duty 72Responsibility to Protect 123and responsibility to refrain from
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universal responsibility 81 (Table 3)see also responsibilities to refrain
from harming, vs. respectResponsibility to Protect (ICISS) 46, 123responsive actors 130responsiveness see political
responsivenessrevolts 107
see also public resistance;Tiananmen Square
right-holders, discretion 54right to food 64, 74–77right to freedom from arbitrary
detention 75right to freedom from poverty 74–75,
90right to freedom of expression 123, 125,
161right to freedom of movement 125, 127right to have rights 78, 125right to liberty see liberty rightsright to privacy 161Rights of Man 77risk management
cost levels 113–14fallibility of institutions 111–12UN Guiding Principles 34
see also agent-centred errors;victim-centred errors
risks facing activists 107Roberts, Chief Justice, Kiobel v. Royal
Dutch Petroleum Co. 20, 51role abandonment, by the individual
137–38role-based capacity 99–103role-holders as role-holders 137–39role-independent moral agents 136,
144–45role responsibility
Kantian constructivism 137term 137
roles (publicness approach) 117abandoning 136autonomy strand 136, 138–42vs. identities 8–9non-state actors 1and the publicness approach 135–38and responsibilities, International
Relations (IR) scholarship 135see also political roles
Royal Dutch Shell see Kiobel v. RoyalDutch Petroleum Co.; Shell;Wiwa v. Royal Dutch PetroleumCompany
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capacity approach 102lawsuits 2Nigerian military 131non-ideal theory 102political responsiveness 130political roles 145primary political roles 145profit motives 145responsibilities 87as a state-like TNC 154
threats to 18see also Kiobel v. Royal Dutch
Petroleum Co.; Niger Delta oilcompanies; Wiwa v. RoyalDutch Petroleum Company
Shell UK, cases against 18Shi Tao case (China) 2, 17short-term vs. long-term type-2 errors
151Shue, H. 64, 70, 72, 78, 99, 142Singer, P. 104Snowdon, Edward case (USA) 23social contexts, and authority 43social justice, corporate functions 29social responsibility see corporate social
responsibilitysocial rights 25–26social stigma 112socially constructed roles 117, 135–38society of societies 12society, the good of 128, 133socio-economic rights see welfare rightsSouth Africa, Adams v. Cape 49South East Asia, sweatshops 29South, global 131Southeast Asia, working conditions 29sovereign agents 101sovereign authority 25, 60, 93
blurred boundaries 24, 29erosion of 41ignoring for principled reasons
47–48, 52interventions in 46–48invasion by a foreign power 108–9, 129losing primary political role 144when to disregard 46–47
see also de facto political authority;political authority; weak states
sovereign rules 47, 60sovereign states see delinquent states;
imperfect states; state-centrism;states; weak states
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jurisdictions 50normative 45–46political theory, international 1relationship with human rights 1shifts in meaning 122–25spheres of influence, TNCs 101unique rights 41
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taxation, TNC mobility 29Taylor, C. 10, 42territorial disputes (state level) 160territory, role of 128terrorist acts, fear of 39–40Texas courts, transnationality 49–52Thailand, Yadana gas pipeline 21theories of political representation,
conflation of 130Thomson, J.E. 144Tiananmen Square, China 17, 133Tibetans 160TNCs see transnational corporationstort responsibility 87
accountability 26non-physical agents 107risk of 107Shell, in the Niger Delta 87spy police 24Viza, Michael Temor 19Wang Xiaoning case (China) 17would-be torturers 53Yadana gas pipeline 21
Total 21transnational, term 28transnational corporations (TNCs)
circumstances for responsibility 154corporate and social functions 29dualities 47, 161duty to protect 33–34economic role 145–46higher-level values/lower-level rules
140–41higher-order, private selves 140individuals within 48–49investment agreements 93as non-state actors 27–30parents and subsidiaries 45standing up to the state 47state regulation 30UN Guiding Principles 4UN Norms 32war situations 49
TNCs capacity to intervene insovereign states’ affairs 47–48
TNCs vs. states, as moral agents 3transnational duties, states 3transnational legal personalities 50transnationality 28, 49, 52
and discretion, ‘Yeehaw’ 52–55and jurisdiction 49–52Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.
51TNCs 37
see also extraterritoriality;international human rights law;jurisdictions; rule of law problem
Tripartite Declaration of PrinciplesConcerning MultinationalEnterprises and Social Policy(ILO) 30
type-1 errors see agent-centred errorstype-2 errors see victim-centred errors
UDHR (United Declaration of HumanRights) 26
UK (United Kingdom)Adams v. Cape 49–52Companies Act 22legal assignments 27Parliament, political roles 144–45private security operations 98Terrorism Acts 39transnationality and jurisdiction
49–52see also ‘Yeehaw’; ‘Yeehaw China’
UN (United Nations) 160UN Global Compact 31–32, 157UN Guiding Principles on Human
Rights (UNGP) 4, 82–87corporate responsibility 4–5, 82
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criminal offences 27sovereign authority 52state and non-state actors 23–24
see also responsibilities to refrainfrom harming; victim-centrederrors; victims
violators, primary, mainstreamassumptions 22
violence, monopolising 144virgin rainforest, Carajás, Brazil 26, 123Viza, Michael Temor 19voluntarism, effectiveness of 32volunteer militaries, vs. conscript
military 108
Waldron, J. 44–45, 47, 56, 79Wales, and England 27Walzer, M. 128Wang Xiaoning case (China) 17war crimes, accountability 26wars
TNC implications for 49see also invasions
weak states 152, 154Brazilian Amazon rain forest 123empirical collective goods 124–25political roles 145TNC profit motives 145TNCs and 124–25
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see also delinquent states;imperfect states; quasi-states
Weber, M. 121–22, 124, 131Weberian perspectives 134
challenges to 122, 131political responsiveness 131–33publicness threshold 149view of state 122, 134
welfare rights 73example 74vs. liberty rights 74poverty example 74–75protect and provide responsibility
74well-ordered societies 128Wenar, L. 90, 99–100, 106, 108Western vs. non-Western judgements,
fallibility 58‘What is Enlightenment?’ (Kant, I.
1784) 136–43will theories of rights 54Williams, M.C. 24Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.
18–19, 131see also Saro-Wiwa, Ken
workforcesindigenous rural communities
24–26local youths 24responsibilities 86TNC spheres of influence 133
working conditionsforced labour 17, 21, 107sweatshops 29Vale Brazil 25
World Organization for Human Rights17
World Summit, 2005 123World War I/II, legal impacts 26, 45, 78World War II 127
Yahoo 17–18, 147Yahoo China
brute costs 23, 107business and human rights policy 1forced labour and torture 1positive law 96Shi Tao case 1, 17type-1/type-2 errors 111–12‘Yeehaw’ example 38–40
see also Shi Tao case; WangXiaoning case; ‘Yeehaw China’
‘Yeehaw’ 38–40‘Yeehaw China’ 38–40
delinquency 55–59discretion 40–41, 45, 52–54ignoring sovereign rules 53policy prescriptions 55role based capacity 103transnationality and discretion 52–55transnationality and jurisdiction 52
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