THE INCAS: RISE AND FALL Adapted From: http://www.slideshare.net/jmarazas/wh-chapt er-7-incas?qid=edf49841-f82e-4add-8d43-c02d e211154e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=6 #
Jan 12, 2015
THE INCAS: RISE AND FALLAdapted From: http://www.slideshare.net/jmarazas/wh-chapter-7-incas?qid=edf49841-f82e-4add-8d43-c02de211154e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=6#
EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU
Western South America includes a wide variety of climates and terrains:
Narrow coastal plain that turns into a dry, lifeless desert with occasional river valleys
Snow-capped Andes Mountains High plateau Jungles inland
MAP OF PERU
EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU
Native American peoples developed many different styles of life across South America
Hunters/gatherers, farmers, fishermen Farmers used irrigation methods to grow
corn, beans, squash, and cotton Potatoes were also grown and included over
700 different varieties Domestication of the llama and alpaca
CHAVIN PEOPLE
Earliest culture in Peru Around 850 BC, built a huge temple complex
in the Andes Stone carvings and pottery show that the
Chavin people worshiped a ferocious-looking god, part jaguar and part human with grinning catlike features
MAP OF THE CHAVIN PEOPLE
CHAVIN STONE HEADS
MOHICA PEOPLE
Between 100-700 AD, the Mohica people forged an empire along the arid north coast of Peru
The Mohicas were skilled farmers who developed new methods of terracing, irrigation, and fertilization of the soil
Their leaders built roads and organized networks of relay runners to carry messages---ideas the Incas would later use
MOHICA PEOPLE
Remains of Mohica cities and temples dot the land
To build one temple, workers had to produce 130 MILLION sun-dried adobe bricks
The people perfected skills in textile production, goldwork, and woodcarving
They produced remarkable pots decorated with realistic scenes of daily life
NAZCA PEOPLE
In southern Peru, the Nazca people etched glyphs in the desert
Glyph---pictograph or other symbol carved into a surface
Nazca glyphs include straight lines that run for miles, as well as giant figures of birds, whales, and other creatures
NAZCA GLYPHS
NAZCA GLYPH
NAZCA GLYPH
SECRETS OF THE NAZCA LINES
Watch the video and answer the following questions:
1. Who were the Nazca people?2. How were the lines created?3. What were the lines for?4. Why are there links between the lines and
extra-terrestrials?
THE INCAN EMPIRE
Pachacuti, a skilled warrior and leader, was the founder of the Incan empire
In 1438, he proclaimed himself Sapa Inca (emperor) and set out on a policy of conquest
He and later his son were able to extend Incan rule from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the South
He made Cuzco the capital of the Incan empire
PACHACUTI
PACHACUTI STATUE IN CUZCO
CUZCO, PERU
CUZCO, PERU
INCAN EMPIRE MAPS
INCAN GOVERNMENT
The Sapa Inca exercised absolute power over the empire
Claiming that he was divine, he was also the chief religious leader
His symbol was gold aka “sweat of the sun” He lived in splendor, eating from golden
plates and dressing in richly embroidered clothes
In fact, the Sapa Inca never wore the same clothes twice!!!
His queen, the Coya, carried out important religious duties and sometimes governed when the Sapa Inca was absent
INCAN GOVERNMENT
From Cuzco, the Incas ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching into every village
Nobles ruled the provinces along with local chieftains whom the Incas had conquered
Below them, officials carried out the day-to-day business of collecting taxes and enforcing laws
Specially trained officials kept records on a quipu, a collection of knotted, colored strings
Modern scholars think that the quipus noted dates and events as well as statistics on population and crops
QUIPUS
Time to make your own Quipus!
INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS
To unite their empire, the Incas imposed their own language, Quechua, and religion on the people
They also created one of the greatest road systems of history
It wound more than 12,000 miles through mountains and deserts
Hundreds of bridges spanned rivers and deep gorges
Steps were cut into steep slopes and tunnels dug though hillsides
INCAN ROAD MAP
INCAN ROAD
INCAN BRIDGE
INCAN ROAD STEPS
INCAN BRIDGES
Incan bridges spanned over large valleys and rivers
They used grass to create ropes How could grass be used to support multiple
people? Would you risk your life by crossing a gorge
on a grass bridge? Time to investigate with an experiment!!!
INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS
The roads allowed armies and news to move rapidly throughout the empire
At regular stations, runners waited to carry messages
Relays of runners could carry news of a revolt swiftly from a distant province to the capital
The Incas kept soldiers at outposts throughout the empire to quickly crush any rebellions
Ordinary people, though, were restricted from using the roads at all
CUZCO
All roads led through Cuzco In the heart of the city stood the great
Temple of the Sun, its interior walls lined with gold
Like Incan palaces and forts, the temple was made of enormous stone blocks, each polished and carved to fit exactly in place
The engineering was so precise that, although no mortar was used to hold the stones together, Incan buildings have survived severe earthquakes
Unfortunately, the Spanish demolished the temple and built the Church of Santo Domingo over it
CHURCH OF SANTO DOMINGO
DAILY LIFE
The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions of people within their empire
People lived in close-knit communities, called ayllus
Leaders of each ayllu carried out government orders, assigning jobs to each family and organizing the community to work the land
Government officials arranged marriages to ensure that men and women were settled at a certain age
FARMING Farmers expanded the step terraces built by earlier
peoples On steep hillsides, they carved out strips of land to be
held in place by stone walls These terraces kept rains from washing away the soil
and made farming possible in places where flat land was scarce
Farmers had to spend part of each year working land for the emperor and the temples as well as for their own communities
All the land belonged to the Inca, but cultivation and crops were allotted to specific groups of people
The government took possession of each harvest, dividing it up among the people and storing part of it in case of famine
INCAN STEP FARMING
METALWORKING
The Incas were the best metalworkers of the Americas
They learned to work and alloy (blend) copper, tin, bronze, silver, and gold
While they employed copper and bronze for useful objects, they used precious metals for statues of gods and goddesses, eating utensils for the aristocracy, and decorations
INCAN METALWORK
MEDICAL ADVANCES
The Incas developed some important medical practices, including surgery on the human skull
In such operations, they first cleaned the operating area and then made the patient unconscious with a drug---procedures much closer to the use of modern antiseptics and anesthesia than anything practiced in Europe at the time
RELIGION
The Incas were polytheistic, worshipping many gods linked to the forces of nature
People offered food, clothing, and drink to the guardian spirits of the home and village
Religion was tied to the routines of life Each month had its own festival, from the
great ripening and the dance of the young maize to the festival of the water
Festivals were celebrated with ceremonies, sports, and games
A powerful class of priests served the gods, celebrating their special festivals and tending to their needs
RELIGION
Chief among the gods was Inti, the sun god His special attendants, the “Chosen Women,”
were selected from each region of the empire During years of training, they studied the
mysteries of the religion, learned to prepare ritual food and drink, and made the elaborate wool garments worn by the Sapa Inca and Coya
At the end of their training, most of the Chosen Women continued to serve the sun god; others joined the Inca’s court or married nobles
CHILD SACRIFICES
In order to try and avoid famine, volcanoes and earthquakes, the Incas sacrificed children and captured warriors
The children were raised to be ‘perfect’ and used especially for the purpose of sacrifice
Many mummified children have been found in the mountains of the Andes
MUMMIFIED CHILDREN
MACHU PICCHU
Machu Picchu lies some 7,000 feet above sea level high in the Andes
The sturdy walls have withstood centuries of earthquakes
Incan workers cut and fitted the stones together without using mortar
Abandoned for some 300 years, the ruins of Machu Picchu were rediscovered in 1911
MACHU PICCHU MAP
MACHU PICCHU
MACHU PICCHU
MACHU PICCHU
MACHU PICCHU
MACHU PICCHU
MICHAEL PALIN VISITS MACHU MICHU
Watch the Monty Python member visit the ancient site
END OF THE EMPIRE
At its height, the Incan civilization was a center of learning and political power
Then, in 1525, the emperor Huayna Capac died suddenly of an unknown plague that swept across the land
He did not name a successor and soon civil war broke out between two of his sons
The fighting weakened the empire at a crucial time because soon the Spanish conquistadors would bring down the empire
FRANCISCO PIZARRO
PIZARRO’S ROUTE OF CONQUER
THE GREAT INCA REBELLION
What the video and explain how the Spanish Conquistadors conquered Peru