IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT SBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars SBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars packed at the Basement may be blocked. packed at the Basement may be blocked. If your vehicle is parked in the Basement If your vehicle is parked in the Basement Carpark, kindly move it to the Canal Carpark Carpark, kindly move it to the Canal Carpark during the BREAK. during the BREAK.
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IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT SBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars packed at the Basement may be blocked. If your vehicle is parked in the Basement.
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IMPORTANT IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTANNOUNCEMENTSBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars packed SBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars packed
at the Basement may be blocked.at the Basement may be blocked.
If your vehicle is parked in the Basement If your vehicle is parked in the Basement Carpark, kindly move it to the Canal Carpark Carpark, kindly move it to the Canal Carpark
during the BREAK.during the BREAK.
Psalm 95 : 1 - 6Psalm 95 : 1 - 6
1 1 Come, let us sing for joy to the LORD; Come, let us sing for joy to the LORD;
let us shout aloud to the Rock of our let us shout aloud to the Rock of our
salvation.salvation.
2 2 Let us come before him with Let us come before him with
thanksgivingthanksgiving
and extol him with music and song. and extol him with music and song.
3 3 For the LORD is the great God,For the LORD is the great God,
the great King above all gods. the great King above all gods.
Psalm 95 : 1 - 6Psalm 95 : 1 - 6
4 4 In his hand are the depths of the In his hand are the depths of the
earth,earth,
and the mountain peaks belong to and the mountain peaks belong to
him.him.
5 5 The sea is his, for he made it,The sea is his, for he made it,
and his hands formed the dry land. and his hands formed the dry land.
6 6 Come, let us bow down in worship,Come, let us bow down in worship,
let us kneel before the LORD our let us kneel before the LORD our
i. They are poetical in nature (in the Hebrew sense of it).
ii. They are mainly written as responses to God rather than as Word from God (as in Law and Prophets) or works of God (as in the narrative).i. As such, they are often more examples and
inspirations for our response to God rather than direct commandment or instruction from God.
iii. They are mainly the voices of humans.i. We have to differentiate the speeches which
are God’s and that which are from humans.
1d) Common Features“Because the Bible is God’s word, many Christians automatically assume that all it contains are words from God to people. Thus they fail to recognize that the Bible also contains words spoken to God or about God—which is what the psalms do—and that these words, too, are God’s Word. That is, because psalms are basically prayers and hymns, by their very nature they are addressed to God or express truth about God in song.” FAIW 212
1e) Further Division of the Poetical Books
HEBREW POETRY/POETICAL BOOKS
Sub-Genre Style
Songs/PoetryWisdom
ProverbialSpeculativ
eLyric
(Originally accompanied by music & possessing strong emotions.) Psalms
Didactic (Teaches principles about life by means of proverbs or maxims.)
ProverbsEcclesiaste
s
Dramatic(Dialogue between people in
poetical form.)Song of Songs Job
Lament(Poetical expression of sorrow or
lamentations.)Lamentations
2) HEBREW POETRY
A) Extent of Poetry/Wisdom in the OT: About 1/4 to 1/3 of the OT is poetry.
3b) The Nature of Hebrew Poetry
a. Rhyme is not a fundamental element of Hebrew poetry although occasionally, they are employed very effectively.
i) Terseness/Compact:
(1) Few conjunctions.(2) Parallelism (with an equal or near equal number
of syllables in parallel lines).
6) Hebrew Parallelism
a. This is the dominant feature of Hebrew poetry. This feature involves the repetition of the same idea in the first colon in a way that further develops the idea, i.e., it expresses a progression of thought.
i) Terseness/Compact:
(1) Few conjunctions.(2) Parallelism (with an equal or near equal number
of syllables in parallel lines).(3) Chiasm
(a) In contrast to parallelism, the parallel stich reverses the order of units found in the initial stich. If connected with lines, the parallel members would form an X (Greek chi), hence the name chiasm.
(4) Imagery
Tip the Waiter
ii) Stylistic Devices
1) Acrostics
Our Core ValuesBelieving PrayerAccountable RelationshipsReaching Out to the NationsTeaching the WordLoving FamiliesExercising StewardshipYielding to the Spirit
ii) Stylistic Devices
1) Acrostics
2) Play on sound
3) Graded numbers
3c Implications of Hebrew Poetryi) Poetry is more self-conscious language requiring more thought than prose.
(1) Poetry requires careful consideration how something is said as well as what is said.
“Poetry has an intensified and heightened use of imagery, parallelism, and other literary devises.”
Longman, Guide to OT Theology 111-12
ii) It is meant to be sung, heard and memorized and not just read, studied and analyzed.
(1) Hebrew Poetry is music without notes.
“Psalms are poems, and poems intended to be sung: not doctrinal treatises, nor even sermons…. Most
emphatically the Psalms must be read as poems; as lyrics, with all the licenses and all the formalities, the
hyperboles, the emotional rather than logical connections, which are proper to lyric poetry.” CS Lewis,
Reflections on Psalms 2-3.
3c Implications of Hebrew Poetry“…there is no better way to express devotion to God
than through song. Much of the poetry of the Old Testament was originally performed as music. Rather
than a source of theological doctrines, it was the expression of deep faith, whether that of the individual singer or of the community. It has maintained its appeal through centuries because the believing community can join in the song to express its own faith and devotion. Today, the musical score has been lost, but the potent poetic words still provide not only a way to know God,
but even more, a way to voice praise for God who alone is worthy of it.” Lasor, OT Survey, 242.(2) Poetry is to be spoken aloud to elicit the emotional response intended by the author.
“Poetry is to be felt…. Our reaction in reading ought to be such that we feel so intensely with the psalmists that
we cannot think of their words without some form of response.” Allen, Praise! 46.
(3) They therefore “preserve” stories better.
3c Implications of Hebrew Poetry
iii) It is experiential.(1)Poetry communicates the
experience of the author.iv) It tends to be exaggerated.
“Poetry might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary
language.” Perrine, Sound and Sense, 4.
v) They are best read in their respective historical contexts.
5) WISDOM LITERATURE5) WISDOM LITERATURE
5a GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WISDOM LITERATURE
i. Akin to popular sayings.ii. Observations in life in made in
terms of down-to-earth objects, creatures, and experiences, with little abstraction or theorizing.
iii. Practical.iv. Didactic in nature: contains an
admonition or moral.v. Short ones are brief, crisp
maxims, usually found in series but yet mutually independent.
vi. Longer ones resemble fables.
5b. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT AND
SPREAD
a) Oral Transmissionb) Connected to religious and magical practices c) Connected to different aspects of life
I) Besides cultic practices, the development of wisdom sayings is also linked to
I) Biblical wisdom literature had its formal beginnings in the 10th century B.C. Noticeably, it was bolstered from the time of Solomon.
III. 2) Establishment of schools
The continuation of an office for the
wiseman can be attested:
(1) Later, Hezekiah served as a patron of the sages (Prov. 25:1).
(2) Jeremiah admonished the wisemen for turning away from God’s word (Jer. 8:9) and that their counsels will perish (Jer. 18:18).
(3) The first actual mention of a school in Jewish literature is in the time of Sirach (ca 180 B.C.; Sir. 51:23).
5bii Contributors of Biblical Wisdom Literature
I) The wise men or sages (Prov. 1:6; 24:23; 22:17)
(1) The most prominent contributor to the wisdom literature would be Solomon, the patron of Wisdom (1 Kings 3–11)
(2) Other contributors to biblical wisdom literature includesa. Agur (Prov. 30:1–4)
b. Lemuel (Prov. 31:1–9)
c. The authors of Job and Ecclesiastes
II) Ultimately inspired by God.
5c. TYPES OF WISDOM GENRE IN THE BIBLE
Biblical wisdom literature is similar to other ANE wisdom literature in characteristics and form. This could broadly be divided into 2 types:i.Proverbial Wisdomii.Contemplative/speculative Wisdom
5d. Location in the Bible
I) We see glimpses of wisdom literature or the importance of wisdom in many places in the Old Testament.
(1) People who use wisdom and proverbsI) Goliath questioned David with a proverb (1 Sam. 17:43).II) David recited a proverb in defending his innocence to Saul
(1 Sam. 24:13).III) Nathan used a parable to confront David about his sin with
Bathsheba (2 Sam. 12).IV) King Ahab reminds Ben-hadad by way of a proverb not to
prematurely assume victory in battle (1Ki. 20:11).V) Joash rebuffed Amaziah with a proverb (2 Ki. 14:9).VI) Isaiah employs an allegory of the farmer to explain to Israel
that God will not judge them forever (Isa. 28:23ff.).
(2) People who were known as wise
(a) Men(i) Jonadab was known as a shrewd man, even
though he gave evil counsel to Amnon (2 Sam. 13:33-35).
(ii) Ahithophel and his rival, Hushai, were considered to be professional counselors (2 Sam. 15:12–17:23).
(iii) David was known as a man with a God-given ability to discern good and evil (2 Sam. 14:17).
(iv) In addition to Solomon, four people were held
up as wise sages (1 Ki. 4:31).
6b. Location of Wisdom Literature
I) In the books of Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes
6b. Location of Wisdom Literature
I) In the books of Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes
5e. OTHER DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF BIBLICAL WISDOM
i. Wisdom literature makes no mention of the Patriarchs, the Exodus, Moses, the Sinai Covenant, of the Davidic covenant (i.e., redemptive history).
ii. Wisdom literature focuses attention on how individuals can find God rather than on success as the nation of Israel.
iii. Wisdom literature is applicable to all people at any period in history (e.g., not limited by a particular historical context).
iv. Wisdom literature is very practical dealing with everyday issues and very practical examples. It is far from abstraction, mysticism and philosophy.
v. It differs from other ANE wisdom literature because it is not secular. Underlining each the general layout of each of the wisdom literature in the Bible is the notation that above all, the fear of God is the beginning of all wisdom.
i. The theme of “the fear of the Lord” can be seen in all three books (Prov. 1:7; 9:10; cf. Job 28:28; Eccl. 12:13).
APPENDIX A
Types of Hebrew Parallelism
The Lord is my light and my salvation—whom shall I fear?The Lord is the stronghold of my life—of whom shall I be afraid?
APPENDIX BMajor Figures of Speech in Hebrew Poetry
IMPORTANT IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTANNOUNCEMENTSBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars packed SBC is holding their graduation at 11 am, cars packed
at the Basement may be blocked.at the Basement may be blocked.
If your vehicle is parked in the Basement If your vehicle is parked in the Basement Carpark, kindly move it to the Canal Carpark Carpark, kindly move it to the Canal Carpark