3/1/20 1 L13: Bryophytes BIOL 153/L Black Hills State Univ. Ramseys I. Delineation of groups by phylogeny A. Definitions 1. Monophyletic group all descendents of one common ancestor 2. Paraphyletic group many but not all descendents of one common ancestor 3. Polyphyletic group descendants of two (or more) ancestors I. Delineation of groups by phylogeny B. Illustrations using trees
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I. Delineation of groups by phylogeny · "Bryophytes" Red Algae Gymnosperms & Angionsperms "Ferns & Allies" "Green Algae" "Bryophytes" Red Algae ... V. Life cycles of "Bryophytes"
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L13: Bryophytes
BIOL 153/LBlack Hills State Univ.Ramseys
I. Delineation of groups by phylogenyA. Definitions
1. Monophyletic group
all descendents of one common ancestor
2. Paraphyletic group
many but not all descendents of one common ancestor
3. Polyphyletic group
descendants of two (or more) ancestors
I. Delineation of groups by phylogenyB. Illustrations using trees
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Fig. 12-4Raven p. 238
Fig. 12-4Raven p. 238
I. Delineation of groups by phylogeny
C. Treatment of non-monophyletic groups
1. Functional groupings
paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups of organisms with similar ecology
Examples:
• "Algae"
• "Moss"
• Phytoplankton
2. Paraphyletic groupings (almost monophyletic)
otherwise monophyletic group in which one lineage is elevated
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Example: II. Origin of Land Plants
A. Green Plants
Photosynthetic Organismson the Tree of Life
Primary Origin of Chloroplast
Primary Origin of ChloroplastPlant Kingdom(Green Plants)
II. Origin of Land Plants
B. Land Plants
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1. "Bryophytes"
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
2. "Ferns & Fern Allies"
ferns, lycopods, horsetails, spike moss
3. Gymnosperms
conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes
4. Angiosperms
flowering plants (dicots, monocots)
II. Origin of Land Plants
C. Paraphyly in Green Plants "Green Algae"
"Bryophytes"
"Ferns & Allies"
Red Algae
Gymnosperms & Angionsperms
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"Green Algae"
"Bryophytes"
Red Algae
Gymnosperms & Angionsperms
"Ferns & Allies"
"Green Algae"
"Bryophytes"
Red Algae
Gymnosperms & Angionsperms
"Ferns & Allies"
"Ferns & Allies"
"Green Algae"
"Bryophytes"
Red Algae
Gymnosperms & Angionsperms
"Green Algae"
"Bryophytes"
"Ferns & Fern Allies"
Red Algae
Gymnosperms & Angionsperms
Plant Kingdom
aka
Green Plants
Two-kingdom system
Three-kingdom system
Five-kingdom system
Modern system
"Green Algae"
"Bryophytes"
"Ferns & Fern Allies"
Red Algae
Gymnosperms & Angionsperms
LandPlants
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III. Life on Land
A. Challenges
1. Dessication
loss of moisture to environment
2. Gamete movement
aquatic organisms have swimming gametes
3. Structural support
tissues of aquatic organisms bouyantand flexible
4. Transport
large dessicant-resistant body has transport + exchange challenges!
5. Atmospheric oxygen
O2 bad for plants (inhibits photosynthesis)
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III. Life on land
B. Adaptations in Green Plants
1. Embryo
multicellular embryo is protected, given head-start
2. Stomata
small pores for gas exchange
3. Vascular tissues
xylem + phloem for water + sugar
4. Wood
structural tissue (stems, roots)
5. Pollen
small protected male gametophyte (transports sperm)