How Many Kingdoms? Multicellul ar Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Long Time with Prokaryotes only 8 5 3 2 1
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How Many Kingdoms? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes.
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How Many Kingdoms?
Mul
ticell
ular
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trache
ophy
tes
Bryop
hytes
True F
ungi
Slime M
olds
Red al
gae
Brown A
lgae
Green A
lgae
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Archez
oans
Archae
bacte
ria
Bacter
ia
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Animal Features
• Multicellular Eukaryotes• Heterotrophic Ingestion• Collagen Protein Connections• Nerve and Muscle Tissues• Diplontic (Gametic) Life History• Gametes Oogamous with Flagellated Sperm• Zygote to Blastula, perhaps Gastrulation• Larval metamorphosis into Adult• Ontogeny Recapitulating Phylogeny
This is an aquatic oligochaete annelidMouth feeds in sedimentsTail extends toward water surface for gas exchangeBody walls nearly transparent for easy observationFor example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel
Characteristics • More than 100 segments • Segments separated by partitions that divide coelom • Segments identical except when specialized and fused • Anterior and posterior ends • Cephalization specialized for burrowing • Head contains sense organs • Circular and longitudinal muscles
Movement • Setae anchored during movement • Circular muscles contract • Hydrostatic pressure increases in anterior coelomic cavities • Body elongates pushing head forward • Anterior setae grip ground • Longitudinal muscles contract--posterior pulled along • Coelomic divisions allow simultaneous contraction and expansion of segments
Nervous • Sensitive to tough, light, moisture, chemicals, temperature, and vibrations • Light receptors on head and tail--sense direction • Most sense organs and nerves control muscle contractions in individual segments • Pair of ganglia in each segment coordinate movement with adjacent segments • Cerebral ganglion in head controls total body • Ventral nerve cord connects brain with ganglia
Feeding • Feed on organic matter in soil • Digest organic matter • Wastes and undigested soil eliminated as casting • Loosens and aerates soil Digestion • Soil sucked in by pharynx -> esophagus -> crop (storage) -> • gizzard (grinds soil releasing organic matter) -> • intestine (nutrients absorbed)
Circulation • Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes • Flow of blood toward posterior via ventral blood vessel • Flow of blood toward anterior via dorsal blood vessel • 5 pair of aortic arches link vessels near anterior • Smaller vessels branch into segments • Contraction of ventral vessel and aortic arches forces blood through body
A External view B Excretory system (nephridium) C-D Reproductive system C Lateral view D Dorsal view 1 Nephrostome 2 Septum 3 Ciliated tube 4 Bladder 5 Nephridiopore 6 Body wall
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Reproduction • Hermaphrodites--cannot self fertilize • Worms join head to tail • Form mucus coat around bodies--each inject sperm into mucus • Sperm move to seminal receptacle • Eggs move through oviducts to female genital pore • Clitellum secretes mucus and chitinous sheath • Worm wiggles to slip off sheath • Eggs and sperm join