History 1301 7 9-05 1600's slavery ch 3 intro

History 1301LOOK OVER

YOUR NOTES!

History 1301-5 6 7cChapter 2, intro 3 1/2012

AMERICA 1600’s VIRGINIA, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, NEW YORK

AND CONNECTICUT

An army marches on its stomach ~ Napoleon Bonaparte

John F. Kennedy

• Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names. - John F. Kennedy

Indentured servants

• An indentured servant is a laborer under contract of an employer for usually three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, drink, clothing, lodging and other necessities.

• Unlike a slave, an indentured servant is required to work only for a limited term specified in a signed contract.[1]

• What did they trade for their labor?

Slavery

• The institution of Slavery is as old as civilization itself

• Man’s inhumanity to his fellow man seems to have no boundaries

• The cruelty of slavery seemed to reach its peak from 1600-1800.

African- Ghana Empire

Things To Know

• Named for ruler, known as “Ghana”

• Wealth based on caravan trade, not military conquest.

• 100,000 square mile territory, Hundreds of thousands of people.

• Lots of Gold. So much that a pound of gold was traded for a pound of salt.

• Significant Muslim influence.

Mali Empire

Songhai gains independence from Mali

Sonni Ali (1464-1492)

Muhammad Ture (1493-1528)

The Kongo Kingdom

“The Middle Passage”

• WARNING…THE FOLLOWING SLIDES ARE GRAPHIC IN NATURE AND DEPICT UNUSUAL CRUELTY…

Objective: To examine the conditions faced by African slaves during the Middle Passage.

'Inventory of Negroes, Cattle, Horses, etc on the estate of Sir James Lowther Bart in Barbados taken this 31st day of December 1766'

The Arrival of Europeans in Africa - 1795

The Portuguese, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry, had landed in West Africa 350 years earlier.

This engraving, entitled An African man being inspected for sale into slavery while a white man talks with African slave traders, appeared in the detailed account of a former slave ship captain and was published in 1854.

Middle Passage – passage across the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the Americas the was the route of the African American slave trade

The slave ship Brookes with 482 people packed onto the decks. The drawing of the slave ship Brookes was distributed by the Abolitionist Society in England as part of their campaign against the slave trade, and dates from 1789.

Interior of a Slave Ship, a woodcut illustration from the publication, A History of the Amistad Captives, reveals how hundreds of slaves could be held within a slave ship. Tightly packed and confined in an area with just barely enough room to sit up, slaves were known to die from a lack of breathable air.

• Africans were crowded and chained cruelly aboard slave ships.

"...the excessive heat was not the only thing that rendered their situation intolerable. The deck, that is the floor of their rooms, was so covered with the blood and mucus which had proceeded from them in consequence of the flux, that it resembled a slaughterhouse."

Taken from Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon aboard slave ships and later the governor of a British colony for freed slaves in Sierra Leone.

Frequently, slaves were permitted on deck in small groups for brief periods, where the crew would encourage, and many times force, captives to dance for exercise.

"Exercise being deemed necessary for the preservation of their health they are sometimes obliged to dance when the weather will permit their coming on deck. If they go about it reluctantly or do not move with agility, they are flogged…”

Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa.

Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its voyage. It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed from the west African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was an outbreak of disease. The ship's captain, reasoning that the slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In order to reduce the owner's losses he would throw overboard the slaves thought to be too sick to recover. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed by illness. However, it would cover slaves lost through drowning.

The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

Olaudah Equiano's account of his experiences

"I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything.

I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely.”

- Olaudah Equiano, giving the first eyewitness account of life on a ship from a slave's point of view.

THIS is the Vessel that had the Small-Pox on Board at the Time of her Arrival the 31st of March last: Every necessary Precaution hath since been taken to cleanse both Ship and Cargo thoroughly, so that those who may be inclined to purchase need not be under the least Apprehension of Danger from Infliction.

The NEGROES are allowed to be the likeliest Parcel that have been imported this Season.

• Diseases, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox killed thousands of Africans.

• Between 1699 and 1845 there were 55 successful African uprisings on slave ships.

William Snelgrave, from A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade

• From 13% - 20% of the Africans aboard slave ships died during the Middle Passage.

COLONY OF VIRGINIA

FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN THE NEW WORLD JAMESTOWN 1607.

EARLY YEARS OF FAILURE BECAUSE OF GOLD SEEKERS AND GENTRY.

KEY FIGURE-CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, “YOU DON’T WORK, YOU DON’T EAT.”

HARD TIMES UNTIL TOBACCO 1607

Jamestown

Jamestown was the capital of the Colony for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699

Significance:

First permanent English settlement in the New World at Jamestown.

It provided a source of fertile land and great wealth to England in the form of the cash crop, tobacco.

With the House of Burgesses, America saw the first institutional instance of representative self government.

1607-Colony of Virginia

PILGRIMSSEPARTIST GROUP WHO WANTED TO BE

SEPARATE FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND (AND LEFT ALONE.)

TRAVELED ON A FORMER WINE SHIP, THE MAYFLOWER, MADE MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND FORMED THE PLYMOUTH COLONY IN 1620.

LATER BLENDED INTO MASSACHUSETTS WITH THE PURITANS.

REMEMBER THESE GUYS?

John Knox Scotland

John CalvinGeneva

Huldrych Zwingli

Martin Luther’s influence, years later

THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS

PURITAN THEOLOGY GREATLY INFLUENCED BY REFORMATION PREACHER JOHN CALVIN, (1509-1564) PARTICULARLY PREDESTINATION.

JOHN WINTHROP-FIRST GOVERNOR.PURITANS HAD DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY THAT

THRIVED. STRONG WORK ETHIC THAT SURVIVES TO THIS DAY IN THIS COUNTRY. ALTHOUGH THEIR RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE DECREASED OVER THE YEARS. 1620

Significance:The Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower created

the Mayflower Compact. This agreement to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority set up the precedent of written constitutions.

Other Important People:

William Bradford - Chosen governor thirty times in annual elections.

Priscilla and John Alden-Colonial Leaders.

Priscilla and John Alden

John Alden was a cooper, or barrel-maker, by trade.John Alden married Priscilla Mullins, also of the Mayflower.  

They were probably married by 1623 since Priscilla is not listed separately in the 1623 Division of Land.

By the 1627 Division of Cattle, they were married and had two children, Elizabeth and John.

Priscilla and John Alden

She is known to literary history as the unrequited love of the newly-widowed Captain Miles Standish, the colony's military advisor, in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s 1858 poem The Courtship of Miles Standish. According to the poem, Standish asked his good friend John Alden to propose to Priscilla on his behalf, only to have Priscilla ask, “Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?”

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (a direct descendant of John and Priscilla) based his poem on a romanticized version of a family tradition, though there is no independent historical evidence for the account. The basic story was apparently handed down in the Alden family and published by John and Priscilla’s great-great-grandson, Rev. Timothy Alden, in 1814.[5]

COLONY OF RHODE ISLAND

FOUNDED BY ROGER WILLIAMS WHO WAS RUN OUT OF MASSACHUSETTS

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

PURCHASED THE LAND FROM THE NATIVE INDIANS.

ONE OF THE FIRST AMERICANS OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH. 1636

Significant Events

Named for the Isle of Rhodes (in the Mediterranean Sea) or for its red clay ("Rood Eylandt" meaning Red Island, in Dutch).

This colony was the first to guarantee all its citizens freedom of worship.

The colony was founded on separation of church and state.

Rhode Island is known for its fierce independence.

The colony was the last to ratify the U.S. Constitution – after it had already gone into effect and the government had been established.

Newport Tower in Rhode Island

Vikings? Knights Templar?

Pre-Columbus?

COLONY OF NEW YORK

HENRY HUDSON CLAIMED THE AREA FOR THE DUTCH. ORIGINALLY NEW NETHERLAND.

DUTCH WERE MORE TOLERANT RELIGIOUSLY, MANY JEWS SETTLED THERE. AND THE DUTCH GAVE US DUTCH CHOCOLATE (Yeah!).

CHARLES II GRANTED NEW NETHERLAND TO HIS BROTHER JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. HE ARRIVED WITH A FLEET AND THE DUTCH SURRENDERED WITHOUT A FIGHT. RENAMED NEW YORK. 1664

Land for beads? • In 1625, Peter Minuit

founded New Amsterdam at the outflow of the Hudson River. According to legend, Minuit paid local Indians about $24 worth of trinkets for the land. Who knew that America's largest city, New York City,would develop from the land that Minuet purchased.

NEW JERSEY

DUKE OF YORK GRANTED SOME LAND TO SIR GEORGE CARTERET AND LORD JOHN BERKELEY WHO NAMED THEIR COLONY NEW JERSEY. THEY PROVIDED LIBERAL GRANTS OF LAND AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION.

AGRICULTURAL (GARDEN STATE)

New Jersey

The Garden State

John Witherspoon/Princeton

COLONY OF CONNECTICUT

THE FATHER OF CONNECTICUT WAS THOMAS HOOKER, ANOTHER PURITAN PASTOR WHO WAS KICKED OUT FOR DISSENT. HE LED A MIGRATION OF HIS CONGREGATION FROM MASSACHUSETTS TO A SETTLEMENT NAMED HARTFORD. 1635

Hooker Day?

A Festival honors him in Hartford, Connecticut.

Have you ever heard of him?

Have you ever seen a picture of him?

Connecticut-Indian fights and land claims

MARY LAND…MARYLANDGeorge Calvert, (Lord Baltimore) an English nobleman,

designed and promoted the new colony as a refuge for Catholics, but invited others. Named it for the queen, Henrietta Maria, the wife of the Catholic King, Charles I.

Protestants came in such large numbers that they overwhelmed the Catholics who were never a majority.

Maryland Toleration Act (1649) enacted to keep peace between the groups. It stated, in effect, “that anyone who believes in Jesus may live peaceably in Maryland.” It was the first step toward religious freedom although it restricted Jews.

Settlers took free land, imported indentured servants grew tobacco and for the most part governed themselves and lived happy lives.

Until the night of 3/28/1984When the BALTIMORE COLTS snook out of town

after midnight in several MAYFLOWER moving vans to go play in INDIANAPOLIS.

MANY IN MARYLAND NEITHER FORGIVE NOR FORGET

COLONY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

A planned colony settled by proprietors who advertised for colonists.

It was also populated by some Puritans from Massachusetts.

The land was granted to Captain John Mason who lived in Hampshire County, England.

He sent settlers to the new territory to create a fishing colony. He died, however, before ever seeing where he had spent a considerable amount of money building towns and defenses. 1623

NEW HAMPSHIRE

DELAWARE

Called New Sweden, settled by Peter Minuit.

When the Duke of York got New Netherland, he also received New Sweden which he renamed Delaware.

Originated log cabins.

Area was part of Pennsylvania until 1703 when it created its own legislature.

DelawareOnce was known for corporations.

CAROLINAS

"Carolina was so called by the French, in 1563 or 1564, in honor of Charles IX, King of France (Carolus in Latin, meaning Charles), under whose patronage its coast was discovered.

One colony at first. Later Settled by eight proprietors, businessmen

who got permission (Charters) from King Charles II, (perhaps with cash involved.) They hoped to make a profit off exports. Again in creative naming, the main port was Charles town, (Charleston)

In 1729 they became separate royal colonies.

North Carolina

Exposed to Atlantic storms.Backwoods people from Virginia living there. Looked down upon by people in Virginia and

South Carolina.They would later vote no on the constitution

until the Bill of Rights was added because they feared the power of the majority.

The progress of the Albemarle or North Carolina Colony was long retarded by domestic dissensions. An insurrectionary state of the inhabitants arose out of an attempt to enforce Mr. Locke's plan of government; — taxes were enormous, and commercial restrictions embarrassing.

In 1677, after an attempt to enforce the revenue laws against a smuggler from New England, the people rose upon the government, and imprisoned the president of the colony and six members of the council, and, having done this, assumed the prerogative of governing themselves.

South Carolina

Much more elite group of people.

Charleston was a major port.

Two thirds of it’s population was slave, even when it became a state.

It sent back to England for everything and traded crops.

The civil war would begin here.

The progress of the southern colony was, from the commencement, more rapid than the northern.

The soil was more feasible and fertile. Many Dutch families from New York, dissatisfied with the transfer of

their home to the English, in 1664, were ready to find a home here; and, in 1671, shiploads of them were transported by the proprietors to Carolina, free of expense, and liberal grants of land were made to them.

The profanity and licentiousness of the court of Charles II, also, drove many Puritan refugees across the Atlantic, a considerable number of whom settled in Carolina.

In 1680, the people of Old Charleston, attracted by the more pleasant location of a point of land between thee rivers Ashley and Cooper, called Oyster Point, removed there, and there laid the foundation of the present City of Charleston, which, from that time, has had the honor of being the capital of the colony and state.

The safety of the place was endangered by the hostile and predatory conduct of the Westoes, a powerful tribe of Indians in the neighborhood. Retaliatory measures became necessary; numbers of the Indians were shot; and others, who were captured, were sent into slavery in the West Indies. Fortunately, peace was made with them the following year.

QUAKERS

The “Society of Friends” emerged during the English Civil wars as one of the most radical religious sects.

Like the Puritans, they believed the Church of England was tainted with Catholicism.

Individual could find “grace” through the inward light or spark of redemption that dwelt in every person, not confined to “Priests”.

They were persecuted because they did not show deference to others in class conscious England. They believed that social distinction was not important to God.

Quakers

They believed that swearing on the Bible was sinful.

They rejected military action and service.They were pacifists.They believed in relative equality of the

sexes which was an affront to European view.

They were adamant about converting the world to their beliefs.

William Penn

Penn acquired land in West Jersey, but the efforts did not succeed.

He then acquired land across the Delaware River in what became Pennsylvania.

He wanted Pennsylvania to be a haven to all those who had been persecuted because of national or religious background.

Bought land from tribes, banned alcohol.

Pennsylvania• Philadelphia was the most

prominent city in the new world and Pennsylvania was one of the most religiously tolerant of the colonies.

Many Amish settlers

Georgia

Named for King George.

James Oglethorpe saw Georgia as a refuge for people from debtor’s prison.

South Carolina was opposed to the formation of the colony, but agreed to allow it as a “buffer” from Spanish and Indian hostilities.

Mercantilism at work

Market protection. Put your colonies to work for you.

Navigation Acts-A series of commercial restrictions passed by Parliament intended to regulate colonial commerce in such a way as to favor England’s accumulation of wealth.

Navigation Act 1660

Most important piece of Imperial Legislation before the revolution.

No ship could trade in the colonies unless it had been constructed in either England or America and carried a crew that was at least 75% English (colonies counted as English)

Enumerated Goods not produced in England could only go to England or a colonial port.

What Goods?

Essential raw materials like tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyewoods, and ginger.

In 1704, rice and molasses added

In 1705, rosins, tars and turpentines needed for shipbuilding were added.

Effects of the act of 1660?

Encouraged the development of domestic shipbuilding

Prohibited European rivals from obtaining enumerated goods anywhere except in England.

Since Americans had to pay import duties in England, (here colonists were not counted as Englishmen), tobacco and sugar provided income for the crown.

Second Navigation ActStaple Act of 1663

Required with few exceptions that nothing came to America without being first transshipped through England. More taxes raised the prices of goods in the colonies.

Why these acts? To eliminate the Dutch. Three wars in 22 years 1652-1674.

Result? Merchant ship production grew in Boston, Salem and Newport.

Hurt profits of small and large growers.

Tactics were tried to get around the tariffs and were countered, particularly enforcement in1696.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s rebellion (1675-1676) Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt against the colony’s royal governor, Sir William Berkeley. A revolt against special privilege in government by some, but Bacon was chiefly interested in gaining a larger share of the lucrative Indian trade.

Metacomet

Representative of the times. Indian lands were squeezed by settlers and neighboring Indian tribes.

Wampanoag chief also known as King Philip who declared war against the colonies in 1675.

Dominion of New England

Incorporation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth, New York, New Jersey and New Hampshire under a single appointed royal governor that lasted from 1686 to 1689.

Glorious Revolution

Revolution in England where Catholic King James II was deposed and his protestant daughter Mary and her husband William or Orange took the throne.

Andros regime overthrown in the colonies.

Are you one?

From June through September of 1692, nineteen men and women, all having been convicted of witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hill, a barren slope near Salem Village, for hanging.

Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges.

Hundreds of others faced accusations of witchcraft; dozens languished in jail for months without trials until the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts subsided.

Why?

Why did this travesty of justice occur? Why did it occur in Salem? Nothing about this tragedy was inevitable. Only an unfortunate combination of an ongoing frontier war, economic conditions, congregational strife, teenage boredom, and personal jealousies can account for the spiraling accusations, trials, and executions that occurred in the spring and summer of 1692.

Salem, Massachusetts in 1692.

Started when some little girls started exhibiting strange and destructive behavior and then it got out of hand.

Spectral Evidence

Salem witch trials where the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil’s agent to be introduced as testimony.

The accused had no defense.

When the judges later disallowed this testimony the executions for witchcraft ended.

Parker Brothers$$$

Although ouija boards are viewed by some to be a simple toy, there are people who believe they can be harmful, including Edgar Cayce who called them "dangerous."[9] Critics warn that "evil demons" pretend to be cooperative ghosts in order to trick players into becoming spiritually possessed.

Salem is Bewitched

Today Salem caters to the reputation.

A new statue was erected to a famous television witch.

Southern Colonies

Tobacco production started it all.Indigo, Rice and Sugar Cane are introduced

successfully. They required a large labor supply, a longer growing season…and a lot of water.

Indentured servants, who were both white and black, decreased because of increased employment in England.

Slave population increased. And about all the water, it was a breeding ground.

Mosquitoes• Only the female mosquito

will bite. Humans give off carbon dioxide, which a mosquito can detect up to 20 feet away. The mosquito then identifies secondary attractants such as perspiration, lactic acid and heat to confirm that the source of carbon dioxide is human, and not pollution.

THERE WAS NO RAID AVAILABLE

Effects of Mosquitoes

There are still a few diseases that mosquitoes can transmit, including Eastern Equine Encephalitis and St. Louis Encephalitis.

Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, have plagued civilization for thousands of years.

Mosquitoes caused death in the colonial south.

Southern Life

High mortality rate and high infancy mortality rate due to malaria and yellow fever.

Most people lived in poverty, most of the crops grown were for export, not for food.

Socially, not a lot of interaction as a community.Religion was still the Church of England. Took

pride in calling themselves not God’s “Chosen People” but God’s “Frozen People,” or “God’s Frozen Chosen.” Most were members in name only.

Royal African Company

After 1672, the Royal African Company was chartered to meet the colonial planters’ demands for black laborers.

Between 1695 and 1709 more than11,000 Africans were sold in Virginia alone. Many others were sold in Maryland and the Carolinas.

Labor Force in South Changes

As the supply of indentured servants decreased, the supply of slaves increased. The number of slaves soon outnumbered the white population in many areas.

Fear of slave uprisings produced colonial legislation called Slave Codes.

Slave Codes of 1705

Started in Virginia House of Burgesses and then widely adopted in other colonies.

Slaves were property and as such could be disposed of, sold, used as collateral on loans or given away.

Slave Codes

No reading or writing (education forbidden)

No land could be owned

No legal marriage

No testifying in court (against whites)

No night travel without permit

No assembly

No firearms (punishment was death)

Jumping the Broom

• Minister: We end this ceremony with the African American tradition of jumping of the broom. Slaves in this country were not permitted to marry, so they jumped a broom as a way of ceremonially uniting. Today it represents great joy and at the same time serves as a reminder of the past and the pain of slavery.

Northern townships

Town Meetings

• New England Democratic Form of Government.

• Launching pads for today’s political campaigns.

Northern Colonies-Fishing

SHIPPING

TIMBER AND FUR TRADE• TIMBER FOR MASTS

and PITCH FOR SEALANT

• SHIPBUILDING WAS HARD AND EXACTING WORK.

• FUR TRADE LED TO FURTHER LAND EXPANSION AS CLOSE FORESTS WERE DEPLETED.

COMMERCE

Ample water sources made the construction of mills possible. In time, a strong merchant class emerged, bolstered by the shipping industry that developed in northern ports. Ship building also increased. Eventually, traders and bankers sprang up to run the manufacturing and shipping economy, and northern port cities like Boston became central trading areas for the British in the Americas.  

Life in the North

The climate was too harsh and the ground was too stony for large scale farming. Farms were small, mostly for family use. Short growing season enabled people to pursue other jobs and professions. Craftsman and trades people were the seeds for future manufacturers.

Religion was a central point of every day

No mosquitoes. Longer life expectancy, more people.

Northern Colonies-EducationYale was established by Welsh merchant Elihu Yale, who had donated the proceeds from the sale of nine bales of goods together with 417 books and a portrait of King George I.

It was started in Connecticut, partly because Harvard was considered too liberal.