Glass Cockpit - Pilot Monitoring Duty · Glass Cockpit - Pilot Monitoring Duty Capt. Howard Ting, B737-800 Check pilot Assist. ... flight path data, configuration status, automation

1

Glass Cockpit - Pilot

Monitoring Duty

Capt. Howard Ting, B737-800 Check pilot Assist.

Manager of Crew Evaluation Section, Standardization

Department, Flight operation Division.

2

Content

• Aviation safety Data.

• Pilot Monitoring experiment.

• What / How to monitor

• Conclusion

3

From PNF to PM - 2003 FAA-AC120-71A

4

From PNF to PM

… the term pilot not flying misses the point.

Studies of crew performance, accident data,

and pilots’ own experiences all point to the

vital role of the non-flying pilot as a monitor.

Hence, the term pilot monitoring (PM) is now

widely viewed as a better term to describe

that pilot.

5

Commercial Jet Major Accidents (2000 through 2013)

2000 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08

5

10

15

20 19

1615

16

13

16

11

17

19

17

‘09

64% of Commercial Jet Major Accidents were

Approach and Landing Accidents (ALA)

12

ALA

13

10 11

4

11

6

128 9

19

15

‘10

14

9

‘11 ‘12

7

5

‘13

6

6

10

Accidents Numbers

Year

6

Top 3 Types of ALA

1. CFIT (includes landing short)

2. Upset Aircraft

3. Runway Excursions (including overrun & veer-off)

These account for 76% of all ALA

76%• CFIT

• Upset Aircraft

• Runway Excursions

others

7

CFIT Accidents

5 Year Running Average

8

NTSB Accident Statistic Data

• Reviewed 37 crew-caused air carrier accidents

－ 84% of 37 reviewed accidents involved inadequate

crew monitoring or challenging.

9

CFIT / ALA

• Flight Safety Foundation

－ 63% of the reviewed ALA accidents involved

inadequate monitoring and cross-checking.

• ICAO

－ Inadequate monitoring was a factor in 50% of the

CFIT accidents reviewed.

10

LOSA Finding

• In one LOSA conducted in 2000

－ 19% of errors and

－ 69% of “undesired states”

could have been eliminated by more effective crew

monitoring and cross-checking.

11

The importance of Monitoring --- ASRS Study

63%

50%

76%

30%

ASRS: Aviation Safety Reporting System

12

Is human kind good at monitoring?

13

A Research of University of Michigan…

• Objective: The objective of the study was to examine pilots’

automation monitoring strategies and performance on highly

automated commercial flight decks.

• Participants: Twenty experienced B747-400 U.S. airline pilots

10

Captains

10

FO’s

• a minimum of 1000 hrs

glass cockpit experience

• 100~9000 hr B744

experience

• Voluntary participation

14

A Research of University of Michigan…

• Tasks: Each pilot flew a 1-hr scenario involving challenging

automation-related events on a full flight simulator. Behavioral,

mental model, and eye-tracking data were collected.

10

Captains10

FO’s

Scenario Events

• Experimenter-induced mode Transitions

• Revision of cruise altitude

• Loss of glide slope diamond and glide slope

15

Area of Interests

16

V-plane Dwell Time - Automation Vs. Raw Data

PDT: Percentage Dwell Time

Automation:

mainly FMA(Flight Management

Annunciator)

Raw:

•heading indicator

•altimeter

•vertical speed

indicator

•airspeed indicator

17

H-plane Dwell Time - Automation Vs. Raw Data

Automation:

mainly FMA(Flight Management

Annunciator)

Raw:

•heading indicator

•altimeter

•vertical speed

indicator

•airspeed indicator

18

S-plane Dwell Time - Automation Vs. Raw Data

Automation:

mainly FMA(Flight Management

Annunciator)

Raw:

•heading indicator

•altimeter

•vertical speed

indicator

•airspeed indicator

19

One of the Test:

Loss of Glide Slope Diamond &Glide Slope

8 pilots

(40%)

detected the problem

after intercepting the

final leg

6 pilots

(30%)

6 pilots

(30%)

noticed that the glide

slope signal was

missing prior to

intercepting the final

leg

noticed the problem

only after it was

pointed out by the

confederate pilot or

ATC

Total: 20 pilots

20

Research Conclusion

” …The converging data from this study provide an informative picture of automation use and monitoring by highly skilled pilots in the context of a high-fidelity simulation. Its results provide specific and confirming evidence that monitoring failures constitute a major contributor to breakdowns in pilot-automation interaction.

… Human being is NOT good at monitoring abilities … ”

21

Pilot Core Competencies

IATAPilot Core Comptencies

AIRBUSPilot Core Comptencies

Situation Awareness Situation Awareness

Manual Aircraft Control Flight Path Management - Manual

Flight Management, Guidance & Automation Flight Path Management - Automation

Leadership & Teamwork Leadership & Teamwork

Application of Procedures & Knowledge Application of Procedures & Knowledge

Communication Communication

Knowledge Knowledge

Workload Management Workload Management

Problem Solving & Decision-making Problem Solving & Decision-making

22

Is MONITORING a pilot’s competency?

A: Monitoring is a fundamental

component of each existing

competency and, each competency

is vital for good monitoring.

e.g. Situational AwarenessDNA

23

Airbus’ Survey

24

Common Definition of Monitoring

Monitoring:

The observation and interpretation of the flight path data, configuration status, automation modes and on-board systems appropriate to the phase of flight.

It involves a cognitive comparison against the expected values, modes and procedures.

It also includes observation of the other crew member and timely intervention in the event of deviation.

25

Question :

In cockpit,

who is the person in charge of monitoring?

PF PM

The answer is:

Both of PF and PM have the

responsibilities for monitoring.

26

Why Monitoring

What’s a mountain goat going way up here in a cloud

bank?

When a crewmember cancatch an error or unsafe act,

this detection may

break the chain of event leading to an accident scenario.

27

PF’s Responsibility

• Flying the aircraft in accordance with the operational

brief and

monitoring the

flight path.

28

PM’s Responsibility

• PM will have

－an explicit set of activities designated by SOPs

－a specific and primary role to monitor the

aircraft’s flight path,

communications and the activities

of PF.

29

Which would be focused is

Monitoring Skill

not

PM position

30

Monitoring

31

Perspectives Changed in Monitoring

1980’s Today

A copilot’s job Core competency for every pilot

Task-shedding for Captains Prime threat and error management

activity

A redundant safety feature A full time component of flying

32

WHAT

SHOULD BE

MONITORED

33

What Need to Be Monitored

– Aircraft trajectory

– Automation

systems and mode

status (FMA)

– Aircraft systems and/or components

• Crosschecking of system & action, such as

34

What to monitor? …in more details

“Fly, navigate, communicate” requires the crew to be

aware of evolving information of different natures and

with different time spans

• Environment & context

• Crew members (including yourself)

• Dynamic environment and evolving constraints

You need “at the same time“ to focus on the

• Big picture

• Attention to specific details

• Evolving information

35

What else need to bemonitored?

36

Whom Need to Be Monitored

Your team members !

37

How to Monitor Team Members

Observe your team members

Smell. Be sure that your team member does not involve alcoholic problem

Listen to them if they have any problem or stress.

Ask them if you feel that there are something wrong.

38

39

40

41

Elements of Monitoring

• Knowledge of aircraft and SOPs

• Vigilance

• Situation Awareness

• Shared mental model－ Teamwork

－Goal

－Plan

－Intent

42

Monitoring and Challenge

Pilot Monitoring (PM)

Take

Action

Express

Your View

Error Resolved

Challenge Response

43

Barriers for Monitoring

Ego Complacency New in the seat

Fatigue Distraction Interruption

44

Conclusion

• Monitoring is a vital skill for safety.

• Human is not good at monitoring.

• Monitoring is the DNA of pilots’ core competencies.

• Monitoring is a CONTINUOUS-REVIEW

mechanism.