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I NG NGC AN
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NG NGC AN
GIP TR NH
CHUI PHN NGHA HC
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M s: 02.02.42/51. PT2010
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J
phc v cho vic n luyn ca hc sinh chun b thivo cc trng i hc v Cao
ng, chn ti bin son cun
Gip tr nh chui phn ng Ho hc nhm eiup cc em
hc sinh c mt s" kin thc c bn, rn luyn k nng lm ccbi tp.
Cun sch c bin tp gm 2 phn: Ho hc Hu c v
Ho hc V c. mi phn, ch ne ti u trnh by 2 phn
chnh:
Phn th nht nhng kin thc c bn v tnh cht hohc c trns ca cc
cht.
Phn th hai l bi tp mu. Mi mt bi tp u c
hng dn cch gii nhm sip cc em hc sinh suy ngh v
tp dt gii cc dng bi tp v chui phn ng ho hc.
Khi s dng cun sch, trc tin cc em hc sinh nnxem k phn h thng kin
thc n li nhng tnh cht ho
hc c trng ca cc cht, sau lm cc bi-tp cn bn
nm vng cc phng php gii cc bi tp v chui phn ng
ho hc.
Chng ti mong cun sch s gip ch c phn no cho
bn c, nht l i vi cc em hoc sinh ang chun b cho k
thi tuyn sinh i hc v Cao ng. Xin ghi nhn v cm nmi kin &ng
gp, ch ra nhng ch thiu st nhng lnti bn sau hon chnh hn.
TC GI
3
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Phn I: HA HC HU c
HIROCACBON
A. CNG THC TNG QT CA HROCACBON
1 1 . Ankan: CnH 2n+7 (n > 1)2. Xioankan: 1 vng CnH;
n ( n > 3)' Nhiu vng: CnHn2. 2x (x s vng)
3- Hirocacbon khng no mch h: CnH 2n+2-2k(k l s ni i hay.s lin kt
7)
4. Anken: CnH2;, (n > 2)5. Xicloanken: CnH2n2 (n > 3) (1
vng)
, 6. Ankin: CnH 2n_2 ( n > 2)7. Ankaien: CnH 2n_2 (n >3)8.
Arcn:
CnH 2n6(n > 6)
9. Aren c gn nhnh khng, no: CnH-jn_ft_2k(k l s ni i hay so lin
kt 71 ngoi vng)
B. PHNG TRNH CHY CA HIROCACBON
V DN XUT CA HIROCACBON (DNG TNC QUT)
C , H V + ' X - y 0 2 - > x C C >2 + - H 20V 4 .j 2 2
C XH , G : - ! X - L - I s o _ > x C O i + ^ h 2o
4 2 r 1 2
CJH.N7+ ' X xCOz + - -N , T ^ H 204 , 2 2
5
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CvHvCXN. + X- - 0 2 >xCOz + - N: + ~ H :0V 4 2 ; 2 2
e xH vCI, + X- o , - xCO; + ' H zO + tHCl
CsHvO:Clt + x - ^ - - ' e x ^ xCOz + ^ H zO + ~-Cl:/ 4 2,- . 2
2
L vz Nhi t phn C xHy trong chn khng cho c v.. H;.
C BC NGUYN TCACBON
____ Bc 'nguyn t caebon. ch r s lng nguvn t cacbon khc lin.
kt trc tip vi n.
C H ,I II IV III _C H 5- C H 2 -C - H - C H 2- O H
_ IC H , C H ,
D. TN GC HIROCACBON
1 . Gc hirocacbon l g? Phn cn i ca hirocachon khi mt imt hav
nhiu nguyn t hiro-
2. Gc ha tr 1a) Gc no C H 3- : m etylC:H 5- : cty
b) Gc hidrocacbon no mch nhnh6 5 4 3 2 1C H 5-C H -C H :-C H 2-C
H -C H 2- : 2-e tyl5metyl hevvl
ICH 5 C H ^ C H :
Ch cc trng hp sau v (tron trin
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CH3-C H 2-C H - : Sec-butyiI
c h 3
CH3-CH -CH 2- : IsobutylrCH,
CH31
CH5-C-CH 7- : NeopentylI
c h 5
c h 31
CH3-C H 2--C- : Tert-pentylI
c h 3(sec: gc v tr c bc IX; tert: gc v tr- c bc III)c) Gc
hrocacbon khng no c ha tr 1
Cc gc hirocacbon khng no c ha tr mt:Vinyl (etenyl)
Anlyl (propen2yl)Xsopropenyl (l-metylvinyl)
c h 2 = CH -
CH2 = CH - CH2 -CH2=CH-
h 3C mt ni ba: c ui inyl- C hai ni : c ui ienylMch chnh l mch
khng no c nh s bt u t nguyn t
cacbon c ha tr t do.
V d:
CH=CH-
CH =C-CH2-
c h 2=c h - c h =c h ~
) Gc hirocacbon thm
hoc
Etinyl
Propyl-2-yl
Butaien-l,3-yl
hoc CftH : Phenyl
2 hoc 2 hoc C6H"CH?- : Benzyl
3. G c h i ro c aeb o n h a t r 2
-CH,-
7
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E. PHN LOI HIROCACBON
c h 4 c 2H4 c 4H6 c 2h 2 c 6h 12 c h 6
1. A M A X (P A K A F IA )
I. NH NGHA
Ankan l loi hirocacbon cha ni n, mch h* Cng thc
CnH2n+2 vi n > 1 .
II. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng th vi Cl2, Br2
a) iu kn phn ng
- nh sg khuch tn (phn ng th);
- Anh S'ng mnh (phn ng hy).
b) Phig trnh tng qut
CnH 2n+2 + xCI2 i s CnH 2n+2-xClx + xHCl
- Quy tc th: Nguyn t hiro nguyn t cacbon c bc cngcao, cng d c th
bi clo (hoc brom).
8
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i
V d.
CHs + Cl 2 as'---- ->
------>
(Sn phm chinh'
n-propl clorua (Sn phm ph)
Da vo phn ng trn ta nhn bit c ankan: lm mt muvng ca kh C2, mu nu
c dng dch brom, sn phm ca phnng lm giy qu tm m.
2. Phn ng nhit phn: 3 kiu phn ng ty iu kin
a) Phn ng phn hy:
b) Phn ng cracking:
CH -> nC + (n+i)H2
CnH2n 2 ") + CqH2qankan anken
V d.
n > .3 ; m > 1 ; q > 2.
> c h 4 + c 3h 6C,H4-n-lC
Cracking
-> c 2h 6. + c 2h 4c) Phn ng loi hiro (ehiro)
CnH2n-r?450' C
- Cu7n + z
3. Phn ngchya) Chy trong oxi (oxi ha hon ton)
-r ' - - i ' o , r -il. - ^ - -> nC7 4- (n+l)H->0V 2 ;
.
Phn ng chy c s dng trong i-sng'-v cng nghip,b) Oxi ha khng hon
ton
V HCHO + H20c h 4
+ O kk)------- ----- :-------------------5>
500;JC. Ni
i thiv. kk
> co + 2
9
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Phn ng oxi ha butan c dng trong sn xut axit axetic:
C4H 10 2CH3COOH
Phng trnh tng qut:
R-CHz-CHz-R' +0 kkMub Mil
RCOOH + RCOOH
Nhng tnh cht ha hc v ng dng quan trng ca metan
I---------- > CH3CI: Clorua raetyl
-CLCH7CU: Ciorua metylen
CH4:
CHC3: Clorofom
CCI4: Tetraclorua cacbon(Dung mi hu c)
NH, - 0->
--------> CHOH5c _
HCHO
---- HCN: axit xianhiric
Xhii-> C: mc in, ch ha cao s
-> H2
tu. IU CH ANKAN
1. Phng php tng m ch cacbon- Phng php Wurtzt
2CnH2n^X + 2Na (CnH2n+1)2 + 2NaX
V d. C2H; rCl + 2Na + Cl4-C2H 5 -> C4H 10 + 2NaCl
Nu ng hai loi n xut haogen c gc anky khc nhau thuc hn hp.3 ankan
khc nhau.
' R -R
3R-X + 6Na + 3RX J R-R+ 6NTaX
R-R
10
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Vi ru, qu trinh din ra nh sau:
r R -O H + HI CRI + HOH
+ [ R -I + RI K-R + I2
2ROH + 2HI - R -R + I , + 2H20Phng-php ..in phn (Kobc)
2RCOONa + 2H20 ?dc-> R-R + 2CO:f + NaOH + H2TV-------^ ---- b
V------ ------ /Anot (+) Catot (-)
V d.
2CH2=CH-COONa + 2HzO > CH2=CH-CH =CH2 +
2CO,t + 2NaOH + H2t
2. Phng php gim m ch cacbon~ Phng php Duma
RCOONa + NaOH RH + NaVcn
(RCOO),Ca 4- 2NaO H -> 2RH + CaCOj + N -.;3
Phng php Cracking
(Trong n = m + n )
3. Phng php gi ngu yn mch cacbonVi hirocacbon cha no:
R-C H =C H -R + H 2 ^ R-C H 2-CH 2-R
R -C sC -R + 2H2 % R -CH 2-C H 2-R
2 . X I C lO A I \M I V
i. NH NGHA
Xicloankan l nhng hirocacbon c ni n, c mt V ng haynhiu vng.
11
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Vng cng nh (3, 4 cnh) th cng km bn7 vng cng in (5,cnh) th
cng-bn.
Cng thc chng: CnHjn v'tfi n > 3.
V d. CH2 - C H 27 I " c h 2 1 c h 2C H ,-C H . I C , I T
CH, I CH,C H ^
II. TNH CHT HA HC
I f h a n n g P h n g t ri n h p h n n g
: Cng m^ng ; A + H 2 z z z _> CH,-CH;-CH;; X. SC'C
I - + h 2 i i-J ioCc.> c h 3- c h 2- c h 2- c h 3I CH;I I ^ C
H 7 + Br, -> B r-C H ,-C H .-C H ,-B r
I _____ H2C _ _ __ .. _________ T h Tham
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l. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng cng (c trng)a) Cng hiro
CH; + H2 . yi t" CH;,2b) Cng halogen (X = Cl, Br, I)
c) Cng H20
CH2 + H.O ^ > CH2T,OH
d) Cng HX, H2SO,
CnH 2n + HX ___> CnH 2*X
T C5H6 tr i phn ng cng theo quy tc Maccopnhicop
V d.
c*CH3->CH=CH2 + HCl
-> CH ',-CH-CH 3isopropyi cicrua (Sn phm chnh)
1 > C H 3- C K 2- C H 2-C1 ...n--prouyl clorua ("Snphm
ph)
V d. CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 c h 3- c h 2- o s o 3h '(HOSOsH)
2. Phn ng oxi haLm mt mu dung dch -thuc tm (KMnQ4) _
CnH2ll + [O] +; H ,0 CBH2n(OH)2
3CnH2n + 2KMn4 + 4H 20 3CaH2n(OH)2 + 2Mn02 + 2KOH -
V d. CH2=CH2 + [O] + HzO CH2-CH2 I
OH OHCH,=CH, + - 0 , CWCl~-> CH3CHO
2
3. Phn ng chy ____________ __3n
CnH 2 + CX nCO, + nH 202
13
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4. Phn ng trn g hp L qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging
nhau
hoc tng t nhau, to thnh phn t ln (hp cht cao phn t).
S chung:V d.
\ nA > (A)tinCH=CH2 -
ICH,.
-C H-C H, -1CH
Etilen c phn ng:c h 2= c h 2"+ c + H ,o CH2-C H 2 + HCl
I ' t
CH2-C H 2 + KOH -> CH2-C H 2 + KC1 + H zO
L L 'Cl O H o (tilen ox'it)
(0 ) + C H 2=C H 2 A1C1* ^ g j - C H 2- C H 3
H, ^ Q,Hs-CH=C H2 (Stiren)
({. U CH
q-tr
a) ehirat ha ru no n chc:
j CuH2lrlOH CnHn + H201S0;,C ^
V d.
----------------------------------------------------------
CH ?-CH 2-CH 2-O H s> C H rCH =C H 2 + H zO
r c h 3- c h =c h - c h v
CH -GH-C H 7-C H -Bten-2 (sn phm chnh)I ISOc
OH 1 CH 2=C H -CH 2~CH,
Btcn1 (san phm ph)b) Tch hirohaogenua t c c dn xut
monoftalogen
14
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Hoc: CnH^X + KOH
c) T dn xut ihalogen
- *0H' > CH2 + KX + H ,0ru
R - C H - C H - R + Z n - > R - C H = C H - R + ZnX
2 .X XVi' d. C2H4Br2+ Zn > C7H4+ ZnBr?) Cracking ankan
C ,H m ^ CH ,m + C,H2,+2
V d:
C4HCracking
10
c 5h 6+ c h 4
- c 2h 4+ CzH*e) Ankin hp H2:
CnHin2 + H 2Pd.
CnHiiA*-2nP.
V d: CH^CH + H2 ^ C2H4h) ehiro ha ankan
CRH:Ilt2 -> C,Ui , + H2t
2. EtilenC2H 3OH
X 1
C,H4Br7y
c 2h 5c i (2) ^
7!c 2h 4
\ < 5)
x c 2h 2c 2h 6
(3j /
c 2h 4 + h 2o(2) C2H5C1 j g Jg S > c h 2= c h 2+ HC1(3) c 2H6
^ L - C2H 4 + H2
(4) C2H4Br2 + Zn -> C2H4 + ZnBr2(5) C2H 2 + H 2 ^ C 2H 4
(6) C2H2 + 2H2 - n- > C2H6
l
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4 . A M K A M E K (M O L E F IIN )
]. NH NGHA
Ankaien (ioein) nhng hirocacbon khng no mch h c haHn kt i trong
phn t: *5%.
Cng thc chng: CnH2n_2 (n > 3)
II. PHN LOI
Ty theo v tr tng h ca hai ni i ngi ta chia ankaiethnh 3 loi:
1. Loi c hai n i i lin n hauV d. CH3-CH=C=CH2; CH2=C=CH2
Butaien -1,2 Propaen hay anlert
2 . Lo c hai ni i lin hp (hai ni i cch nhau mt nn): quan trng
nht trong cc loi ankaien.
V d. CH2=CH-CH=CH2 CH2= C-C H=CH2
GH3 Isopren
(2-metyl butaen-1,3)
Butaien1,3
(ivinyl)CH2= c - c h = c h 2y
CI Cloropren
3. Loi c hai ni i xa nhau
V d. CH2=CH-CH 2-CH=CH2 (Pentaien-1,4)
IM.-TNH CHT HA HC
1. P h n n g c n g
a) Cng H2
b) Cng Br2
CnH2n2 +2H2 Ni CnH 2n+2
CnH2n-2 + 2B"2 > Cn2n-2Br4
16
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q) Cng HCI
Ankaen c th tham gia phn ng cng Br2j Hi, HC1, v.v... ' ccv tr 1,
2 (tng t anken) hoc 1, 4 (khc anken) v to thnh hnhp sn phm. Phn ng
cng theo t l mol (1 : 1) th xy ra hai
hng cng.V d.
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + Br2
CH2-CH=CH-CH2
Br Br1.4ibrom buten-2 (SP chnh)
Cng 1.2 C2- CHOH=CH2> I I
-Br Br
3.4ibrom buten-1 (SP ph)
Cng 1,4 CH2-CH=CH-CH 2
I
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + HC1 H
l-Clobuten-2
Cngl^ -> CH2=CH-CH-CH 3iC1
3Clobuten12. Phn ng trng hp
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 - ,.N* g-s [-CH2-CH =C H-C H 2-]n
nCH2=CHL ~c h = c h 2
xt.tu,p
Cao su Buna
*-CH2- C H -c h = c h 2
nCH2=C-CH=CH2I
CH3
Ispren
[-CH r-C= C H -C H 2-]
CH3
Cao su isopren
17
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Phn ng vi ung dch KM11O4:
3CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 4KMn04+ 8H20 -> 3CH2-CH-CH-CH2I I I !
3. Ph n ng ox i ha
OH OH OH OH
+ 4MnC>2 + 4KOH
Phn ng t chy:
CnH2n2 + - ) o z nCOz + (n-l)H?02 J
IV. IU CH1. iu c h bu taien-1,3
a) hiro ha c c n -buten v n-butan
c h 3- c h =c h - c h 3 . c h 2=c h -c h =c h 2 + h 2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 > CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2
b) i t axetlen
2CHs=CH CH2=CH-C=CHCH2=CH-OCH + h 2 - - 4 c h 2= c h - c h = c h
2
c) i t ru
2Q H 5OH > c h 2= c h - c h = c h 2 + 2H2o + h 2
CH3-CH-CH-CH3 -22A> CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H20 IOH H
d) in phn dung dch mui. 2CH2=CH-COONa + 2H20 -pd- 5>
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 +
+ 2C O2+ 2NaOH + H22. iu ch isopren
. c h 3- c h - c h 2~ c h. !
CH2=C-CH=CH2 + 2H2I
c h 3c h 3
18
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5 . A N K I1 Y >3s>
i. NH NGHA
Ankin hrocacbon khng no, mch h cxphn t.
Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n2
II. GI TN
1 . C ch 1 : - Cht ng u dy ng ng axetien
(n
Cc cht ng ng tip sau l ankylaxetilen
Tn gc Ankyl + Axetien
V d. CH3C=CH : metylaxetilen2. Cch 2
Xut pht t tn gi ca ankan tng ng nhng ui an thnh in.
V d. CH3-O C H : propinLu i T ankin c 4 nguyn t cacbon tr ln cn
ch r v tr
ca lin kt ba.
V d. CH3 CH2-(>CH: Butin 1CH3-C=CCH3 : Butin-2
III. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Ph n ng cnga) Cng H2
b) Cng ha
Cnt 2n2 + h 2 Pd > CnH2nCn2n2 + 2H, - M - > CnH2n+2
logenCft2n2 + X2 > 0 ^ 215-2X3
CnH2n-2 + 2X2> CnH2n_2X4c) Cng axit (rtei, HCN,
CH3COOH...)
CJHart +HC1 ------> CnHzn-iCl
CH^CH + HCN CH2=C H-CN Vinyl xiaima
CH3COOH + CHsCH CH3COOCH=CH2 Viny axetat
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CHsCH + HzO ggo CHjCHO3. P h p ^ s Hs
c h 2 2 + h 2o
^ C_,H2n_,CHO (n = 2)xt, t
R-CS^R
ocr nguyn t c trong R v R n > 3
e) Cng ru
CHssCH + HOC2H5 > CH2=CHOC2H$ (ete etyviny)
2. Phn ng trng hp
a) Nh hp
2CH^CH - guCl2>n h 4c i > CH2=CH-C=CH
b) Tam hp_ _ 600 c
c) a hp
3CH^CH - 600c ;> CH0
nCH^CH - (CH)2n (Cupren)
3. Phn ng th vi ion kim loia) Vi kim loi kim, kim th
CHeeCH + 2Na - N a-O C -N a + H 2
b) Vi AgNCVNHs
r 7 (n > 3)2CnH2n_2 + Ag20 gNQ3/NH3>2CnH2n_A g + H 2
Hoc
C^H^.2 + AgN3+ NH3 -> CnH2n_3A gi + N H ^ O s
Hoc
CnH2n2+ x[Ag(NH3)2]+OH_ C n H ^ A g , + 2xNH3 + xH20
W'i/w C H C H + Ag20 ---- A gC C A g + H20
20
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CH=CH + 2AgN3 + 2NH3 Ag OC A g + 2NH4N 0 3RC^CH + AgNO + NH3
> RC^CAg T NH4NO3CHsCH + 2CuCI + 2NH3 -> CuCsCCu +
2NK4CIRC^CH + CuCl + NH 3 RC=CCu + NH 4CICHe=CH + 2[Cu(NH3)2]+OH~
-> COCCu + 2H ,0 + 4NH3
2. Phn ng oxi ha Phn ng vi dung dch KMn04:
3C2H2 + 8KM11O4 - 3KOOC-COOK + 8Mn02 + 2KOH + 2HzO3C~H2n_2 +
8KMnG4 + 4H20 -> 3CnH2n_20 4 + 8M n2 + 8KOH
Phn ng t chy:
CH2n_2 + 0 2 -> nC02 + (n-l)H20
IV. IU CH1. iu ch ng ng ca axetilen
a)Taxetilen
CH-C H + Na - CH=CNa + H-J. 2 2
CH^C-Na + R-X - CH^CR + NaXV d. CH3-Br + N a-O C H -> CH3-OCH
+ NaBr
b) T dn xut ihalogen
R -CH -CK -R g g g > R-Q sC-R + 2HX j R u ' ^
X XRCH2-CHX2 2K0h > R-C=CH + 2HX
Ru
V d.
CH3-H-CH2 2 K 0 H > CH3-OCH + 2HBr Ru
Br Br Propn
1 ,2ibrom propan (Metyl axetilen)c) T dn xut tetrahalogen
21
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V d- Br B r I .
CH3 c C C 2H; + 2Zn CH3OCC2H5 + 2ZnBr2j !Br Br Pentin-2
2. i u c h a x e t i l e n
a)Tmetan:2CH4 - C2H + 3H2
b) T vi:
' - CaCOs **.rcL-> CaO + co2CaO + 3C 20-y c -> Cac 2 +
CO
CaC2 + 2HzO Ca(OH)2 + C2H2Tc) T dn xut halogenC2H2Bt4 + 2Zn
-> C2H2T + 2ZnBr2QjH^Brz +. 2KOH C2H2t + 2KBr + 2H20
d) T bc axeiiua
Ag2C2 + 2HC1 C2H2T + 2AgCUe) Tng hp trc tip
2C + H 2 3 c > C2H 2
6 * AR EN (H drocacb on thm )
I. NH NGHA
Aren l hirocacbon thm trong phn t cha nhn benzen.
Cng thc tng qut: CnH ?n_6 (n - 6)Cht tiu biu l benzen.
II. CNG THC CU TO CA BENZEN: CBH6
Theo Kku Theo c hc lng t
Da vo cng thc cu to ca Kkul, 11 i xen k ni nnn bemen tham gia
phn ng cng v phn ng th.
22
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tu. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng tha) Vi brom _______
CHz_6 + Br, B tFe > C,Hm Bt + HBr
Lu . Benzen ch phn ng vi brom lng nguyn cht, cn ngng ca benzen
th tc dng vi dung dch brom.
Khi trong vng benzen c sn nhm th, quy lut th vngbenzen:
- Nu trong vng benzen c sn mt nhm th loi I (ccnhm anky, OH, -NH)
F, Cl, Br, I...) th nhm ny s nh hngcho nhm th mi vo v tr ortho v
para.
Nu nhm th loi I nh cc nhm NH2J OH, CH3 th mt electron trong vng
benzen n chung u tng ln v c bit cc v
tr ortho v para. S c s tng mt electron trong nhn do cpelectron t
do, hoc ca cc electron ca cc lin kt C-H vi hthng electron 71 trong
vng benzen to mt h lin hp mi trong
phn t hp cht thm.
V d.
Phn ng th nhn: bt Fe lm xc tc:
H H\ /N:p
H H H H
3 r p - B r o m t o l u e n
23
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* Phn ng th nhnh: nh sng lm xc tc:Khi chiu sng, toluen tham gia
phn ng th nguyn t hiro
nhm CH3 d dng hn CH4 :
c h 3 .
+ HBr
Benzyl romua Nu trong nhn benzen c sn mt nhm th loi II (
-COOH, -CN, -GOOR, NH3 ...) th nhm ny s nh hng chnhm th mi vo v
tr neta trong nhn benzen. Khi trong vn
benzen c sn nhm th loi II th mt electron trong vng benzeni chung
gim i v c bit v tr ortho v para. Nguyn nhn c
s gim mt electron trong nhn do mt electron t tronnhn chuyn ra
ngoi v pha nhm ht electron, cc v tr metmt electron tng i cao
hn.
Cc nhm th loi II thng cha lin kt i nguyn t likt trc tip vi nhn
benzen, cc nhm th ny thng lm kh
khn cho s th tip sau vo nhn bemen.
b) Vi dung dch HNO3 c trong H2SO4 c (Nitro ha)
Phng trnh tng qut:
H
o r O\ s /y
K \ 9 3
'nM2n6 + HON2 H2 4> CnH2n_7N 0 2 + H20
Beren:
CsH6 + HON2 (c) c 6h 5n o 2 + H2oMu vng, mi hnh nhn
24
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ng ng ca benzen:
c h 3
( o + h o n o 2 B_ 2 i
c) Vi RX
~~CnH2n_6 + RX CpH2n-7R H- HX
V d: C6H 6 + CH 3CI - > QH5CH3 + HC12. Phn ng cng
a) Cng H2
C6H + 3H2 Ni > C6H ,2b) Cng Cl2
C6H 6 + 3C12 L CJUO*
3. Phn ng oxi haa) Benzen v cc dng ng ca n chy trong khng kh
sinh ra
CO2, H2O v nhiu mui than:
CH2^ + o 2 ------- > nC 02 + (n-3)H20b) Tc dng vi dung dch
KMnO*
Bemen khng tc dng vi dung dch KM11O4, nhng toluen li boxi ha gc
-CH3 khi un nng vi dung dch KMnO_ to thnh snphm axit benzoic
CHsCOOH.
QH5CH3 + 3[Oj dd t0 > QH5COOH + HzO
V. IU CH
1. Chng ct nha than trong cng nghipNgun benzen ch yu trong cng
nghip chng ct nha than .2. Phng php ehiro ha
a) ehro ha xicloankan
(n > 6)CnH2n - 3H2Pd, 300 c
CnH 2n6
25
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V d. C6H]2 r a-> C6H6 + 3H,
b) ehiro ha n - ankan ng thi khp vng, nh xc tc vnhit thch
hp.
eH2,2 C,H;ri3. Phng php tng hp (k hiu gc hirocacbon thm
] Ar-)
.a) Jpng hp Wurtz-Fittig
Ar-X + 2Na + X-R -------------> Ar-R + 2NaX
V d, C6H5Br + 2Na + Br-CH3 C6H 5CH. + 2NaBr
b) Tng hp Friedel-Craft
Ar-H + X-R ---- > Ar-R + HX
V d. C6H6 + CI-C2HsAIf 3 > C6H5-C 2H5 + HCI
Ring benzen:
- 3C2H 2 6Qc__ > C6H6
C
- C 6H5CH3 dd thu 1> C6H3COOH +2 i-0I-l-> C6H5COONa
1 NaOH '
CaO, t
26
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CC HP CHT HU C
CHA NHM NH CHC
Nhm nh chc l nhm nguyn t gy nn nhng phn ngc trng i vi mt loi hp
cht hu c nht nh.
Cc nhm nh chc chnh:
Tn nhm chc Cng hc Tn giRu -O H HiroxyEte o OxiAnehit -CH O
FormylXeton co Cacbonyl
Axit cacboxyic -COOH CacboxylEste coo CacboxiAmin bc I - n h 2
Amino
Amin bc II - N H - AminoAmin bc III 1
1 Amino
7 . R f t fu (AKJCOL)
Nhm nh chc: OH (Hiroxyl)
I. NH NGHA
Ru l hp cht hu c trong phn t cha mt hay nhiu nhm-OH (nhm hiroxy)
lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.
27
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II. PHN LOI RU
Ru n chc, a chc (theo s/ lng nhm -OH)
Theo ba cch khc nhau Ru no, khng no v thm\ (the^gc
hirocacbon)
Ru bc I, II, III (theo bc c gvi nhm -OH
III. CNG THC TNG QUT CA MT s RU
Tn ru Cng thc tng qut
Ru bt k
CxHyOz hoc CxHy(OH).
hoc CnH 2n+2-2k-i(OH)j (k l s ni i halin kt 7i)
Ru no n chc CnH2n+IOH (n > 1)
Ru no a chcCnH 2n+2_(OH)z (n > z > 2)hoc Cnjf"2n+203
Ru khng non chc c mt
ni i
CnH2n_jOH (n > 3). Nu n = 2 th:CH2=CH-O H CH3CHO (Nhm lin kt
v
cacbon mang mt ni i th khng bn)CH2=CH-CH2OH: Ru alylic hay
propenoRu thm C6H 5-C H 2-OH: Ru benzylic
IV. bANH PHP
1. Ru n chc no mch khng nhnha) Danh php thng thng
Ancol (hoc ru) + Tn gc hirocacbon tng ng + ic
b) Danh php quc t
Tn hirocacbon tng ng + ol
2. Ru d n c h c n o m c h p h n n h n h .Gi tn cc mch nhnh (nu
c) cng vi s ch v tr ca ch
trn mch chnh, sau tn mch chnh, ri jn ui ol cng vi
28 ..... * * '
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ch v tr nhm -OH (c th ghi trc tn mch chnh, trc hoc sauol).
V d:
H 3-C H 2-CH 2-O H
CH3-CH -CH 2-OHL h 3
4 3 2 1c h 3- c h 2- c h - c h 3
H
c h 3
c h 3- < - o h
h ,
1-propanol (hoc propanl-ol hoc
propano1)2metyl1propanol hoc ru isobutyic
2-butanoI (hoc ru butyic bc haihoc ru seebutylic)
2mety l-2-propanol (hoc ru butylic
bc ba hoc ru tert-butylic)
V. BC CA RU
Rdu bc Ru bc 11 Rdu bc U
r - c h 2- o h R C H -O HR^
R \ -R C-OHRj/~
R l H hay gc
hirocacbon
R, R gc
hrocacbon
R, R, R l gc
hirocacbnV d, CH3! 1CH3-CH2-CH2-OH; CH3-CH-CH3; CH3-C-OH
OH CH3Ru bc I Ru bc II Ru bc III
VI. TNH CHT
1. Tnh cht vt l
Ru tan v hn trong nc v to. n kt hiro .vi nc. Khimch cacbon tng,
tnh tan gim dn.
. . .H-O ... . H- . .. H-O. . . H -O . . -1 J ' I
H 2H5 H C2Hs
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- Ru c nhit si cao hn so v hirocacbon hoc n xuthalogen c khi lng
phn tng ng do to lin kt hiro giacc phn t ru.
2 . T n h c h t h a h ca) Tnh cht ha hc ca ru n chc
(1) Tc dng vi kim loi kim.:
CnH 2n+1OH +. Na CnH2a+1ONa + H2
V d. C2H5OH + Na ^ C2H5ONa + - H2
(2) Phn ng to este (tc dng vi ung dch axit)
R-OH + HX -> RX + H20
(este v c)
RCOOH + ROHH SOjd
RCOOR +. HzO
(este hu c)(3) Phn ng loi nc
* To ete: 2C.H2.+.OH H (C.Ha.wfcO + H20
V d. 2C,HsOH C;Hs0 C 2H3 + H20
Ete ha hn hp n ru khc nhau c th to ti an(n +1)
ete. V d khi un nng hn hp hai ru khc nhau s to ba ete.
To anken____________________________________
C JW .O H C,H2 + H20
V d. c h 3 c h 2 o h ' c h 2= c h 2 + H;o
c h , c h =c h c h 3 + h2o CH3C HCH2CH3 H,so,d^ 'Buten_2 (Sn phj
m chnh)
180 G
H c h 3- c h 2- c h = c h 2 + h 2oBten-I (Sn phm ph)
30
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To butaien-1,3:
2C2H 5OH - g ;Zn > CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + H2 + 2H20Butaien 1,3
(ivinyl)
(4) Phn ng xi ha
Ru bc mt b oxi ha cho anehit
R-CH2-OH + CuO - RCHO + Cu + HzO
Ru bc hai b oxi ha cho xeton
R -C H -R + CO R -C -R + H20t II0 O
Ru bc ba b oxi ha iu kin mnh Ht v phn t b ctt to ra nhiu sn
phm
Phn ng t chy
C J tW D H + 0 2 -> nCOz + (n+ l)H ,0z
(5) Phn ng cng hp v trng hp vi ru khng no n chc-Ru khng no n chc
c mt ni i thng gp: Ru alylic.
Ru alylic lm mt mu ung dch brom hay ung dch thuc tmCH2=CH -CH2-O
H + Br2 -> CH2-CH-CH 2
I IBr Br OH
CH2=C H-CH 2-O H + [O] + H20 dd thuc_tm CH2-CH-CH 2I I I
OH OH OHTrng hp ru alylic cho ru polialylic:
nCH2=C H
^ H 2-O Hxt
- c h 2- c h -iCH2-O H
M t s phn ng khc ca rn:
Phn ng ca ru vi ankin cho ete khng no:
R-OH + CH^C-R -> R^O -CH -CH -R
31
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V d, C2H5OH + CH=CH -> C2H5-0-CH=CH2Ety viny ete
8 Phn ng to ru polivinyic:
-C H 2- C H -
hCH-CH2-
COCH3
+ nNaOH
- c h 2- c h -IH
-CH -CH 2-OH
+ nNaCl
+ nCH3COONa
Phn ng to CH3COOH+ Ring ru etylic ngoi cc phn ng ha hc ca ru,
khi l
men cho axit axetic (nng 5% gi gim n):C2H5OH + Oz CH3COOH + h
2o
+ Nu oxi ha ru vi cht oxi ha l ung dch KM11O4 hdung dch K2Cr20
7(H+) trong khng kh th cho ta axit.
5C2H5OH + 4KMn4 + 6H2SO4 5CH3COOH + 4MnS0 4+ z k2s o 4 + ii h
2o
Nguyn tc chuyn ru bc I thnh bc II v ngc li:Vn ng theo trnh t cc
quy tc:
+ Zaixep+ Maccopnhicop.
R
TM TT TNH CHAT h a h c c a r u
a) Tnh cht ha hc ca ru no n chc
Tc th (Ba, Sr, Ca) gii phng VH2.
o 4- H Oxi ha hu hn (ox ha nh) t
anehit, xeton, axit...Loi H2O xc tc c (hoc oxit km loi)
v nhit T mt phn t ru to anken.T ha phn t ru to ete.Gia ru v axit
to este.
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J
b) Tnh cht ha hc ca ru a chc
- Cng thc tng qut: R(OH)x vi X > 2- Ru a chc no mch h, c cng
thc tng qut:
CnH2n+2-*(OH)x vi n > X > 2
^ -----> R(ONa), + jH z
C(H)2 ^ To dng dci xanh thm
c h 2o h + h o o h + h o c h 2 c h 2- ci o - c h 2I Cu I I Cu
I
CHOH HOCH-^CH- * ^ O -C H + 2H20I I I H H I
c h 2o h h o c h 2 c h 2o h h o c h 2.D ung d c h xanh n g II
gix era t
- Khi phn t ru c nhm -O H gn vi nguyn t cacbon cin kt i th ru ny
khng bn, chuyn v thnh anehit.
R-CH=C H-OH - R-CH 2-CHO ~ ~
CH 3 CH CH2 = CH-OH CH3-C H 0H g S 0 4
- Khi phn t ru c hai nhm -O H gn vi mt nguyn tcacbon th ru ny
khng bn, chuyn v thnh anehit hoc xeton.
_ _
R - H - O H ---- RCHO + H 2O
R OH\ / > R c R + H2O i
R OH 0
33
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- Khi phn t ru c ba nhm -O H gn vi mt nguyncacbon th ru ny khng
bn, bin thnh axit
OH
R - C - O H - -----> RCOOH + H 20
OH
VII. PHNG PHP IU CH RU N CHC V A CHC1. Phng php iu ch ru no n
chc
TT V + NaOH, tv-'nr*2n-riA -----------:--------
CnH 2n ---- I M ] ----------CnH2n+1OH
CnH2n+1ONa _ _ H A HC1------
Ni, te c h 2o h
ROH + NaX
RCHO + H2
RX + NaOH
R-C-R + H2 -IIo
RCOOR + H20
- Phng php u ch ru metylic v etylic:
+ Ru metyiic c iu ch trorig cng nghip theo phn ng:
0H -
R-CH-RI
OH
-> RCOOH + ROH
CO + 2H2 2n0500 C, OOatro
2CH4 + O2 ---- !grTC-> 2CH3OHlOOatm
+ Ru efylie c iu ch:
(C6H 10Os)nXenlulozcf
(C6H10O5) +nB2Q /Tinh bt
nC6H20 6 Men ru > 2nC2H5OH + 2 nC 02
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2. Phng ph p diu ch ru a chc- Phng php iu ch glixerin:
CH2=C H-C H 3 + C2 - 5JL-^> CH2=CH-C H2-C1 + HC1
c h z= c h - c h 2c i + C2 + h 2o -> c h 2- c h - c h 2 +
HC1L I I
HCIO + HC1 C OH C1
CH2-CH-CH 2 + 2NaOH CH2-CH-CH 2 + 2NaC1 L I J L iCl OH Cl OH OH
H
Hoc c th:
CH2=CH-CH2CI + C2 -^ 1 C H 2-CH-CH2I ICl Cl C1
CH2CHCH2+ 3NaOH CH2-CH-CH 2 + 3NaCI* 1 - L I I ICl Cl Cl OH OH
H
- Phng php iu ch etylenglicol:
CH2=CH2 -* cii > CH2-C H 2 +NaQ- > CH2-C H 21 L i Li Cl OH
OH
3CH2=CH2+ 2KMn4+ 4H20 3CH2-C H 2+ 2M n2+ 2KOHOH OH
8 . P H EN O L V R ll lI TH M
]. NH NGHA V CU TRC
Phenol v ru thm c cng thc tng qut CnH 2n-?OH (n > 6)-
Sk~Phenol Ru thm
nh
ngha -
Nhng hp cht hu Cd c nhm -0H
lin kt trc tip vi vng benzen.
Nhng hp cht hu c c nhm
-0 H gn vo mch nhnh ca
vng benzen.
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cu trc
Phenol
Do nhn benzen ht electron ng
thi do c hiu ng lin hp P-U lmchuyn dch electron v pha vng
benzen nn lin kt O-H phn cc
mnh, H inh ng hn ru thm v
c tnh axi tuy rt yu. Mt -
electron tng ln trong nhn benzen,
c bit tp trung ' cc v tr ortho,
para nn d cho phn ng th i in
t vo nhn
:0-H
Ru thm
Lin kt O-H phn cc b
thng nn ch th hin tnh c
ca mt ru
V d
CHsOH CH2-CH2-
o oPhenol thng 0Crezol
(axit phenic)
II. TNH CHT HA HC CA PHENOL
1. Tc dng vi kim lo i kim1
C6H5OH + Na - C6H5ONa + - H2
2. Tc ng vi dung dch NaOHRu thm khng tc ng vi ung dch NaOH.
Phenol l axit yu cn gi l axit phenic nn tc dng v
dung dci NaOHC6H5OH + NaOH - C6H5ONa + H20
Natri phenolat
36
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- Phenol ch l mt axit yu nn khng lm i mu qu tm, ncphn i th nht
ca H2CO3 mnh hn pheno nn y phenol ra khimui C6H5ONa. tch phenol vi
anilin, ngi ta thng cho hnhp tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, phenol tan,
aniin khng tan ni
ln trn, lc ta c dung dch nc lc. Sau sc kh CO2 vo dungdch nc lc
ta c pheno vn c ni ln trn.
4. Phenol tham gia ph n ng cng
Tng t nh benzen, phenol c th cng vi hiro choxiclohexanol.
C6H5ONa 4- C 0 2 + H20 -> C6H5O H + NaH C03Vn c ni ln trn
3. Phenol tham gia phn ng th vng benzen
- Phn ng vi ung dch brom:
OHOH
Br Br
+ 3HBr
Br (mu trng)
2,4,6 - Tribromphenol
Phn ng vi dung dch HNO;
OH OH
^ + 3H2O
N 0 2
Axit piric (mu vng)
2,4,6 - trinitrophenol
C6H5OH + 3H2 __Nl > C6HuOH
37
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ll. IU CH PHENOL V Ru THM
1. iu c h ph enol
- Tch chit t nha than :
Luyn than cc >Nha than Chng ct phn on ^Pheno.nha than
- Tng hp phenol t benzen:
. Q H 6 C6H 5CI +-Hg _ C6H 5OH
. C6H6 ^ h ,c h =c h , > c 6H5CH(CHj)2 0akk > C6H 5OH
. C6H cHCOOh > c ftH;OCOCH3 *H; > C6H5OH0 2 xt
2. iu ch ru thm-f iu ch ru benzylic t benzen:
CftHs , f^ > C 6H,Br ^ C6H5CH3C6H,CH2C 1 > C6H?CH2OH' khau
Na t" cao - t , p
CH,C1A1C3
9 . AMIN
I. NH NGHA, DANH PHP V CU TRC CA AMIN
1. n h n g h a
Khi thay th nguyn t hiro trong phn t NH 3 bng cc gchirocacbon ta
c amin.
2. C u tr c c a a m i n
..
Amn bc t Amin bc l Amin bc HI
R \ R \r - n h 2 NH R - N
R/
R, R' v R l gc hirocacbon
38
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V d.
CH3-NH2
CHj-NH1CH3
CH3NCH3
c h 3
c h 3- c h - n h 2
c h 3
c 6h 5n h 2
Metyl amin
imetyl amin
Trimetyl aniin
Isopropyl amin
Anilin
(amin bc I)
(amin bc II)
(amin bc III)
(amin bc I)
(amin thm bc I)
Trong phn t amin, nguyn t nit cn c i electron do cth to lin kt
cho nhn vi proton H + nn am in c tnh bazo'.
3. Cng thc
- Amin n chc: CxHyN
- Amin n chc no:
- Amin a chc no:
CnH2n+lNH2 hay CnHnrN
hay
CnH2n+2-:(NH2);
CnH ,n+2+2N:4. Danh php
C nhiu cch gi tn amin:
* Cch th nht: Tn gc hirocacbon + amn
(1) Tn ca. am in bc ank am in:CH5-N H 2 : Metyl amin
c h 3
CH3- C - N H 7 : Tertbutvl aminI ^ c h 3
(2) Tn cua amin bc II i xng l ianky amin:
.HI
CH3N-CH3 : imety amin
59
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(3) Tn ca amin bc II I i xng l trianky amir.
CH3I
CH3-N-CH3 : Trimetyl amin
(4) Tn ca ann bc II khng i xng- Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo vn a, b,
c... -hsitnin
- C 2 nhm ankyl thm 1 ch N u
- C 3 nhm ankyl thm 2 ch N u (nu trong 3 nhm th c2 nhm ging
nhau)
- C 3 nhm ankyl khc nhau th 2 ch N cch nhau 1 tn ankyl.
V d. CH3-NH-C2H5: N-ety metyl amin
CH3-N-C2H5: N, N - ety mety amin
CH3CH3-N-C3H7: N-etyIN -metyl propyl amin
C2H5 Cch th hai:
Tn hirocacbon + tip v ng amin
Tip u ng amino + tn hirocacbon
V d.
CH3~CH2-C H 2-C H 2-C H 2-N H 2 : pentan -1 aminCH3 hay
1-aminopentan
h 34 h -c?h 2-NH2*. 2metyl propan1 aminhay 1amno2metyl
propan
o
CH3-CH-CH2-C-CH3 : 4amino2-pentanon
NH2 *
Ch : Tn nhnh -NH?: amino; CH3-NH-: metyl amino;c h 3
''s' N imety aminoCH,""
40
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3 2 1CHj -CH-CHj
N -HiCH3
c h 3
CH, N -C H 2-C H 2-C H 3
2metyl aminopropan
1imetyl aminopropan Cch gi thng dng:c tn cc gc hirocacbon xung
quanh nito tho th t a, b, c v
thm tip v ng am in,V d.
CH 3-C H 2-C H 2-C H 2-N H 2
c h 3- c h - c h 2- n h 2I
c h 3CH3-CH7-CH-CH3
h 2c h 3I
c h 3- c - n h 2
h 3c h 3
Ic h 3- c h 2- c h 2- n - h
c h 3 c h 3I I
CH3-C H -N ~H
II. TNH CHT HA HC
n-Butyl amin
isoButyl amin
secButyl amin
tertButyl amin
Metyl n-propyl amin
Metyl-iso-propy amin
-
Tnh baz - Tng t nhu amo niac, cc am in -u c tnh baz, an tro ng
nc, lm
xanh-qu t m.CH3NH 2 + HOH CH3NH3* + OH"
M ety lamin Mety amno hiroxi t
- Cc am in u c-t nh baz, nu t rong phn t amin c nh m cho in
t nh CH3, C2H5- th tnh bazo' cn g m n h v hgc li nu c n hm
ht in t nh C6H5- ; CH =C H-.. . th t nh bazo' yu.
- An i in khn g tc dng vi nc, khng
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Phn ng vi ax i t CH 3 NH 2..+ HCI
C8HsNHa-+ HC!
Phn ng th
yi '
(C6H5NH3)>CI-
phenylamoni clorua
0 A m i n c c b c k h c n ha u t c d n g v i ax i n it ro t he o
n h n g c c h k h C
n ha u , n h c t h 'ph n b i t c c b c a m n .
+ + + 20
(CH3)2-I\!H + H0 \10 - (C H3)2WM=0 + - 20
(mu vng)
C6H5- \ !H-C H 3 + HNO -> CeH s-N-CHs + H2
Lo
____(CH3)3\1 + HONO Khng tc dng
- Cc nhm NH2, i\HCH3... l nhng nhm hot ha nhn thom v nh
hng cho cc p hn ng th vo v tr .rth o v para.
- Tng t nh phenol, anilin tc dng vi nc brom to th ni kt ta
t rng 2 ,4 ,6 tr ib ro m an l in .
NH2 NH2
+ 3 8 r2 Br r ' r - N ' r ' B r + 3HB r
Br
( M u t r n g )
- Cc mui amoni tc dng d dng vi kim:C6H 5N H 3C1 + NaO H -> c
Ih 5NH2 + NaCI + H20
(It tan trong nc)111. l|u CH AMIN
1. Kh hp cht niro
A r - N 0 2 + 6[H] F e / H C l ArNH2 + 2H20
C6H5N 0 2 + 3Fe + 6HCI H> C6H5NH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H20c bit iu ch
anilin:
c 6h 6 M g * > c 6h 5n o 2 Fe/HCI c 6h 5n h 2
2. T amoniac vi dn xut ha logen hoc ru tng ng
RX + NH3 1 0 0 c c , h 5o h
RNH2 + HX
42
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Vi cc t l s mol khc nhau, c th cho ainin bc I, II, III hoc
IV.R
X - ^ ^ R N H 2 - ^ > R - N H - R ^ > R -N -R R -J~
R]+X"
R R
ROH + NHi AI;3 > rnh2+ h2op cao A ^
T h p ch t n i t r il
R-C=N + 4[H] NaRu etvlic
1 0 . M E H T
NH NGH HI .
Anehit l nhng hp cht hu c c nhm chc c = 0 (nhmormyl) lin kt vi
gc hirocacboi (hoc nguyn t hiro).
. DANH PHPTn thng thng Anehit + Tn thng thung ca axit tng ng
Tn quc t
(IUPAC)
Ankan + al
Anken + ai
II. MT S CNG THC TNG QUT CA ANEHIT
* Tn anehit Cng thc
Anehit n chc C C H OAnehi no n chc'5* CnH2n+1CHO
Anehit no a chc C,H m .,(CHO),
Anehit a chc CnH2n+2-2k-x(CHO)x
-....... ... ........... (k l s ni i, hoc s lin kt T)
43
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5RCHO + 2K M n0 4 + 3H 2S 0 4 - 5R COO H + 2M nS04 +
__________________________ + K2SQ4 + 3HzO
b) V anehit da chc
R(CHO)n + 2nAg(NH3)2OH - R(COONH4)n + 2nA gi + ~+ 3nN3 +
nHjO
Hoc vit: R(CHO)n + nAgzO R(COOH)n + 2nAg.
R(CHO)x + 2xCu(OH)2 + xNaOH R(COONa)x + xCu20 ++ 3xH20
Tnh ch t h a hc ca HCHO
Phn ng cng: /O H- Cng vi nc: HCH O + H O H xt > CH2X
x OH
- Cng vi G2H5OH: HCHO + C2H5OH. CH2Cx OH
- Cng vi C2H 2: 2H CHO + C2H 2 CH2-C =C -C H 2I IOH H
Phn ng trng hp:
- Nh hp: 2H CHO - OH~ > CH2-C H OH
Lc hp: 6HCHO ^u(QH2> C6Hl206
Phn ng oxi ha:
HCHO + 4AgN0 3 + 6NH3 + 2HzO (NH4)2C0 3 ++ 4NH4NO3 + 4Ag
Hoc vit: HCHO + 4Ag(NH3)2]OH - (NH4)2C0 3 + 4Ag ++ 6N H 5 +
2H20
(AgN0 3 + 3NH3 + H 20 [Ag(NH3)2]OH + NH4NO3)
45
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Cng thc R - c -R l0
I. DANH PHP
Tn thng thng Tn hai gc hirocacbon lin kt vi nhmcacbonyl +
xeton
Tn quc t'(UPAC)
Hirocacbon + on (c ghi thm s ch v trca nhm cacbonyl trong mch
chnh)
II. TNH CHT HA HC
. Phn ng c ng
a) Cng vi H2cho ru bc 2R-C-R + H2
11Nit > R -T H -R
10 OH
b) Cng vi NaH S03(trong dung dch bo ha)R S3Na
R-C-R + Na HSO3 -> c1JL ' \ 1O HO R
V d. CH3 OH
CH3-C-CH 3 + NaHSOa - x c /1 1 / \ ,o CH3 S 0 3N a
. Phn ng oxi ha
- Khc vi anehit, xeton khng b oxi ha bi cht oxi ha yu
h AgN0 3/N H3 (khng tham gia phn ng trng gng), Cu(OH)2- B oxi ha
bi*ht oxi ha mnh nh KM11O4 hoc K2Cr2Oy vi
H2SO4 c (khi un nng), xeton b ct mch cc lin kt vi nhmc=o.
V d. Khi oxi ha etylmety xeton vi hn hp KiC^CV^SO-
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ta c s:
2_L__> 2CH3COOH
CH3 c i c H , - C H 3 .l i '
(1)10.------------------------> CH 3-C H 2-CQ + co2+ h2o
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
Theo s (1):
3CH3COC2H 5 + 4K2Cr20 7+ 16H2S04 3C2H5COOH ++ 3CO: + 19HzO +
4K2S04 + 4Cr2(S04)3
Theo s (2):
CHjCOC2H 5 1 - K2Cr20 7 + 4H2S04 -> 2CH3COOH ++ Cr2(S04)3 +
K2SO4 + 4H20
3. Phn ng vi amin
R R)c=0 + H2NR /ONR + H20
R R
IV. IU CH1 . Oxi ha ru bc 2
R-CH-R + CuO1 7
t0- >, R -C -R + Cu + H20II
OH 0
2. Hirat ha ankn 1
R-C=CH + H20 - -x: -> R-C-CH3 II
0
3. T mui ca axit hu c
2RCOONa RC0R + Na2C 0 3
(RCOO)2Ca Nun--> RCOR + CaC03
48
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Ring axeton ngoi cc phng php trn cn c th iu ch:- T C2H5OH:
2C2H5OH + H20 4Q0c ' > CH3COCH3 + C02+ 4H2t 0 3 + 0 3
T CH3COOH:
2CH3C0 0 H 400c > CH3COCH3 + co2+ h 2o- T cumenf} (oxi
ha):
c h 3 c h 3/ - - 1 1 -c 6h 5- c h + o 2 -> Q H 5 C 0 0 H Ix c
h 3 c h 3
c h 3
Ic 6h 5 c o o h CH3COCH3 + C6H5OH
CH3
{*) Cmen c iu ch t benzen:
Q J + CH3-CH=CH2
12. A X IT C A C B O X U IC
I. NH NGHA
Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t chanhm -COOH (nhm
cacboxyl) in kt vi gc hirocacbon, vi
nguyn t hiro, hoc vi nhau-
II. CNG THC
Axit hu c (axit cacboxylic) GxHy(COOH)z
hay CnH2n+2-2k-z(COOH)2 vi k l s" ni i hay s" lin kt n.
49
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Axit hu c n chc CxHyCOOH
y-. Tn axit Cng thc
Axit no n chc... CnH 2n+1COOH (n > 0)hay CmH 2m0 2 (m >
1)
xit no a chc- - - ............
CnH 2n+2-x(COOH)xhay Cn+iH2n+20x
Axit khng no n chc(c 1 'ni i)
CnH2n_1COOH (n > 2)
111. DANH PHPt
Tn thng thngAxit + Tn ngun gc ch s
tm ra axt
Tn quc t' (PAC)Axit + Tn ca hirocacbon
tng ng + oic
+. xt .cacboxylic no n chc (axit ankanoic)+ Gng thc tng qut CnH
2n+1COOH (n>0) hay CmH2mOi (m>l)
Cng thc Tn thng ihng Tn quc i
H-COOH Axir fomic Axit metanoicCH3-COOH Axit axetic Axit
etanoic
CH3-CH2-COOH Axit propionic Axit propanoic
CH3-(CH2)2-COOH Axit butiric Axit butanoic
(CHj)2-CH-COO H Axit iso-butiric Axit 2-metylpropanoic
CH3-(CH2)3-COOH Axit valeric- Axit pentanoic
CH3-(CH2)4-COOH Axit caproic Axir hexanoic
CH3-(CH2)5-COOH Axit eriantoic Axit heptanoicCH3-(CH2)i4-COOH
Axit panmitic
(axit bo cao no)
Axit hexadecanoic
CH3-(CH2)i6-COOH Axit staric .(axit bo cao no)
. A x it octadecanoic
50
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C H j-CH -CO O H : Axit lactic I
OH
+ Axit khng no: Cc axit n chc khng no:
CH2= CH -C O O H c h 2= c - c o o h1
c h 3Axit acrylic Axit metacrylic
Axit bo khng no quan trng:
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH^ 7GOOH: axit oleic+ Axit thm:
C0H 5COOH : axit benzoic
COOH COOH COOH
Axit o-phtaic Axit isophtalic COOH
+ Axit no hai ln axit: Axit tere-p htalic
Cng thc Tn thng Tn IPAC
HOOC - C OOH Axit oxalic Axit etanioicHO OC -CH2-CO OH Axit
malonic Axit propandioic
HO OC-(C H2)2-C O O H Axit sucxinic Axit butandioic
HO OC -(CH 2)3-C O O H Axit gutaric Axit pentanioic
HOOC-(CH2)4-C O O H Axit adipic Axit hexandioic
+ Axit khng no hai ln axit:
HO OC~ CH =C H-C O OH : Axit butendioic
IV. CU TRC V TNH CHAT1. C u t r c ^
Nhm COOH trong phn t axit cacboxylic l t hp ca mtnhm cacbonyl ^
c = 0 v mt nhm hiroxy -O H do tn gi lcacboxyl.
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- Do c hiu ng lin hp pKgia i electron p trn nguyoxi ca nhm -O H
vi electron 71 ca ni i c=0 lm cho electronchuyn dch v pha nhm c = 0
, nn lin kt -O H b phn cc, H
linh ng v c tnh axit.
V,R - C
- Gc R cng c nh hng n tnh axit ca nhm -COOH .
2. T nh c h t
a) Tnh ch't vt l
- Axit cacboxylic c nhit si cao tin ru c cng s nguyn
t cacbon, cng do hnh thnh iin kt hiro bn vng. - H
/ \VR - C C - R
As- 8* S '/Q o . . . H -
- Tng t nh ru: 3 axit u dy tan. v hn trong nc, o shnh thnh lin
kt hiro gia cc phn t axit hu c vi cc phn tnc. Axit c t 6 nguyn t
cacbon tr ln kh tan hoc khng tan
trong nc.
b) Tnh cht ha hc
(1)Phn ng n h m t Bxit v c thng thng
- Phn li cho proton H+ trong ung dch:
CH3COOH CH3C0 - + H+
Thc t trong dung dch l 30+ (H+ + H2O ^ H3O4), davo phn ng ny ngi
ta nhn ra aadt, v n lm qu tm.
- Tc dng vi kim loi hot ng (ng trc H trong dy inha):
2nRCOOH + 2M -> 2(RCOO)nM + nH 2
V d. 2CH3CO OH + Ca -> (CH3COO)2Ca + H 2
52
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- Gc l hirocacbon khng no:
Phn ng cng vi ung dch brom:
CH2=CH-COOH + Br2 -> CH 2-CH-COOH Br Br Phn ng trng hp:
nCH2=CH-COOH
Gc l hirocacbon thm:
-C H - C H -iCOOH
COOH
+ Br? Fe + HBr
Axit m-brombeazoic
(3) M t s'phn ng khc.V d. vctf C2H2
CH3COOH + CH^CH -> CH3COOCH=CH2HCOOH + CH=CH -> HCOOCH
=CH2
Lu . HCOOCH3 + CH^CH CH2=CH-COOCH3
(4) Khi nhit phn mui cacboxyat- Khi nhit phn mui cacboxyat vi vi
ti, xt:
RCOONa + NaOHCaO
nung RH .+ Na2CO,
V d. CHjCOONa + NaOH voi ti xt > CH4 + Na2C 0 3
HCOONa + NaQH
CH 3-CH-COONa + NaOH1
HN aO-C -C -O Na + 2NaOH
11 ifo 0
NaO-C -C H2-C-ONa + 2NaOHII 11O O
vi ti xt 5 H2 + Na2C03
vi ti xt C2H5OH + Na2C 0 3
vi ti xt > H2 + 2Na2C 0 3
v^ xt> CH4 + 2Na2C 0 3
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2HCOONa > HCHO + Na2C03
- Khi nhit phn mui cacboxyat:
R-C-ONa + NaO-C-R --------
------- > R-C-R + Na2C 0 3il li II o
o11 _
R-C-Ox Ca --------- > R -C-R + CaC03
R-C-O x II
(5) in phn dung dch m ui cacboxyat
2RCOONa + 2H20 r t ? h> RR + 2COz+ 2NaOH + H2c vch ngn I
______ v ^
Ano (-I-) Catot (-)(6) mnh ca axit c xc nh da trn hng s nxit
Ka
RCOH ^ ---- RCOCT + H"v _ H' iRCOCn Ka = -------- v pKa =
-gKa
[RCOOH] s
(7) Phng trnh i chy axt cacboxyic no n chc v muinatri ca
axit
CHz+iCOOH + (n+l)C02 + (n+l)H,0
2CnH2n+iCOONa + (3n+l)02 (2n+l)C02 + (2n+l)H20 + Na2C 0 3
(8) Phn ng to anhrit
2RCOOH ----- - > R - C - O - C -R + H 20
11 II oV d.
2CH3COOH - xt. > (CH3C0 )20 + h 2oAnhirit axetic
Anhirit b thy phn:(RCOhO + H zO 2RCOOH
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Anhirit c tnh cht nh mt jaxit(RCO)zO + 2NaOH 2RCOONa +
HzO(RCO)zO + 2ROH 2RCOOR + HzO
V d.(CH3C0)20 + Ca(OH)2 (CH3COO)2Ca + H20( 0)20 + +
V. UCH
a) Phng php chung
RCH2X +Naa0H> RCH,OH +CuQ> RCHO +2Mn> RCOOHt
I_______________ O2, XCtc_________
Phn ng thy phn: RCOOR + H 2O - RCOOH + R*OH
b) Phng php iu ch CH3CQOH- Ln men gim:
CH3CH2OH + 0 , CH3COOH + h 2o
- T axetilen hoc etilen:CH^CH + H20sofgc > CH3CHO
2CH2=CH2 + o 2 2CH3CHO
CH3CH0 + o 2 > c h 3c o o hJ 2 70c
- T n-butan:
CH3-C H 2-C H 2-C H 3 + - O 2 ___* ____ > 2CH3COOH + h 2o2 t
>p
CH3COONa + HCI > CH3COOH + NaClCH3COONH4 + HC1 - CH3COH +
NH4CI
- Chng g:G c chng khan trong ni kn khong 400-500C (khng c
khng kh) sinh ra mt cht nha en v mt hn hp gm ncmetanol, axit
axetic v axeton. Tch ly hn hp lng, cho vi vo
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chuyn CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca. Sau c cn, cn li(CHjCOO^Ca cho tc dng
vi H2SO4, ri chng ct ta thu lyCH3COOH.
(CH5COO)2Ca + H 2S04 2CH3COOHT + CaS04
13. ESTE
I. NH NGHA
Este l sn phm ca phn ng gia ru v axit v c hoc axithu c.
II. CNG THC
Cng thc tng qut este n chc: R-C-O-RtO
R l gc hirocacbon hc HR l gc hirocacbon
Cng thc tng qut este no n chc (ging cng thc tng qutca axit no n
chc):
CnH2lA n > 2
Kh t chy mt este c' n COi = n Fi0 th este l este no n chc.
111. DANH PHP
Tn gc hirocacbon ca ru + tn gc axit (thay ui ic = at)
IV. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng thy phn
RCOOR + H20 ' ^ RCOOH + ROH
tng cng phn ng thy phn (chuyn dch cn bng ve
pha t o th nh axit v ru) ta un nng hn hp vi cht xc tc H +
hoc dng mt lng d nc.
57
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Lu khi vit phng trnh thy phn este c cu to c bit. RCOOCH=CH2 +
HzO RCOOH + CH3CH0 RCOO-C=CH2 + H20 -> RCOOH + RCOCH3
RCOOCH2CHC2 + ZH20 -> RCOOH + HOCH2-CH O +
2. Phn ng x phn g ha
Phn ng thy phn este trong mi trng kim l phn ng xphng ha.
M l k hiu kim loi.V d. CH3COOC2H 5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OHLu
khi xem xt phn ng ca este tc dng vi NaOH(1) Khi u bi cho este tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH c th theo
t l 1 : 1 hoc 1 : 2 th este c cng thc cu to:RCOOQsHs + NOH ->
RCOONa + C6H5OHRCOOCfiHs + 2NaOH RCOONa + C6HsONa + HzO
(2) X phng ha este hu c cho 3 mui v 1 ru l este ca3 axit hu c vi
glixerin.
(3) Este 2 chc tc ng vi dung dch NaOH cho:1 mui + 1 ROH + 1
RCHO, este c cng thc cu to:
r - o - c - c xh v- c - o - c h =c h 211 l0 0
0 2 mui + 1 ROH, este c cng thc cu to:R - C -0 -CxHv- 0 - C -
R
+ 2HCI
RCOOR + MOH -> RCOOM + ROH
IIO O
II
1 mui + 2ROH, este c cng thc cu to:R - O - C - C H - C - O R
"11 y
1 mui + 1 ru
COOR
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(4) Khi u bi cho hai cht hii c n chc mnh h tc dng,i NaOH
cho:
- Hai mui v mt ru, c nhng kh nng 2 cht hu c
l:f RCOOR] RiCOOH
hoc
- Mt mui v mt ru, c nhng kh nng hai cht hu c l:
Mt este v mt ru c gc hirocacbon ging ru trong este.
Mt este v mt axit c gc hirocacbon ging axit trong este.
Mt axit v mt ru.
- Mt mui v hai ru, c nhng kh nng hai cht hu c l:r RCOORt ROH
hoc
. Phn ng gc hirocacbon
Xt vi gc hirocacbon khng no:
a) Tham gia phn ng c n g
V d: CH2=CH-COOCH3 + H 2 B i!> CH
3-C H
2-COOCH
2b) Tham gia phn ng tr ng hdp
nCH2=C H -CO O eH 3
Metyl acrylat
nCH3-COOCH=CH2 ->
Vinyl axetat%
nCH2=e-COOCH3 ->I
c h 3Metyl metacrylat
r-CH 2- C H -
ICOOCH3
Polimetyl acrylat (PMA)
-CH-CH 2- '
OCOCH3
Polvinyl axetat (PVAC)
CH3
! -ch 2- c -
COOCH3 , Polimetyl metacrylat
59
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V. IU CH ESTE
a) Phn ng gia axit v ru
Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch xy ra chm iukin thng.
________ ____ H2SOt c, t _RCOOH + ROH , " RCGOR TH20
HX + ROH -----^ RX + HzO (X l halogen)
Axit 1 ln, ru n ln:
nRCOOH + R(OH)n -V. 'V.^ RCOOVR + nHiO.
Axit n ln, ru 1 ln:
R(COOH)n + nROH ---- - R(COOR)n + nH20- Axit n ln, ru m ln:
mR(COOH)n + nR(OH)m :----- Rm(COO)mnRn +.nmH20
b) Phn ng gia anhirit axit v ru
(R0 0 ) , 0 + KGH ^ ' " RCOOR + RCOOH
c) Phn ng gia axit v ankin
RCOOH + C H C H > RCOOCH-CH2h 2s o 4
RCOOH + R-C ^C -R ... xt; > RCOO-C=CHR
R .
d) Phn ng ca axt vi etilen
RCOOH + CH2=CH2 s. > RCOOCH2-CH3
e) Phn ng gia mui natr ca axit v dn xut halogen
RCOONa + RX -> RCOOR + NaX
60
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14. A M IN O A X I T
I. NH NGHAAmnoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t va
cha nhm chc amin (-NH?)) va cha nhm chc cacboxy
(-COOH).
II. CNG THC(H2N)x-R(COOH)y
Khi X = y ta c aminoaxit trung tnh, qu tm khng i muX> y ta c
aminoaxit c tnh bazo\ qu tm ha xanh
X < y ta c aminoaxit c tnh axit, qu tm ha .
III. DANH PHP
Axit + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng
Khi gi tn ta cn ch v tr ca nhom NH 2 gn vi cacbon:(0 ' S _Y 0 a
___C - C - C - C - C - C -COOH
V d, H2N-CH 2-COOH : Axit amino axetic
CH3--CH-COOH : Axit a-am ino propionic
NH2 (a-alanin) 2N (C H2)5CO OH : Axit s-am ino caproic (iu ch
.
t capron)
H2N(CH2)6COOH- Axit (0amino enatoic (iu cht enan)
IV. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn li trong dung dch
H2NRCOOH = H2NRC OO + H + H3N+R C O O '
2. Tc d ng v dung dch baz (do c nhm -COOH)
H2N-R-COOH + NaOH H2N-R -C OONa + HzO
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3. Tc d ng vi dung dch axit
H2N-R-C OOH + H+ -> H>N+-R -C O OH
4. Tc ng v! ru (phn ng este ha)
h 2n - r - c o o h + C2H 5OH h :n - r - c o o c 2h 5 + h 2o
5. Tham gia phn ng trng ngng (phn ng gia nhm-COO Hv~N H2)
Do c nhm -NH2 v nhm -COOH nn aminoaxit tham gia phnng trng ngng
cho polipeptit.
h 2n r c o o h + h 2n r c o o h h 2n r cn r : o o h + H2oII
I
>0 H !
V dt (Nhm peptit)
nH2N-(CH2)5-COOH H< > [-NH-(CH2)5-CO-]n + nHzOAxit s-am mo
caproic Nion6 hay t capron
H2N-(CH2)6-COOHAxit coamino enantoic
^ [-NH -(CH 2)6-C O -L + nHzOT enan
15. M P I T
(Cht bo)
L NH NGHA
Lipit (du, m ng thc vt) l este ca glixerin v axit bo.
II. CNG THC TNG QUT
RCOOCH2_TRCOOCH
RCOOCH2R, R \ R l gc hirocacbon ca axit boAxit bo: Cl5H 3iCOOH;
C17H35COOH; C17H 33COOH
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III. TNH CHT HA HC
1 . Phn ng thy phn
RCOOCH2
RCOOH + 3HzOIRCOOCH2
pc h 2- o h
H-OH1CH2-OH
RCOOH
RCOOH
RCOOHLipit ng vt (m) ch yu cha gc axit bo no.Lipit thc vt (du)
ch yu cha gc axit bo khng no.
2. Phn ng x phn g ha
Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim cho glxerin v x phng.
r c o o c h2T
RCOOCH + 3NaQH. [RCOOCH2
c h2 o h
CHQH +Ic h 2o h
RCOONa
RCOONaRCOONa
---------V----------- '
X phngKhi nim v x phng v cht ty ra tng hp:
- Hn hp mui natri (kai) ca cc axit bo c gi l x phng.
- T h nh ph n ch y u ca x phng l Ci5H 3iCOONa v
CffHasCOONa.
- Nu x phng:
r Mui natridd NaOH, t
Du m ---------- >Mui n
_ Glxerin(NaCl)
Mui :(NaCl)
X phng c(ni ln trn)
GlixerinM&i nTp cht
Ngui, p, ct+ mi thm
X phngbnh
l tp cht' Lc- Chng ct di p sutthp thu hi NaCl- Lc >
gixerin
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- Cht ty ra tng hp: L nhng cht c tc dng git, ra khng phi l mui
Na ca axit cacboxylic. l cc natri ankylsunfat ROSC^Na, natri ankyl
sunfonat RSOjNa...
u im ni bt nht ca cht ty ra tng hp vn gi ctc dng ty git trong nc
cng.
3. Ph n ng vi hiro
Vi nhng cht bo lng th cc gc R cha no, do khi cho chtny tc dng vi
hiro cho gc R no, cht bo h rn.
Lu ' Trong k thut xc nh cht lng ca cht bo ngita thng da vo mt s"
ch s sau:
- Ch x photig ha: l tng s" miligam KOH ,xphng hacht bo v axit t
do c trong 1 gam cht bo.
- Ch s axit: l s" miligam KOH trung hahonton cc axitt do c trong
1 gam cht bo.
Q 7H33COOCH +3H 2 - .
C17H33COOCH2
C17H33COOCH2 C17H35COOCH2
> C17H35COOCH
c 17h 35c o o c h 2
16* G iU X IX
GluxitCn(H20 )m
Monosaccarit isaccarit Polisaccarit
Cht tiu biu: Glucoz Saccaroza Tinh bt, xenluloz
Cng thc ph n t:C6Hi20 6 C12H220n (CHi0O5)n'6*112^6
GLVCOX. CNG THC CU TO
- Cng thc cu to dng mch h:
64
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CH2OH-CHOH-CHGH-CHOH-CHOH-HO
- Cng thc cu to dng mch vng: 2 dng a, [3gluco (dophn ng cng nhm
OH C5 vo nhm c = 0 ca dng mch h)
II. TNH CHT HA HC
Cng thc cu to ca glucozo cho thy glucoz thuc loi ru achc (5 nhm
-OH) v anehit (1 nhm -CHO).
1. Tnh cht ca ru da chc
- Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2cho ta dung dch mu xanh trong sut.- Tc dng vi
ung dch axit cho este cha 5 gc axit.
2 . Tnh cht ca anehita) Phn ng cng vi hiro
HO-CH 2-(CHOH)4-CHO + h 2 ^ t0>HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-C H 2OH
Sorbitolb) Phn ng oxi ha(1) Phn ng vi AgN3/N H3.:HOCH2(CHOH)4CHO
+ 2Ag(NH3)2OH >
HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-COONH4+ 2Ag + 3NH3 + H 20
65
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Hoc vit:
H O - C H 2-(CHOH )4-C H O + gzO
HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-COOH + 2Ag
Axit sorbic
(2) Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2
HO-CH2~(CHOH)4-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH
HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-COONa + Cu,O + 3H20
3. Phn ng ln men
C6H120 6 man ru > 2C2H5OH + ZC02
C6Hi20 6_mgnUctic ,,> 2CH3CHCOOHI
OHAxit lactic
111. IU CH
(CHiQs^ + nH 20 ----- 2 -> nCH^O
6HCHO Ca(OH)2> C6H120 6
ng phn quan trng l fructozcfcDng mch h:
CH2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCCH2OHII
- Dng mch vng: |3-Fructoz v a-Frutoz
SACCAROZ
1. CNG THC
Cng thc phn t: Q2H22O11
Cng thc cu to: Phn t saccaroz c cu to bi mt gca glucoz v mt gc
pfructoz. Hai gc ny lin kt vi nhau
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nguyn t Cl cua gc glucoz v nguyn t C? ca gc fratozcJ qua mtnguyn
t oxi:
HOH,
Gc a-glucoz
Dng cu to mch vng ca saccaroz khng c kh nng chuynthnh dng mch
h.
II. TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng th y ph n
CuIfaOn + H20 -Sl!*. C6H12Os+ QHbOsSaccaroz Glucoz Fructoz
2. Phn ng v i m t s' hiro xit kim loi
C^H^Ou t , (0H)2 ^ mu xanh lam
CizHzzOu + CaQ.2H20, C12H220 11:Ca0-2H20---
---------- >Canxi saccarat
CnH22On + CaC 03i + 2H20
Tnli cht ny c p dng tinh ch ng.
3. Sn xut dng saccaroz t ma
Nc ma (14-17% ng) _ dd canxi saccarat. +c 2Ma * p / > 2 ^
B ma chit bng ncsa
_kt ta tp cht lc bng C c p
rd d saccaroz---- tkanxng> dd sacearoz tinh kh it ' ^ L Me
>ty trng Li tm
kt ta CaCOoi bng SO2R ng (sn xut ru)ng (saccaroz)
67
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I!l. NG PHN MANTOZd
1. Cng thc cu to ca mantozo- Phn t mantoz c cu to bi hai gc
cc-gIucoz d
mch vng. Hai gc ny lin kt vi nhau nguyn t Q ca gc
glucoz th nht vi nguyn t C4 ca gc glucozd th hai qua mtnguyn t
oxi:
6 6
Gc a-glucoz Gc a-glucoz- Trong dung dch, gc glucoz th hai ca phn
t mantoz c
kh nng m* vng to ra nhm chc -C H o nguyn t Q. o vymantoz c phn
ng trng gng v phn ng kh Cu(OH)2-
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Khc vi saccarozd, mantoztf c phn ng trng gng, phn ngkh Cu
(OH)2.
- Khi thy phn mantoz cho a-glucozc i2h 22o u + H ,o h> >
2C6h,206
TINH BT
1. CNG THC- Cng thc tng qut: (C6Hi0O5)n
- Tinh bt hn hp ca hai thnh phn: amiloz v amilopectinhp bi nhiu
gc a-glucoz.
- AmiIoz c mch phn t khng phn nhnh v khi lngphn t khorg 200-000
vC. Amilopectin c mch phn t phnnhnh v khi ng phn t khong 1-000.000
vC.
68
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II. TNH CHT HA HC
1. P h n ng thy ph n cho a -g ucoz
(CsHb O s)* + nH zO H'-r > nCH uO
2. P h n ng v i dung d ch i tDung ch it tc dng vi h tinh bt cho
mu xanh lam c
trng. Phn ng ny xy ra d dng, nn ta ng dung dch it nhn ra tinh
bt, hoc ngc li dng h tinh bt nhn bit it.
Tinh bt c to thnh trong cy xanh t kh CO2 v H2O vnng lng nh sng
mt tri. Phng trnh phn ng tng qut:
Qu trnh to thnh tinh bt c s tham gia ca nh sng mt trinn gi l qu
trnh quang hdp.
. CNG THC- Cng thc phn t: (CeHjoOsJn- Cng thc cu to: Do nhiu gc
(3 glucoz kt hp vi nhau nh
cu n (3-1,4 glucozit, phn t khng phn nhnh xp t song song
nh m xeriluloz c dng si. C th' vit cng thc phn txenulo2 nh
sau:
[C6H70 2(0H )3]n + 3nH 0N 02 J2lA+ [C6H702(0N0 2)3]n+3nH,0
6nC02 + 5nH20 '**\'* (C6H10O5)n + 6n02
XENLULOZO
(C6H10O5)n + nHzO H > nC6H12O2. P h n ng e s t e h a
a) Vi dung dch axit nitric
Xenlulozo' trinitrat
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b) Vi dung dch axit axetc
[C6H70 2(0H)3L + 3nCH3COOH ->OCOCH3
c 6h 7o 2-OCOCH 3
x OCOCH3Triaxetat xenlIoz
+ 3nHiO
II
c) V anhirit axetic
[C6H 70 2(0H)j]n + 3n(CH3C 0)20 - [C6H70 2(0C 0C H 5)33n ++
3nCH3COOH
) Phng php sn xut t visco. Cho xenIIoz (t g) tc dng vi dng dch
natri hiroxit v mt
s" ha cht khc, th c dung dch rt iht gi visco. Khi bm
ung dch nht qua ng c nhiu l nh ngm trong axit sunuricng, dng dch
nht ( dng tia) b thy phn to thnh nhng si
di v mnh. Nhng si ny c bn cht cu to gn ging xenuloz,nhng p, ng
mt nh t v c gi l t visco.
[C6H70 2(0H)3)n + nNaOH ---- [C6H70 2(0H)20Na]n + nH20Xenlulozo
Xenlulozo kim
[C6H p 2(OH)2ONa]n + nCS2 i [C6H70 2(OH)20]n
c=sISNaXenlulz xantogenat
[C6H70 2(0H)20CS2Na]n+ - H 2S04 -> [C6HT0 2(0H )3]T1+ nCS2
+Xenlulos hirai: (r visco)
+ Na?S0 42
e) Phng php sn xut t axetatTo' axetat c ch bin t hai este ca
xenuloz:
[C6H70 2( H)(0-C -C H3)2]n [C6H70 2(G-C-CH3)3LII I!o O
XenIuloz iaxetat Xenluloz triaxetar
Hai este ny cn c dng ch to phim khng chy.
' 70
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1 7 . PO M M OE
I. NH NGHA
Nhng hp cht c kHi