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DECLARATION

It is declared that the work presented in this report is an original piece of our own work,

except where otherwise acknowledged in text and references. This work has not been

submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution

for tertiary education and shall not be submitted by us in future for obtaining any degree

from this or any other University or Institution.

Group Members:

1. Danish Naveed -------------2. Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmed -------------3. Muhammad Saadain Asdi -------------4. Qazi Salman Sajid -------------


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DEDICATION

This project work is especially dedicated to our beloved parents, honorable

teachers and all our dear friends


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.5.1 Trident fed monopole antenna X and Y Dimension----------------------------14

Figure 1.5.2 Radiation Pattern and Gain of antenna-------------------------------------------16

Figure 2.1.3 Frequency Bands of several wireless technologies-----------------------------20

Figure 2.2.1.1 starting of new design in HFSS project----------------------------------------25

Figure 3.1 Flow Chart ANSYS system antenna design---------------------------------------28

Figure 3.2 Designed antenna (a) Front View (b) Side view----------------------------------29

Figure 3.2.1 VSWR of proposed simulated design--------------------------------------------30

Figure 3.2.2 Return Loss (S11) of proposed simulated design--------------------------------31

Figure 3.2.3Gain of proposed simulated design------------------------------------------------32

Figure 3.2.4 Simulated radiation patterns for original dimensions of the proposed UWB

antenna-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33

Figure 4.1 GERB tool project screen-------------------------------------------------------------36

Figure 4.2 Monopole design on GERB Tool----------------------------------------------------37

Figure 4.2.1Printed square monopole antenna--------------------------------------------------38

Figure 4.2.2Side view of aluminum plate attached with SMA connecter-------------------38

Figure 4.2.3 Top view of aluminum plate attached with SMA connecter-------------------39

Figure 4.2.4 Top view of Trident fed square printed monopole antenna--------------------39

Figure 4.2.5 Side view of Trident fed square printed monopole antenna-------------------40

Figure 4.2.6 Trident fed square printed monopole antenna wit dimensions----------------40


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


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1.1OverviewIn the recent few years ultra wide-band (UWB) has increasing attention in the wireless

world. Its main advantages over conventional wireless communications systems are: wide

bandwidth, high-data rates, low transmit power levels and simpler hardwareconfigurations.UWB technology with an extremely wide frequency range has been

proposed for imaging radar, communications, and localized applications. In 2002, Federal

Communication Commission (FCC) authorized unlicensed use of UWB band ranging

from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz[1].

With the project, we will be researching to thoroughly grasp all UWB concepts found in

todays wireless technology.UWB is already found in many new radar systems as well as

global positioning systems (GPS). UWB can also be found in medical equipment and

radar in the military. When used in GPS, UWB has a theoretical limit of range from the

receiver. These algorithms which are used for determining the range will be thoroughly

analyzed and its functionality will be observed. Also, there are many other characteristics

of UWB transmission that we will be investigating; some of which are the transmission

channels, receiver and transmitter guidelines, the spectral characteristics of UWB signals,

and FCC rules and restrictions regarding the transmission of UWB signals[2].

UWB communications are the future of the wireless world. Between wireless personal

area networks (WPANs) and personal electronics, UWB use will be rapidly growing.

UWB has many commercial wireless applications including Adhoc Networking, Wireless

sensor networks, Radio Frequency Identification, Consumer Electronics, Locationing and

Medical applications.

1.2Aims of the ProjectThe aim of project is to design an effective antenna for UWB communication for

commercial and military purposes. UWB was proposed in 1970s and thereafter it is

being used for military purposes in the fields of localization, earth penetrating radars,

high speed audio/video communication between the controls and battle fields.

The design of broadband antennas has become an attractive and challenging area in the

research of the system design. In general, the antennas for UWB systems should have

sufficiently broad operating bandwidth for impedance matching and high-gain radiation

in desired directions. Among the UWB antenna design in the recent literature, the


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1.4 What is an Antenna?

An antenna is a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or receive

electromagnetic waves. An antenna can be any shape or size. Antenna has the different

parameters upon which we characterize the antenna.

1.5 Antenna parameters

1.5.1 Radiation pattern

The radiation pattern is a graphical depiction of the relative field strength transmitted

from or received by the antenna, and shows side lobes and back lobes. As antennas

radiate in space often several curves are necessary to describe the antenna.

Radiation pattern of an antenna can be defined as the locus of all points where the emitted

power per unit surface is the same. The radiated power per unit surface is proportional to

the squared electrical field of the electromagnetic wave. The radiation pattern is the locus

of points with the same electrical field. In this representation, the reference is usually the

best angle of emission. It is also possible to depict the directive gain of the antenna as a

function of the direction. Often the gain is given in decibels[5].

The graphs can be drawn using Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates or a polar plot. This

last one is useful to measure the beam width, which is, by convention, the angle at the

3dB points around the max gain. The shape of curves can be very different in Cartesian or

polar coordinates and with the choice of the limits of the logarithmic scale.


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Radiation pattern of a antenna. Linear scale. Gain of antenna. The scale is in dBi.

Gain of antenna. Cartesian representation.3D Radiation pattern of antenna.

Figure 1.5.2 Radiation Pattern and Gain of antenna
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-over2-rad-pat-per.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-Cart.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HWDipoleGain.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-lin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-over2-rad-pat-per.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-Cart.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HWDipoleGain.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-lin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-over2-rad-pat-per.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-Cart.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HWDipoleGain.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-lin.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L-over2-rad-pat-per.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-Cart.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HWDipoleGain.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RadPatt-lin.png


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2.1ULTRA WIDE BAND (UWB)

2.1.1 Overview

UWB technology with an extremely wide frequency range has been proposed for imaging

radar, communications, and localized applications. In 2002, Federal Communication

Commission (FCC) authorized unlicensed use of UWB band ranging from 3.1 GHz to

10.6 GHz.

The main concept behind UWB radio systems is that they transmit pulses of very short

duration, as opposed to traditional communication schemes, which send sinusoidal waves.

The role that UWB antennas play in all of this is that they have to be able to transmit

these pulses as accurately and efficiently as possible[7].

The UWB work on the direct sequence spread spectrum principle. The short pulses of 500

MHz transmitted in UWB. The pulse position modulation combined with FSK used as a

modulation scheme in UWB radio technology. The very low profile antennas used for

UWB. The EIRP of UWB antenna is -41dbm.

2.1.2 Technical Specifications of UWB

Frequency band = 3.1 GHz10.6 GHz Modulation Scheme = FSK and Pulse position modulation Channel B.W = 500 MHz WLL distance = 300 m

2.1.3 Key features

The most remarkable features of UWB technology is given below.

UWB is a short range technology; its range is up to 300 meters. High data rate can be achieved using this technology. Low power consumption technology Its frequency band is 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz


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Frequency Re-Use High Transmission Capacity Low Probability of Detection Lower Sensitivity to Multipath Channels

2.1.4.1 Frequency Re-Use

An important motivation to research and develop applications using UWB technology lies

in one critical limitation imposed by regulatory agencies around the world: RF spectrum.

Therefore, a starting point for understanding the appeal of UWB is to recognize the need

to implement new technologies that can bring relief to the bandwidth crunch that exists

today within the communication world. The portion of the RF spectrum commonly

understood to have value for practical communication (about 100 MHz to about 10 GHz

and more recently in the 60 GHz) applications has been fully allocated for decades and

yet there is a growing demand for RF (wireless at least over short distance, a few km at

most) communications, often with an attendant expectation of high data rate capability.

This situation is shown in Figure 4 which presents the allocation of frequency bands in

the USA. One response to the demand for short distance wireless RF communications is

cellular telephone, small and relatively inexpensive user radios that communicate withcell towers (over short distances, a few km at most).

A significant element in the cell telephone concept is frequency re-use (due to limited

spectrum availability). Frequency re-use is a way to increase the capacity of the network

by using the same frequency in a different area of the cellular network and is measured in

function of the frequency re-use factor, the rate at which the same frequency can be used

in the network. Because of frequency re-use and other advancements, i.e. code division

multiplexing, cell telephone application has seen explosive growth in the last decade.

Success of this application has led to other wireless voice and data services which are RF-

based and designed to work over very short distances, on order of 1 to 10 meters. UWB

can operate very efficiently in a relatively small footprint (10 meters or less) and as a

result it can largely exploit the benefits of frequency re-use (based on the concept of

spatial capacity as described above). Similar to the cellular concept, multiple UWB

systems can be deployed together such that they cover a larger area and still deliver high

transfer rates with a low power transmission signal.


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Another way to re-use the same spectrum allocation is to implement different transmit

and receive communication technologies within a common frequency band such that the

transmission of information is not compromised. In other words, frequency re-use can be

achieved by the assignment of unlicensed re-used of already licensed spectrum with the

purpose to increase spectrum efficiency. By limiting the power spectrum density (max of

-41.3 dBm/MHz over a 7.5 GHz bandwidth) and assigning specific bands (depending on

the application), regulators have provided the opportunity to develop the necessary

technology (UWB) that can co-exist with existent systems (narrowband systems) while

ensuring sufficient attenuation to limit adjacent channel interference.

Additional power spectral density limits have been placed below 2 GHz to protect critical

applications such as global positioning system (GPS at 1.5 GHz) and digital cellular

system (1.9 GHz). This is in-large one of the most important motivations for researchers

to focus their attention in the development of UWB systems. As a result, interest of UWB

radio access systems has grown rapidly over past few years. But what can we say about

the effect of narrowband radiators in UWB systems? This is indeed another important

subject for researchers since UWB systems are most likely to suffer from the relatively

high power emission of narrowband emitters. One particular approach would be to

develop adaptive interference suppression techniques or more sophisticated antennapatterns that can behave like notched filters or stop-band filters and can have multiband

flexibility.

2.1.4.2 High Transmission Capacity

One of the most important measurements to evaluate a communication channel is its

transmission capacity. This is also one important characteristic that, when efficiently

exploited, can enable the proliferation of multiple applications in video and audio

wireless communication. One of the major advantages of UWB systems is its large

bandwidth and hence the potential for high channel capacity. However, there are known

limits, due to both physical limitations and regulations. For example, noise in the channel

affects the received signal while the available bandwidth and power are under constrained

imposed by regulatory bodies. Modulation efficiency and antenna characteristics are also

important elements that will affect the performance of the wireless communication

channel. These constraints can be summarized under three key limitations: noise (physical

limitation), regulatory limits (primarily on power and bandwidth) and channel capacity.


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2.1.4.3 Low Probability of Detection and Intercept

UWB signals have very low power levels that can easily be considered as noise relative to

narrowband signals, hence they have an inherent immunity to detection and intercept.

Eavesdroppers attempting to discriminate between noise and data will have to be very

close to the transmitter (sub meter range) and will have to have access to selected coding

schemes and modulation techniques. UWB pulses are very short and modulated with

codes unique to each transmitter and receiver pair. The addition of handshaking protocols

and encryption techniques provide further immunity to intercept and detection making

UWB technology attractive for the development of highly secure communication systems

that are critical especially for military operations.

2.1.4.4 Lower Sensitivity to Multipath ChannelsThe effect of multipath in narrowband signals is significant when compared to UWB

signals. The out-of-phase effect caused by the addition of LOS and NLOS (non-line-of-

sight) continuous waveforms, i.e. narrowband signals, can cause signal degradation up to

-40 dB. On the other hand, very short duration pulses, i.e. UWB nanosecond pulses, are

less sensitive to multipath effect because such narrow pulses have an extremely short

collision window between the LOS and NLOS (reflected) pulses. However, lower

sensitivity to multipath channels does not mean immunity. Research on UWB channel

modeling has shown that in completely NLOS environment, the impulse radio signal can

become significantly distorted due to frequency dispersion and the modulation scheme.

Successive multiple reflections through a large number of objects and scatterers in close

proximity tend to distort the signal.

2.1.5 Applications

UWB has a wide variety of commercial uses; some of the applications of this technology

are given below.

Military use Imaging Automotive Radars Cable TV Security Applications Medical Applications Location and Tracking Communications and Sensors using UWB Technology


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CHAPTER 3

DESIGN AND SIMULATION PHASE

In this phase Trident Fed square printed monopole antenna was designed and simulated

on HFSS.


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Goal:

Design and simulate the proposed antenna on HFSS, verify the results to check the

working of antenna.

Work done:

3.1 Introduction of Simulation

For Simulation, several tools and software were used. They include ANSYS HFSS (High

Frequency Structure Simulator), Microwave Office, TXLine, Eagle, Freelance Graphics,

and so on. In the following sections, background on both HFSS and Microwave Office

will be introduced.

3.1.1 High Frequency Structure Simulator

High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is a registered trademark of Ansys

Corporation. HFSS is a high performance full-wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator

for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modeling that has a great dynamic graphical

user interface (GUI). Ansys HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) with

adaptive meshing to give unparalleled performance and insight to all three dimension

(3D) EM problems. In addition, ANSYS HFSS has evolved over a period of years with

the industries. It is the tool of choice for high productivity research, development, andvirtual prototyping. With the rapid advancement of HFSS, the analysis of the scattering

matrix parameters (S, Y, Z parameters) and the visualization of the 3-D electromagnetic

fields (near field and far field) can be done easily. It helps to determine the signal quality,

transmission path losses, and reflection coefficients due to impedance mismatch, parasitic

coupling, and radiation.

3.1.2 Design Process

The process includes the following flow chart diagram during the process of designing an

antenna. Figure3.


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3.2.2 Return Loss (S11)

S11 is a measure of how much energy is reflected back into the antenna port due to the

mismatch of the transmission line. When connected to a network analyzer, S 11measures

the amount of energy back to the analyst - and what is not delivered to the antenna.Influenced by the amount of energy that returns to the analyst directly by how well the

antenna is matched to the transmission line. A S11 small show were handed a large

amount of energy to the antenna. S11 values are measured in decibels and negative, for

example: -10 dB. He also pointed S11 sometimes called return loss, which is simply the

S11, but the positive instead (Return Loss = - S11). Even if the antenna return loss of 8 dB,

S11is -8 dB[10].

Figure 3.2.2 Return Loss (S11) of proposed simulated design

Acceptable range of return loss < 8db to 10db


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CHAPTER 4

FABRICATION PHASE

In this phase antenna was fabricated of FR4 PCB substrate and mounted on aluminum

ground plane.


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Fig 4.2 Monopole design on GERB Tool

4.2 Fabrication

Components which we have used for fabrication are given below.

i. 120120 mm2piece of aluminum.ii. 1616 mm2piece of PCB substrate (FR4).

iii. SMA male and femaleconnecter.iv. Low loss coax-cable(50 ohm impudence). For PCB manufacturing we went to NIE, because the manufacturing machine is not

commercially available. Gerber file of antenna design was burn into the machine and

printed PCB antenna was manufactured as shown in fig 4.2.1.

Fig 4.2.1Printed square monopole antenna.


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In this step attached the SMA connecter with aluminum plate as shown in fig4.4 and 4.2.2.

Fig 4.2.2Side view of aluminum plate attached with SMA connecter.

Fig 4.2.3 Top view of aluminum plate attached with SMA connecter


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Appendix:

Gerber File Code:

$Header

$Program GerbTool(tm) 10.0Version 10.0Created Tue Dec 17 10:56:49 2013

$End$Environment

SketchMode NoOverlayMode NoShowErrors NoViewComposites NoOrthoSnap Yes

SnapAngle 45.0000ActiveLayer 1CurrentDcode 13PreviousView -5.067, -4.748, 14.202, 7.553FilmBox 12.000, 6.000, yellow

NetID 0Flags 0

$End$SelectCriteria

Mode WindowBoundary Exclude

Flashes YesDraws YesArcs YesVertex NoDcode 0Layer 0

$End$Netlist

DrillLayer 1WellBehaved No

$End

$LayerSets$End$DrillLayerSets$End$Views$End$Layer 1

LyrName -Visibility OnFlashColor 0xff0000DrawColor 0xaeType OtherPolarity Dark


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Key 0Ftype GerberExtents -0.158, -0.472, 2.922, 4.290

NetID 0Virtual No

$End$ExportHPGL

OutFile ANTEENA -MONO POLE.pltMediaSize 34.000, 22.000Offset 0.000, 0.000Scale 1.0000Border No 0

PenWidth 0.010PenSpeed 60$Pens

Layer 1 1 1$EndSpread No$SpreadOffset$EndPadsOnly NoMode SketchRotate No

$End$ExportPostScript

OutFile ANTEENA -MONO POLE.ps

MediaSize 8.000, 10.500Offset 0.000, 0.000Scale 1.0000PadsOnly NoMode SketchRotate NoGreyScale NoBorder No

$End$ImportHPGL

PlotSize Small

Rotate No$Pens

1 D102 D10

3 D104 D105 D106 D107 D108 D10

$End$End$Text


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Filename ANTEENA -MONO POLE.txtHeight 0.1000Width 0.1000LineSpace 1.0000CharSpace 1.0000

Rotate NoSlant 0Mirror No

$End$ApReport

RepFile ANTEENA -MONO POLE.rptLayer 1

$End$Rotate

Degrees 90.00

Pivot Center$End$Mirror

Direction VertPivot Center

$End$DcodeScale

Fixed NoScale 0.1000, 0.1000

$End$Panelize

AutoPanel YesVirtual NoRows 0Cols 0TabSize 0.0000, 0.0000ImageSpacing 0.0000, 0.0000AutoVent NoVentSpacing 0.0000, 0.0000

VentBorder 0.0000VentDCode 0VentLayer 0

$End$Spread

AutoSpread NoRows 1

Cols 1TabSize 0.0000, 0.0000Layer 0SortType Col

$End$DRC

RepFile ANTEENA -MONO POLE.drcHiliLayer 0IgnoreSelGrp Yes


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SilkLayer 0WindowMode NoSpacing 0.0100

$End$PadRemoval

WindowMode NoLayer 0DCode 0

$End$Highlights

Query whiteSelect white

DRC white$End$EndHeader

$DrillToolData$End$MillToolData$End$TestPointToolData$End$CustomApertureData$End$ApertureData9999# Shape Width Height Type R90

#D10 Square 1869ff 1869ff ThruHole 0D11 Square 249f0 249f0 ThruHole 0D12 Rect aae61 61a7f ThruHole 0D13 Round 6338 6338 ThruHole 0$End$LayerDataL1

I0A10T0

N0S999D5c2c08 124bd6

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802c8 2ab98b1008 2ab98106738 2ab98106738 55730D4

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319c 26f37c219e4 26f37cA10D5c2c08 5fcf96

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4c2818 4ea8b8A13D4582b7c 4fff4cD6582b7c 4e1704582b7c 4db55c55e18c 4db55cD4


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4024b4 4fff4cD64024b4 4db55c420cfc 4db55cA10

D54c1f20 85996aA11D44c2818 7aeeb4D64c2818 796814

4c2818 74d434D447f5e0 78431c

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4c2818 a1b094D64c2818 a029f44c2818 9b9614D447f5e0 9f04fcD647f5e0 9cbb0c4b0320 9cbb0c


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A10D56b20a0 390db6A11D4

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D66b2998 4ea8b8A13D4772cfc 4fff4c

D6772cfc 4e1704772cfc 4db55c74e30c 4db55cD45f2634 4fff4cD6

5f2634 4db55c610e7c 4db55cA10

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D4

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A13

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$End

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$End

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