FUNCTION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
FUNCTION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
ADV ANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
Nathan Back State University of New York at Buffalo
N. R. Di Luzio Tulane University School of Medicine
Bernard Halpern College de France and Institute of Immuno-Biology
Ephraim Katchalski The Wei:zmann Institute of Science
David Kritchevsky Wistar Institute
Abel Lajtha New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction
RodolEo Paoletti University of Milan
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 82 ATHEROSCLEROSIS: Metabolic, Morphologic, and Clinical Aspects
Edited by George W. Manning and M. Daria Haust • 1977
Volume 83 FUNCTION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
Edited by Nicolas G. Bazan, Rodolfo R. Brenner, and Norma M. Giusto. 1977
Volume 84 MEMBRANE TOXICITY
Edited by Morton W. Miller and Adil E. Shamoo • 1977
Volume 85A ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL - IlIa: Biological Aspects of Ethanol
Edited by Milton M. Gross. 1977
Volume l!5B ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL - I1Ib: Studies in Alcohol Dependence
Edited by Milton M. Gross. 1977
Volume 86A PROTEIN CROSSLINKING: Biochemical and Molecular Aspects
Edited by Mendel Friedman. 1977
Volume 86B PROTEIN CROSSLINKING: Nutritional and Medical Consequences
Edited by Mendel Friedman. 1977
Volume 87 HYPOTHALAMIC PEPTIDE HORMONES AND PITUITARY REGULATION
Edited by John C. Porter. 1977
Volume 88 AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY
Edited by Albert A. Benedict. 1977
Volume 89 MUCUS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Edited by Max Elstein and Dennis V. Parke .1977
Volume 90 PARKINSON'S DISEASE: Neurophysiological, Clinical, and Related Aspects
Edited by Fathy S. Messiha and Alexander D. Kenny. 1977
FUNCTION AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
Edited by
Nicolas G. Bazan Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET Bahia Blanca, Argentina
Rodolfo R. Brenner Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata, Argentina
and
Norma M. Giusto Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET Bahia Blanca, Argentina
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Function and Biosynthesis of Lipids, Sierra de la Ventana, Argentine Republic, 1976. Function and biosynthesis of lipids.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 83) Includes index. 1. Lipids-Congresses. I. Bazan, Nicolas. II. Brenner, Rodolfo Roberto, 1922-
III. Giusto, Norma M. IV. Title. V. Series. [DNLM: 1. Lipids-BiosynthesisCongresses. 2. Lipids-Metabolism-Congresses. WI AD559 v. 83 1976/QU85 I598f 1976J QP751.I637 1975 599'.01'9247 77-6831 ISBN 978-1-4684-3278-7 ISBN 978-1-4684-3276-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-3276-3
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Function and Biosynthesis of Lipids held at Sierra de la Ventana, Tornquist, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, November, 1976 (Symposium of the International Union of Biochemistry, No. 79)
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume contains the proceedings of the International Symposium on Function and Biosynthesis of Lipids held November 1976 at Sierra de la Ventana, Argentina. The conference was organized by the Argentine Biochemical Society and co-sponsored by the International Union of Biochemistry and the Pan American Association of Biochemical Societies.
The Symposium's great success is owed to all the participants, most of whom were actively involved in the interesting and stimulating discussions that followed every single lecture and communication delivered. Many thanks also to Drs. R. Anderson, S. Bonting, K. K. Carroll, B. Cecarelli, M. A. Crawford, R. T. Holman, J. Mead, R. H. Michell, G. Porcellati, W. Stoffel, W. Thompson, and H. Wiegandt for chairing Symposium sessions.
The contributions are organized in four sections, preceded by the opening lecture on the role of dolichol phosphate in glycoprotein biosynthesis delivered by Dr. Luis F. Leloir. The first section, on aspects of lipid involvement in the biogenesis of membranes, covers the biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including enzymology, biosynthetic pathways, and regulation and modifications during development, in the fetus and in tumor~ cells. Papers on the composition and assembly of membrane components, lipid interactions with proteins and enzymes, developmental changes of lipids, and newer approaches to survey the organization and biogenesis of cellular membranes complete this section.
New information as well as reviews of current concepts about structural specificity, biosynthesis, and function of glycosphingolipids are included in the second section.
The third section is devoted to various aspects of biosynthesis, turnover, and function of lipids in the central nervous system, such as metabolism of polyenoic fatty acids, base-exchange reactions, biosynthesis of complex lipids, and the latest progress in phosphatidylinositol biochemistry. In addition papers on the implications of lipids in transmitter release and in receptors are included.
v
vi PREFACE
The fourth section is composed of several contributions on essential fatty acids in human nutrition, diet, brain, developing retina, and testes, as well as on enzymological studies.
We are grateful to Aerolineas Argentinas; Bodegas y Vinedos Edmundo Norton; Comisi6n de Investigaciones Cientificas of the Province of Buenos Aires; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient{ficas y Tecnicas, Argentina; the Embassy of the German Federal Republic in Buenos Aires; FIDIA Research Laboratories, Abano Terme, Padua, Italy; Gobernaci6n of the Province of Buenos Aires; International Union of Biochemistry; Municipalidad of Tornquist; Secretaria de Estado de Salud Publica; Ministerio de Bienestar Social of Argentina; Secretaria de Estado de Ciencia y Tecnologia; Laboratorios Promeco; Ministerio de Cultura y Educaci6n of Argentina; The British Council; and Universidad Nacional del Sur for their financial support of the Symposium.
We should like to express our gratitude to the staff of the Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, for its valuable help both in the organization of the Symposium and in the preparation of this book. Thanks are also due to Plenum Publishing Corporation for its support.
We hope that this volume will stimulate further productive research on the function of lipids in the cell.
Nicolas G. Bazan
Rodolfo R. Brenner
Norma M. Giusto
Bahia Blanca, January 1977
CONTENTS
In memoriam--Professor Werner Seubert R. R. Brenner
A short history of the biochemistry of lipids in Argentina (Opening address)
R. R. Brenner
OPENING LECTURE
The role of dolichol in protein glycosylation L. F. Leloir
I. LIPID INVOLVEMENT IN THE BIOGENESIS OF MEMBRANES
(A) Biosynthesis of fatty acids
The role of lipid in stearyl CoA desaturation P. W. Holloway, M. Roseman, and M. A. Calabro
Biosynthet~c pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acids
H. Sprecher
The specificity of mammalian desaturases A. T. James
Regulation of the ~9 desaturation O. Mercuri and M. E. De Tomas
Regulatory function of ~6 desaturase--Key enzyme of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis
R. R. Brenner
vii
3
9
23
35
51
75
85
viii
Saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in brain: relation to development in normal and dysmyelinating mutant mice
J. M. Bourre, S. Pollet, M. Paturneau-Jouas, and N. Baumann
Protein factor involved in fatty acid desaturation of linoleic acid
A. Catala, A. Leikin, A. M. Nervi, and R. R. Brenner
Biosynthesis of lipids in tumoral cells M. E. De Tomas and O. Mercuri
Specificity of A6 desaturase. Effect of chain length and number of double bonds
J. C. Castuma, R. R. Brenner, and W. Kunau
Fetal accumulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
M. A. Crawford, A. G. Hassam, G. Williams, and W. Whitehouse
Materno-fetal transfer of 14C linoleic and arachidonic acids
M. Pascaud, A. Rougier, and N. Delhaye
CONTENTS
103
111
119
127
135
145
(B) Biogenesis and organization of cellular. membranes
OQ the asymmetric composition of plasma membranes E. G. Trams
lnfluence of the lipid environment on the properties of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane
S. L. Bonting, P. J. G. M. van Breugel, and F. J. M. Daemen
Approaches to the biochemistry of regeneration in the central nervous system
B. W. Agranoff
3-D-(-)Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from rat liver mitochondria--Purification and interaction with phospholipids
J. C. Vidal, E. A. Guglielmucci, and A. O. M. Stoppani
153
175
191
203
CONTENTS ix
The role of phospholipids in Na-K ATPase 279 J. J. H. H. M. de Pont and S. L. Bonting
Interactions with phospholipid monolayers of lipids and water-soluble compounds that induce membrane fusion 225
B. Maggio and J. A. Lucy
The lipid composition and Ca transport function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes during development in vivo and in vitro 233
R. L. Boland and A. Martonosi
Lipid metabolism during development in insects 247 A. M. Municio
Composition and metabolism of phospholipids during early stages of vertebrate embryonic development 249
A. M. Pechen de D'Angelo, I. C. Bonini de Romanelli, T. S. Alonso, and N. G. Bazan
1 I. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS--GANGLIOSIDES
Structural specificity of gangliosides H. Wiegandt
The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides--Evidence for a "transient pool" and an "end product pool" of gangliosides
H. J. Maccioni, C. Landa, A. Arce, and R. Caputto
Effects of brain gangliosides on reinnervation of fast-twitch rat skeletal muscle
B. Ceccarelli, F. Aporti, and M. Finesso
Studies on the functions of gangliosides in the central nervous system
R. Caputto, A. H. R. de Maccioni, and B. L. Caputto
The biosynthesis of gangliosides and sialoglycoproteins in bovine retina
J. A. Curtino, H. J. Maccioni, and R. Caputto
Possible presence of psychosine in brain J. M. Pasquini, F. B. Jungalwala, and R. H. McCluer
259
267
283
289
297
303
x CONTENTS
I I I. LIPIDS IN NEURAL TISSUE
(A) Biosynthesis and turnover
Transformations of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain
J. F. Mead, G. A. Dhopeshwarkar, and M. Gan Elepano
The significance of base-exchange reactions in lipid metabolism
G. Porcellati, M. Brunetti, G. E. De Medio, E. Francescangeli, A. Gaiti, and G. Trovarelli
Metabolism of phosphatidylcholine in the central nervous system
E. F. Soto, R. Najle, I. F. de Raveglia, and J. M. Pasquini
Metabolic studies on ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in neuronal and glial cells
H. Woelk, G. Porcellati, L. Binaglia, and G. Goracci
Metabolic relation between phosphatidic acids, CDP-diglycerides, and phosphoinositides
W. Thompson
Neobiosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol and of other glycerolipids in the entire cattle retina
N. G. Bazan, M. G. Ilincheta de Boschero, and N. M. Giusto
~'hosphatidate, phosphatidylinositol, diacylglycerols, and free fatty acids in the brain following electroshock, anoxia, or ischemia
E. B. Rodriguez de Turco, G. D. Cascone, M. F. Pediconi, and N. G. Bazan
Acyl groups, molecular species, and labeling by 14C-glycerol and 3H-arachidonic acid of vertebrate retina glycerolipids
M. I. Aveldano de Caldironi and N. G. Bazan
313
329
345
361
367
377
389
397
CONTENTS xi
(B) Functions
Effect of phospholipid liposomes on the regulation of cerebral metabolism
G. Toffano, A. Leon, G. Savoini, and P. Orlando
Metabolism of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol in relation to transmitter release from synaptosomes
J. N. Hawthorne and M. R. Pickard
Metabolism and role of phosphatidylinositol in acetylcholine-stimulated membrane function
M. Hokin-Neaverson
The possible involvement of phosphatidylinositol breakdown in the mechanism of stimulusresponse coupling at receptors which control cell-surface calcium gates
R. H. Michell, S. S. Jafferji, and L. M. Jones
The biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes by nervous tissue
L. S. Wolfe, J. Marion, and K. Rostworowski
The relationship between cholinergic proteolipid and proteodetergent in Torpedo electroplax membranes
E. De Robertis, S. Fiszer de Plazas, and M. C. Llorente de Carlin
Effects of divalent cations, K+, and X-537A on glycerolipid metabolism in the cattle retina
N. M. Giusto and N •. G. Bazan
Effects of temperature, ionic environment, and light flashes on the glycerolipid neosynthesis in the toad retina
H. E. Pascual de Bazan and N. G. Bazan
Muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in the CNS
O. Canessa de Scarnatti, M. Sato, and E. De Robertis
407
419
429
447
465
469
481
489
497
Selective lipid alterations during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis--An interpretation of the changes
F. A. Cumar, B. Maggio, and G. A. Roth
IV. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN NUTRITION
Essential fatty acids in human nutrition R. T. Holman
Essential fatty acids: what level in the diet is most desirable?
K. K. Carroll
The relationship between membrane fatty acids and the development of the rat retina
R. E. Anderson, R. M. Benolken, M. B. Jackson, and M. B. Maude
Dietary essential fatty acids, brain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and prostaglandin biosynthesis
C. Galli, G. Galli, C. Spagnuolo, E. Bosisio, L. Tosi, G. C. Folco, and D. Longiave
Essential fatty acids in testes J. G. Coniglio, A. R. Whorton, and J. K. Beckman
Membrane structure and function with different lipid-supplemented diets
R. N. Farias and R. E. Trucco
Effect of thyroxine on ~6 and ~9 desaturation activity
I. N. T. de Gomez Dumm, M. J. T. de Alaniz, and R. R. Brenner
Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the linoleic acid family ~n cultured cells
M. J. T. de Alaniz, I. N. T. de Gomez Dumm, and R. R. Brenner
Subject Index
CONTENTS
505
515
535
547
561
575
591
609
617
625