REFERENCES - link.springer.com3A978-1-4757-3743-1%2F1.pdf348 Referenees Measurement ofResidual Stress in Railroad Wheel by EMAT, in Residual Stress-III Seience and Technology (Elsevier),

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INDEX

A

absorption 86,93, 193,299-300 acoustic nonlinearity 193 acoustoelasticity

acoustoelastic birefringence formula 222,236

acoustoelastic constant 110-3, 120, 221,224,246,253-4,257-8,273

acoustoelastic effect 110, 199, 218-9, 222,247,254,256

birefringence acoustoelasticity 217, 220,225,231,236,245

combined acoustoelastic constant 254

activation energy 123, 129-30 activation volume 117, 122-4 aging ofmetals 337 air gap (see also liftoff) 4,7,69,210 air-coupled transducer 4, 8 AI-Zn alloy (see materials) Ampere's law 14 amplitude enhancement 10 amplitude loss 96, 98-9, 299 amplitude spectrum 89-90, 248-9 analog integration 87 anelasticity 60, 194 anisotropy 168,175,199,222

elastic anisotropy 161-2, 165, 170, 183-6,203,217,226

magnetic anisotropy 14, 199 plastic anisotropy 199-200, 204

anisotropy factor 203 Arrhenius expression 129 A-scope display 271 aspect ratio 172, 185 attenuation 93,105,262,299 attenuation coefficient a 94-5, 101,

106-7 attenuation peak 114-5,308,311-3,

315-6,319,321-2,324-5,327-8,331, 336,341

Auld's perturbation theory 274,276 austenitic stainless steel (see materials) axial load assessment 226, 245 axial shear wave 52, 55, 194, 256, 272,

317-9

axial-shear-wave resonance 55, 256, 271,275,279,324

B

backscattering signal 271 Barkhausen noise 210 Bessel function 54,60, 129,272 birefringence (see acoustoelasticity) body force 13-4, 42 bolt 55,245 buckling load 226-7 bulk modulus (see elastic constants) Burgers vector 105, 122, 124

Cantal line 63 carburizing 273

c

case depth 274-6,279-80 cavities 341 chirp signal 10, 49-52, 69 Christoflel equation 220 circular piston-source transducer 98-9 coils

handmade coil 71 meander-line coil 15, 17,34,47,49,

52, 55-6, 69, 76, 194, 210, 277, 292, 318

pancake coil 40, 263 printed sheet coil 70-1 solenoid coil 43, 52-3, 55, 63-4, 124,

130,137-40,187-90,194,277,317 spiral elongated coil 69, 71, 97 unidirectionally coil 15 variable-spacing coil 49-50,56-7,

292 cold working 273 complex resonance frequency 142 constitutive relation 14, 32, 140, 219 contact transducers 2, 299 continuous annealing line 213 continuous casting 262 continuous measurement 1, 265, 308-10,

331 corrosion 1,271,283-4,291 Cottrell-Bilby model 117 Coulomb force 20

364

crack crack closure 327 crack coalescence 327 crack density 325,327 crack growth 183,308,327-8,330,

336 crack nucleation 193,316,325,329 crack-tip zone 328,330-1,333

crater end 266 creep 2,9, 173,337-44 creep curve 338,340 critical resolved shear stress 204 cross-ply composite 149, 155, 160, 165,

167 crystallite' orientation distribution

function (CODF) w 201,204,207 crystallographic symmetry

cubic symmetry 145, 170, 173-5, 201-3,215,219

hexagonal symmetry 154, 175 orthorhombic (orthotropic) symmetry

136,151,201,203,217,220-1,236 tetragonal symmetry 151,154,161,

174-5 transverse isotropy 154, 161, 163,

175, 183-4 trigonal symmetry 186

cuboidal precipitates 173-4 Curie temperature 72,261-2 current density J 14 cut-offfrequency 61 cut-off thickness tc 286-7

D

dead time (zone) 269,283,294 decrement p 131-3 derailment 226,281 dielectric coefficients Eij 140, 186-9 diffraction correction 96, 210, 304, 306 diffraction, ultrasonic 93-4,96,98-101,

155,249,287,291,302,315 diffusion coefficient D 117, 120, 123,

129 diffusion equation 41 diffusion ofpoint defects 117, 127 dilute-strain-concentration factor 159 directivity 56, 58, 292-4 disbonding 166 dislocations

annihilation 116, 118,337

Index

cell 313, 316, 325, 328-30 cross-slip 133 density A 105, 109, 115, 119, 133-4,

196,307,342 depinning from point defects (break

away) 113-5, 119, 128 dislocation damping 105, 109-10,

11~ 124, 14~ 155,300,315-~ 32~ 331,337,341-2

effective dislocations 114, 315, 328, 342

glide 133, 328 mobility 93, 105, 113, 116, 308, 316,

327,337,344 multiplication 114,195,315,337,

344 pinning by point defects 113-9, 123,

128, 148, 156,328,342 rearrangement 116, 118, 328-9, 331 segment (line) length L 105, 109,

113-5, ]]9-21, 313, 315, 328, 342 wall 313,316,325,328,330

dispersion relation (curve) 61-2,206, 276,284-7

displacement current 15 double refraction (see acoustoelasticity)

216 drawability (see r-value)

E

easy axis 15, 23 eddy current 5, 13,40,57, 137,263 eddy-current loss 35, 93-4 effective length ratio (bolt) ß 246,253 eigenstrain 23, 158 elastic constants

bulk modulus B 148, 156, 161-2, 164, 183

diagonal elastic constants 153 in-plane Young's modulus 176, 180,

183 Lame constants A, ~ 202,218 longitudinal modulus 146 out-of-plane Young's modulus 180 second-order elastic constants 110,

112, 215, 219 shear modulus 35, 105, 146, 176,

178,183,217,272 temperature derivatives 164-5 third-order elastic constants 11 0,

112-3,215-6,219 Young's modulus E 5,44, 146, 170,

172, 175,246 elastic misfit 173 elastic strain energy 215,275 elastic symmetry (see crystallographic

symmetry) elasto-plastic deformation 106 electric field E 14,20,31,140-1,187 electric flux density D 14, 140 electric potential 141 electrical conductivity 11 7, 14,32,94,

98 electric-resistance-welded (ERW) pipes

231,233,245,285 electroless-plating method 181 electromagnet 43, 66, 72-3, 210, 264,

267 electromagnetic loss 35, 93 electron-ion collision 20 ellipsoidal inclusion 158, 172 electromagnetic acoustic resonance

(EMAR) 8,83-6 EMAR spectrum 91, 108, 144-5, 152,

163,171,182,189,194,224,228,233, 241,248,257,278,303,319

electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) arrayed-coil EMAT 10, 45 axial-shear-wave EMAT 52-4, 193,

273,317,331 bulk-wave EMAT 2, 39-42, 69, 72,

78,93,98,101,106-7,181 dual-mode EMAT 40-1 208 240

242,244 ", EMAT without static field 21 264 high-temperature EMAT 63-7, 264,

267 in-rail EMATs 281 line-focusing EMAT 56-9, 292 meander-line-coil EMAT 33,47, 76,

210 periodic-permanent-magnet (PPM)

EMAT 47,210,284-6 Rayleigh-wave EMAT 55-6, 282 shear-wave EMAT 40,224,227,

230-1,238,242-3,245,252,254, 302,308,338

SH-wave EMAT for resonance in bolt head 55,256

trapped-mode EMAT 59, 125

Index

tunnel-type EMAT 267 energy leakage (see transducer loss) energy product BH 72

365

equation of motion 14, 20, 52, 141, 206, 218,285

Eshelby tensor Sijk/ 158 continuous circular cylinder 158 for anisotropic matrix 161 oblate-ellipsoidal inclusions 185

Eshelby's equivalent-inclusion method 158

Euler angles 200-1

F

failure cycle number 319, 321, 324, 331 Faraday's law of induction 14 fast Fouriertransform (FFT) 87,101 fatigue

rotating ben ding 307-8,316-8,322, 333,336

tension-compression 331,333-5 zero-to-tension 308-10

FEM calculation 41-2,55,98,256-7 ferromagnetic material 13-5,21-2,25,

32, 35, 40, 42, 52 Fe-Si alloy 199 field test 261, 266, 281 flaw detection 1,8,44,49,281,292 focalline 56-9, 292-4, 296-7 foil-fiber-foil stacking technique 150,

154, 160 formability (see r-value) Fourier series 18, 135 fourth-power law 299, 305 fracture toughness 183,299 Frank-Read source 114 free-decay measurement 93, 155, 191 free vibration 9,63-5,135-8,140-1,

146,149,151,176,178,180-3,187-8

G

y-TiAI 135 y-y' interfaces 173 gas pipeline 283 generation mechanism 13, 40 geometrical nonlinearity 216 germanium 191 grain scattering 2, 262, 300, 306, 315 grain size 5, 93, 106, 150, 199, 299-306,

366

341 grain-size distribution 299-300, 302 Granato-Hikata-Lücke (GHL) theory

117,119-22, 126 Granato-Lücke theory 105, 117,328,

342 group velocity 287 Grüneisen parameter 216 guided waves 10, 13, 43, 206, 283-6

Hall sensor 35 halo ring 181

H

heat-affected zone 232-4,236 helicon wave 6 hexagonal rod 55,257 Heyliger's method 179-80 high temperature measurements 7,63-4,

67,72, 163-7,263,265,268, higher-order elasticity 112, 215 Hili average 170, 202-3 Hooke's law 157-8,218 hybrid laser/EMAT combination 261 hysteretic phenomena 163, 193, 261 hysteresis loss 35

impedance matching 69, 73-80 imperfect interfaces 155-6, 193 in situ monitoring 105,307,309 incomplete cohesive regions 183 incubation period 193, 307 induction hardening 271,276-8 inertia resistance 177-8 initial anisotropy, acoustoelastic, Bo

221-2,230,233-8,240,243-4 initial guess 145, 153-4 interatomic potential 193, 215 interference 52, 83-4, 88, 90, 217,

291-2 intermediate frequency (IF) 88-9 internal friction Q-I 1,4-5,59,94, 124,

12~ 147-8, 155, 167, 187,337 internal-friction tensor Q;/ 142, 147,

151, 156, 189-91 interstitial-free steel (see materials) interstitials 105, 118, 121, 123, 130,

307,331,337 inverse calculation 135-6,140, 153, 163,

Index

180,276 iteration caIculation 99-100

J

Joule heating 73,269

K

Kröner's method 146

L1 2 structure 173 Lagrangian 141

L

Lagrangian interpolation polynomials 178-9

Lame constants (see elastic constants) laminar structure 173 langasite (La3GasSiOI4) (see materials) Laplace's equation 16 laser ultrasound 4, 8, 66-7, 261-2, 306 lattice anharmonicity 190, 193-4 lattice parameter 120 Laue back-refection technique 175 layered material 176-8, 181-2 leakage of acoustic energy 2, 59, 93 least-squares procedure 133-4, 140, 143,

180-1 Legendre polynomials 135-6,141-2,

188,201 liftoff 19,69,106,196,210,212,

229-30,244,264,269,294,297 limiting drawing ratio 199 liquid-solid interface 261 lithium niobate (LiNb03) 186 L-matching network 73-4 longitudinal/shear velocity ratio 224,

254 Lorentz force 4-5, 7, 20-22, 30, 39-42,

47,55,60,137-9,211 Lorentzian function 92, 248 lotus-type porous copper (see materials) capacitance measurement 186, 188

M

magnetic domain 15,23-4,32,35,60, 210

magnetic field H 4, 14-9,22-3,33-8, 43-4,48,53,63,66

magnetic flux density B 13-5, 32, 94,

139 magnetic susceptibility X 15, 35-6 magnetic transition 261,269 magnetic vector potential 41 magnetization 14, 22-4, 41, 199, 210 magnetization force 13,21-2,33-4,42 magnetostriction 23

isovolume magnetostriction 15, 26 magnetostriction curve (e-H) 24-7,

34-5,43-4 magnetostriction force 22, 26, 29-30,

33-4,37,40-2,47,55,58 magnetostriction stress 25-6 spontaneous magnetostriction 23

magnets (permanent) 5, 13,40-1,47, 52-3,55-6,60,63,72, 124, 130, 132, 138, 163,256 Nd-Fe-B magnet 72,281,285 Sm-Co magnet 72

martensite 301, 304 martensitic transformation 273,276,

279 materials (studied)

AI-Zn alloy 124 aluminum 116, 130 aluminum alloys 3,241,254,333 austenitic stainless steel 224,337 carbon steels 102, 195, 223, 228, 235,

253,257,263,268,277-8,300-4, 317-21,335-6,344

copper (monocrystal) 146-7 cop per (polycrystal) 110,308 interstitial-free steel 34-5,49,208 langasite (La3GasSiOI4) 186-7,

189-91 lotus-type porous copper 168-173 Ni-base superalloy 173-5 Ni-P amorphous alloy 181-4 SiC/Ti-6AI-4V 149-50, 154 silicon-carbide (SiC) fiber 160-1,

164 Ti-6AI-4V 161,164 titanium (monocrystal) 64, 180 titanium (polycrystal) 162,223

material's nonlinearity 193, 216 Maxwell's equations 14 meander-line spacing 50, 57, 210, 277,

292,297 metal-matrix composite (MMC) 149,

162 micromechanics 156, 164-5, 172, 183-4

Index 367

mode conversion 149,254-5,286-9 mode identification 56, 135-7, 144, 154,

181 mode selection 135-6, 139, 163,279 modified 8-function 340 monocrystal a-Fe 205 Mori-Tanaka's mean-field approximation

158-9

N

neutron diffraction 216 Ni3Al 173 Ni-base superalloy (see materials) Ni-P amorphous alloy (see materials) nitriding 273 nodal point (node) 4-5,342 noncontact ultrasonic measurements 1-4 nondestructive stress determination 216 nonlinear elasticity 194, 215, 219 nonlinearity peak 320,324-5,327-9 nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) 4,

86-7 n-value 204

o oblate-ellipsoidal microcracks 185 oblique magnetic field 35-7,48-9 Ohm's law 14 on-line measurement (inspection,

monitoring) 49, 199, 206, 208, 210, 261,266,268-9,271

orientation distribution coefficients (ODCs) W1nlll 201-8,219,222,225

p

penetration depth 318, 330-1 permeability Ilij 15,32,98 persistent slip band (PSB) 328 phase (angle) 58,83,85,88-92,96,98,

216,230,247,249-54,287-92 phase transformation 64-5, 236, 261-2,

271 phonon-phonon interaction 190-2 photoe\asticity 216 piezoelectric coefficients eijk 140, 186-7,

189 piezoelectric material 25, 140-1, 186-7 piezoelectric transducer 2-4,7,35, 73,

368

85,101-2,135,217,261 piezomagneticity 13, 25, 32

d(Mk

S) (MS) piezomagnetic coefficients lj , eijk

25-7,32,34,36-7,43 pig 283 p1astic strain ratio 200 plasticity-induced c10sure 327 point defects 105, 116-24, 127-30,307,

331,342 pole density 209 polycrystalline aggregate 170, 200, 202,

299-301 polyimide sheet 51,69,292 porosity 168-73 preferred orientation (see texture ) preload 245 principal stress 216,220-2,225,240-4 printing-circuit technique 47, 51, 57,69,

277,292 proof stress 338, 344 pulse-echo method 3,101-2,151,153-4,

269 pure attenuation 299

Q

Q value (see internal friction) quadrature phase-sensitive detection 89 quartz 6, 186, 191

R

rafted structure 173-5 railroad rail 226-30, 281-2 railroad wheel 230-1,244,281-2 Rayleigh scattering 299-300, 306, 341 Rayleigh wave 56,69,276,281 Rayleigh-Ritz method 141 receiving mechanism 31-3 reciprocal theorem of elasticity 274 recovery 117-8, 124, 128, 130-3 recovery parameter (attenuation) ß

117-124 recrystallization 116, 124, 130-2,236,

244 relaxation time 95-6, 191 remaining life 307-8,322,327,338 remanent flux density 72 replica method 313,325 resonance (see EMAR and RUS)

Index

resonance frequency 5,54,61,85,90-2, 176-7,225,272

resonance peak width (sharpness) 9,90, 96, 148

resonance spectrum (see EMAR spectrum)

resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) 9,135-7,143-9,151-4

resonance-antiresonance measurement 186

Reuss average 170, 202 reversed Lorentz-force mechanism 31,

94 reversed magnetostriction mechanism

32 ring-down curve 95-6,99, 101, 108,

148,155,303,309,319 rod-resonance method 137, 149 rotation of spins 23-4 rule of mixture 207 rupture parameter 340 r-value 5, 9, 199-200, 204, 206-8, 210,

213

S

So-plate wave 206-7,210-1,283 sampled-CW technique 86 scattering cross-section 341 scattering factor S 300, 302-3, 305, 341 seamless tub es (pipes) 7,261,266 second-harmonic generation 194-5, 320,

325,327 second-power law 194-5 shear-horizontal (SH) waves 35,47-8,

217 plate SH wave 33-6, 48-52, 206,

283-91 surface-skimming SH wave 69, 226

shear-vertical (SV) wave 10,56-8, 292-4

shrink-fit 230-1, 234-5 SiCtlTi-6AI-4V (see materials) silicon-carbide (SiC) fiber (see materials) single line source 58 skin depth, electromagnetic, I) 7, 17, 98 slip band 307,313,315-6 slip systems 204 slit defects 295 solidification-shell thickness 262-5 specific damping constant 105

specific heat 193,216 steel sheets 9, 199-200, 208 stiffening 127, 129, 189 strain-concentration factor A 159-60 strain-gauge method 233-8, 245 stress

applied stress 109, 123, 156,244 axis-symmetric stress field 234 bending stress 23 1, 233, 3 1 7 bolt axial stress 245-6, 259 internal stress 133, 158 principal stresses 216, 220-2, 225,

240,242-4 residual stress 199, 229-31, 234-8,

244,271,273,281,327 two-dimensional stress field 242-3

stress concentration 168, 170, 330, 336 stress tensor cri} 14, 140-1,218 stress-induced anisotropy 219, 222, 240 string model (see Granato-Lücke theory) Struve function 129 subgrain 337,342-4 superheterodyne signal processing 86-7,

92,247,279,285,294 surface modification 273 surface roughness 294, 30 I, 306 surface-skimming longitudinal wave

226

T

texture 161-2, 170-1, 199-209 texture-induced anisotropy 9, 202, 217,

221-2 thermal expansion coefficient 216 thermal-mode phonons 191 thermoelastic effects 299 thermomechanical process 199, 299,

236,244,261 thickness resonance (oscillation) 85,

106,176,303,309 thin film 175,177,181,184,188 third-order elastic constants (see elastic

constants) Ti-6AI-4V (see materials) titanium (see materials)

Index 369

torque-wrench technique 245 torsional mode 5, 59-60, 132 transducer loss 2, 93 transducer/buffer/specimen system 101 transfer efficiency 7-10,39,47,73,86,

218,283 transformation tensor Gi} 170,201 transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

314,326,329,343 transverse isotropy (see crystallographic

symmetry) trapped mode 59, 124 twins 316,342

u unidirectional composite 149-51, 154-6,

160-1 unidirectional solidification 168

v vacancies 105,118,121,123,130,331,

337 vibration group 136, 139-40, 143, 163,

182-3, 188 Vickers hardness 277,280 Voigt average 113, 170, 202 voltage step-up ratio 75 volume fraction 150,157,174,185,301

w weldment 236-9 work hardening 114, 204, 316

X

X-ray diffraction 169-70, 173-4,208-9

y

yield stress cry 107-8, 114, 132,236-7, 299,317

Young's modulus (see elastic constants)

PERMISSIONS Figures 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, and 7.32; and Table 7.13 are reprinted with permission from

OGI, H., SHIMOIKE, G., HIRAO, M., TAKASHIMA, K., AND HIGO, Y., (2002), ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC-STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS OF AN AMORPHOUS Ni-P FILM, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 91, 4857-4862. Copyright 2002, American Institute ofPhysics.

Figures 15.8, 15.9, 15.12, 15.13, 15.15, 15.17,15.18, and 15.19; and Table 15.1 are reprinted with perm iss ion from OGI, H., MINAMI, Y., AND HIRAO, M. (2002), ACOUSTIC STUDY OF DISLOCATION REARRANGEMENT AT LATER STAGES OF FATIGUE: NONCONTACT PREDICTION OF REMAINING LIFE, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 91,1849-1854. Copyright 2002, American Institute of Physics.

Figures 2.17, 8.1, 8.2, 15.11, and 15.16 are reprinted with permission froin OGI, H., AOKI, S., AND HIRAO, M. (2001), NONCONTACT MONITORING OF SURF ACE-W A VE NONLINEARITY FOR PREDICTING THE REMAINING LlFE OF FATIGUED STEELS, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 90, 438-442. Copyright 2001, American Institute ofPhysics.

Figure 11.1 is reprinted with permission from DUBOIS, M., MOREAU, A., AND BUSSIEERE, J. F. (2001), ULTRASONIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS DURING PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN STEELS USING LASER UL TRASONICS, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 89, 6487-6495. Copyright 2001, American Institute of Physics.

Figures 7.8 and 7.11 are reprinted with permission from OGI, H., DUNN, M., TAKASHIMA, K., AND LEDBETTER, H. (2000), ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF A SICF/Ti UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITE: ACOUSTIC RESONANCE MEASUREMENTS AND MICROMECHANICS PREDICTIONS, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 87, 2769-2774. Copyright 2000, American Institute of Physics.

Figures 6.17, 6.18, and 6.19 are reprinted with permission from JOHNSON, W. (1998), ULTRASONIC DAMPING IN PURE ALUMINUM AT ELEVA TED TEMPERATURES, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 83, 2462-2468. Copyright 1998, American Institute of Physics.

Figures 4.4,10.18,10.19,10.20, and 10.21 are reprinted with permission from HIRAO, M., OGI, H., FUKUOKA, H. (1993), RESONANCE EMAT SYSTEM FOR ACOUSTOELASTIC STRESS EVALUATION IN SHEET METALS, REVIEW IN SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, 64, 3198-3205. Copyright 1993, American Institute ofPhysics.

Figures 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6; Tables 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4 are reprinted with perm iss ion from OGI, H., LEDBETTER, H., KIM, S., AND HIRAO, M. (1999), CONT ACTLESS MODE-SELECTIVE RESONANCE ULTRASOUND SPECTROSCOPY: ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC RESONANCE, THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 106,660-665. Copyright 1999, Acoustical Soeiety of Ameriea.

Figure 2.21 is reprinted with permission from OGI, H., HIRAO, M., AND OHTANI, H., (1998), LlNE-FOCUSING OF ULTRASONIC SV WAVE BY ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER, THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 103, 2411-2415. Copyright 1998, Aeoustieal Society of Ameriea.

Figures 2.26, 2.28, and 2.29 are reprinted with permission from JOHNSON, W. (1996), TRAPPED TORS ION AL MODES IN SOLID CYLINDERS, THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 100,285-293. Copyright 1996, Acoustical Society of America.

Figures 5.3 and 5.4 are reprinted with permission [rom OGI, H., HONDA, T., FUKUOKA, H., AND HIRAO, M. (1995), ULTRASONIC DIFFRACTION FROM A TRANSDUCER WITH ARBITRARY GEOMETRY AND STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION, THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 98,1191-1198. Copyright 1995, Acoustical Society of Ameriea.

Figures 5.2, 5.5, 5.6, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5 are reprinted with permission from OGI, H., HlRAO, M., AND HONDA, T. (1995), ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION AND GRAIN SIZE EVALUATION USING ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC RESONANCEUL TRASONIC DIFFRACTION FROM A TRANSDUCER WITH ARBITRARY GEOMETRY AND STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION, THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 98,458-464. Copyright 1995, Acoustical Society of America.

Figures 7.19, 7.20, 7.22, and 7.23; and Tables 7.9 and 7.10 are reprinted from Ichitsubo, T., Tane, M., Ogi, H., Hirao, M., Ikeda, T., and Nakajima, H. (2002) Anisotropie Elastic Constants ofLotus-Type Porous Copper: Measurements and Micromechanics Modeling, Acta Mater., SO, 4105-4115, Copyright (2002), with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 7.24, and 7.25; and Tables 7.11 and 7.12 are reprinted from Ichitsubo, T., Ogi, H., Hirao, M.,

372 Pr;rmissions

Tanaka, K., Osawa, M., Yokokawa, T., Kobayashi, T., and Harada, H. (2002), Elastic Constant Measurement ofNi-Base Superalloy with the RUS and Mode Selective EMAR Methods, Ultrasonics, 40,211-215, Copyright (2002), with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, and 6.16 are reprinted from Johnson, W. (2001), Ultrasonic Oislocation Dynamics in AI (0.2 at.% Zn) after Elastic Loading, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 309-310, 69-73, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 10.22, 10.23, 10.24, 10.25, and 10.26 are reprinted from Hirao, M., Ogi, H., and Yasui, H. (2001), Contactless Measurement ofBolt Axial Stress Using a Shear-Wave EMAT, NOT & E International, 34,179-183, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 12.2, 12.3, 12.5, and 12.6 are reprinted'from Hirao, M., Ogi, H., and Minami, Y. (2001), Contactless Measurement ofInduction- Hardening Oepth by an Axial-Shear-Wave EMAT, in Nondestructive Characteization ofMaterials, Elsevier, Vol.IO, 379-386, Copyright (2001), with perm iss ion from EIsevier.

Figures 16.1, 16.2, 16.3,16.4, and 16.5 are reprinted from Ohtani, T., Ogi, H., and Hirao, M. (2001), Change ofUltrasonic Attenuation and Microstructure Evolution in Crept Stainless Steel, Nondestructive Characterization ofMaterials, Elsevier, Vo1.10, 403-410, Copyright (2001), with perm iss ion from Elsevier.

Figures 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, and 15.7 are reprinted from Hirao, M., Ogi, H., Suzuki, N., and Ohtani, T. (2000), Ultrasonic Attenuation Peak Ouring Fatigue of Polycrystalline Copper, Acta Mater.. 48,517-524, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 15.22 is reprinted from Ohtani, T., Ogi, H., and Hirao, M. (2000), UItrasonic Attenuation Monitoring of Fatigue Oamage in Low Carbon Steels with Electromagnetic Acoustic Resonance (EMAR),1. Alloys and Compounds, 310, 440-444, Copyright (2000), with perm iss ion from Elsevier.

Figures 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11 are reprinted from Ogi, H., Tsujimoto. A., Hirao, M., and Ledbetter, H. (1999), Stress-Oependent Recovery of Point Oefects in Oeformed Aluminum: An Acoustic-Oamping Study, Acta Mater., 47, 3745-3751, Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 7.9 is reprinted from Ogi, H., Takashima, K., Ledbetter, H., Ounn, M. L., Shimoike, G., Hirao, M., and Bowen, P., (1999), Elastic Constants and Internal Friction of an SiC-Fiber- Reinforced Ti-AlIoy-Matrix Crossply Composite: Measurement and Theory, Acta Mater., 47, 2787-2796, Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, and 13.9 are reprinted from Hirao, M. and Ogi, H. (1999), An SH-Wave EMAT Technique for Gas Pipeline Inspection, NOT & E International, 32,127-132, Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 7.35 and Table 7.15 are reprinted from Ogi, H., Nakamura, N., Sato, K., Hirao, M., and Uda, S. (2003), Elastic, Anelastic, and Piezoelectric Coefficients ofLangasite (La,Ga,SiO,.): Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy with Laser-Doppler Interferometry, IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Contro!, 50, 553-560, Copyright (2003), with permission from IEEE.

Figures 2.22, 2.24, 2.25,13.10,13.11,13.12,3.13, and 13.14; and Table 13.1 are reprinted from Ogi, H., Hirao, M., and Ohtani, T. (1999), Line-Focusing Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Oetection of Slit Oefects, IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonics, Ferro- electrics, and Frequency Control, UFFC-46, 341-346, Copyright (1999), with permission from IEEE.

Figures 2.9 and 2.10 are reprinted from Yamasaki, T., Tamai, S., and Hirao, M. (1998), Arrayed-Coil EMAT for Longi- tudinal Waves in Steel Wire, 1998 IEEE UItrasonic Symposium, 789-792, Copyright (1998), with permission from IEEE.

Figures 10.7, 10.8, and 10.9 are reprinted from Hirao, M., Ogi, H., and Fukuoka, H. (1994), Advanced Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Rail Axial Stresses with Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer, Res. Nondestr. Eval., 5, 211-223, Copyright (1994), with permission from Springer-Verlag.

Figures 2.30,7.13,7.14, and 7.15; Tables 7.8, 7.6, and 7.7 are reprinted from Ogi, H., Kai, S., Ichitsubo, T., Hirao, M., and Takashima, K. (2003), Elastic-Stiff- ness Coefficients of a Silicon-Carbide Fiber at Elevated Temperatures: Acoustic Spectroscopy and Micromechanics Modeling, Phil. Mag., A, 83, 503-512, with permission from Taylor & Francis Journals (http://www.tandf.co.uk).

Figures 11.4 and 11.5 are original published in Transactions oflSIJ Vol.26 (1986) No. 1.