Foreign Policy in the Early Republic. What’s needed for an effective Foreign Policy? First and foremost: a clear sense of sovereignty First and foremost:

Foreign Policy in Foreign Policy in the Early the Early RepublicRepublic

What’s needed for an What’s needed for an effectiveeffective Foreign Policy? Foreign Policy?

First and foremostFirst and foremost: a clear sense of sovereignty: a clear sense of sovereignty

Second:Second: a clear view of the nation’s goals in international a clear view of the nation’s goals in international affairs and how much or how little interaction is neededaffairs and how much or how little interaction is needed

ThirdThird: continuous analysis of the world scene and the : continuous analysis of the world scene and the attitudes of other countries (which might be allies or enemies)attitudes of other countries (which might be allies or enemies)

FourthFourth: the means by which the nation can meet its own : the means by which the nation can meet its own goals/expectations and defend against the aggression/non-goals/expectations and defend against the aggression/non-compliance of other nationscompliance of other nations

FifthFifth: leadership that makes all of the above come together: leadership that makes all of the above come together

BY THE END OF JEFFERSON’s TERMS, THE U.S. STILL BY THE END OF JEFFERSON’s TERMS, THE U.S. STILL DID NOT MEET ANY OF THESE CRITERIADID NOT MEET ANY OF THESE CRITERIA..

Early SuccessesEarly SuccessesWar for Independence & Treaty of Paris: War for Independence & Treaty of Paris: The United The United

States wins the war and secures recognition of its States wins the war and secures recognition of its independence from Great Britain—at least on paper.independence from Great Britain—at least on paper.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)—Pinckney Treaty (1795)—Spain agrees to allow the US Spain agrees to allow the US to use the Mississippi River & New Orleans for trade.to use the Mississippi River & New Orleans for trade.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) & Greenville Treaty Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) & Greenville Treaty (1795)—(1795)—Victory over Native American tribes, Victory over Native American tribes, allowing US to expand into the Northwest Territoryallowing US to expand into the Northwest Territory

Louisiana Purchase (1803)—Louisiana Purchase (1803)—Jefferson purchased an Jefferson purchased an area west of the Mississippi, doubling the size of the area west of the Mississippi, doubling the size of the USUS

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)—Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)—Military draw between Military draw between US and Native Americans, but temporarily makes IN US and Native Americans, but temporarily makes IN safersafer

Early FailuresEarly FailuresJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty— got some concessions from Britain — got some concessions from Britain

regarding forts in the NW Territory, but left the problem regarding forts in the NW Territory, but left the problem ofofimpressment impressment = British seizing US ships and sailors on = British seizing US ships and sailors on the Atlantic, claiming them as British (ex: the Atlantic, claiming them as British (ex: Chesapeake Chesapeake Affair)Affair)

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair— — US diplomats sent to France were treated US diplomats sent to France were treated with very little respectwith very little respect

Barbary War 1800-05Barbary War 1800-05— — Pirates continuously seized Pirates continuously seized American ships, demanding ransomAmerican ships, demanding ransom

War between England & France prevents American War between England & France prevents American overseas trade. overseas trade. US tried different pressure tactics (like US tried different pressure tactics (like the the EmbargoEmbargo ActAct of 1807), but these negatively of 1807), but these negatively affected US.affected US.

Successes of the War of Successes of the War of 18121812

#1) Emergence of strong LEADERSHIP #1) Emergence of strong LEADERSHIP with with “clear” rationale inspires adequate/successful “clear” rationale inspires adequate/successful military effortmilitary effort POLITICALPOLITICAL: :

President Madison, determinedPresident Madison, determined MILITARYMILITARY: :

Adm. Perry at Lake ErieAdm. Perry at Lake Erie Wm. Henry Harrison at Battle of ThamesWm. Henry Harrison at Battle of Thames Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend, in Florida, and later at Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend, in Florida, and later at

New OrleansNew Orleans Fort McHenry’s 1000-man defense: “restored dignity and self Fort McHenry’s 1000-man defense: “restored dignity and self

worth to the Americans,” acc. to historian Anthony Pitch (NPR worth to the Americans,” acc. to historian Anthony Pitch (NPR interview)interview)

#2) Britain Fully Acknowledges US Sovereignty #2) Britain Fully Acknowledges US Sovereignty the the Treaty of Ghent, 1814Treaty of Ghent, 1814

US Emerges as a World US Emerges as a World PowerPower

((and then exercises right of abstention)and then exercises right of abstention) Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817

11stst disarmament treaty, w/Br – no warships on Grt disarmament treaty, w/Br – no warships on Grt Lakes, 49Lakes, 49thth parallel set as border through Rockies parallel set as border through Rockies

Negotiated by Minister JQAdams, Sec’y Monroe and Negotiated by Minister JQAdams, Sec’y Monroe and successor Rushsuccessor Rush

Barbary Wars, 1815Barbary Wars, 1815Commodore Stephen Decatur gains free access to Commodore Stephen Decatur gains free access to

MediterraneanMediterranean

Adams-Onis Treaty, Adams-Onis Treaty, 18191819Florida sold by Spain to US, before US took by force!Florida sold by Spain to US, before US took by force!(a diplomatic cure for the illegal actions of Jackson)(a diplomatic cure for the illegal actions of Jackson)

Monroe Doctrine, Monroe Doctrine, 18231823See next page for cartoonsSee next page for cartoons

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