FISH PASSAGE TOUR Townsville 22 October 2009 Information Booklet Contents: • Itinerary • Solander Road & Discovery Drive Fishways, JCU • Types of fish barriers • Stuart Creek Culvert Removal • Introduction to Fish Passage (First half of presentation by Tim Marsden- http://www.nqdrytropics.org.au/projects/downloads/T_Marsden_fishways.pdf) • University Creek fishways – Mitigation of migration barriers (Ross Kapitzke)
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FISH PASSAGE TOUR
Townsville
22 October 2009
Information Booklet
Contents:
• Itinerary
• Solander Road & Discovery Drive Fishways, JCU
• Types of fish barriers
• Stuart Creek Culvert Removal
• Introduction to Fish Passage (First half of presentation by Tim Marsden-
Ross Kapitzke • JCU School of Engineering • fish passage planning and design • fishways\jcu engineering_fish passage_university creek discovery drive -/4/09
University Creek Discovery Drive box culvert fishway PS02
(Photo: Ross Kapitzke 10/04/06) (Photo: Ross Kapitzke 15/01/04) (Photo: Ross Kapitzke 13/01/04)
Discovery Drive prototype box culvert fishway is located on University Creek on James Cook University campus in Townsville
University Creek has 13 native freshwater fish species – the crossing was a barrier to fish migration under some flow conditions
the offset baffle fishway was developed in the culvert in 2002, and the corner “EL” baffle fishway was developed in 2005
upstream passage for all species has been available since 2003 – with more favourable conditions through the fishway zones
CLIENT AND PARTNERS
Department of Main Roads
PROJECTOBJECTIVES
provide for upstream fish passage at crossing
maintain hydraulic capacity and function of culvert
develop and test prototype fishway for box culverts
provide demonstration site for community
SCOPE OF WORK
concept design of fishway facilities
design and development of prototype fishways
detailed design and construction of fishway facility
hydraulic and biological monitoring and evaluation
CROSSINGDESCRIPTION
3-cell 3600 mm x 3000 mm box culvert 22 m long
box culvert slope 1 in 200 (0.5 %)
upstream and downstream aprons with wingwalls
natural grade control in creek 80 m downstream
FISH PASSAGE BARRIERS
water surface drop under low tailwater conditions
high velocities and turbulence at culvert outlet
high velocities in culvert barrel and at culvert inlet
regular culvert cross section and lack of rest place
MITIGATIONMEASURES
offset baffle fishway within Barrel # 1
corner “EL” baffle fishway within Barrel # 3
R & D facility provides for field testing of fishway
BEFORE: This crossing in Stuart creek was a barrier to fish, preventing them from moving upstream during crucial
stages of their lifecycle.
AFTER: Stuart creek after the crossing has been
removed (December 2008)
AFTER: 6 months after the crossing has been
removed, habitat connectivity has been restored. 5
different species of fish have now being found
upstream of the old crossing that were previously
absent from that reach of the creek. (May 2009)
Introduction to Fish Passage
Tim MarsdenQld Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Fish Passage Assessments and Barrier Modification“It will be interesting to note the effect of the
new Clare Weir on barramundi numbers”
S.H. Midgley 1977
Clare Weir and Pool and Weir Fishway
Presentation Structure
• Migration Strategies
• Barriers
• Fishway Designs Explained
• Critical Fish Passage Design Issues
• Fishways in the Burdekin
Clare Weir and Fish Lock
What is migration?
Why do Aussie fish do it?
• Regular movements of freshwater fish between
rivers, floodplains or the sea to breed and grow are
critical for the survival of native fish populations.
• Australia has a wide variety of freshwater rivers
and streams
• Most of the inland rivers dry up to a series of
waterholes between rains. On the coast many of the
streams flow year-round
• These changing stream conditions have shaped
the freshwater fish of Australia, with the “boom
and bust“ cycle leading to many unique migratory
patterns among our fish.
Diadromous & Potadromous
Diadromous
Diadromous fishes are truly migratory species whose distinctive characteristics
include that they (i) migrate between freshwaters and the sea; (ii) the movement is
usually obligatory; and (iii) migration takes place at fixed seasons or life stages.
•Catadromous: Describes diadromous fishes which spend most of their lives in
fresh water, and which migrate to sea to breed.
•Anadromous: Describes diadromous fishes which spend most of their lives at
sea, and which migrate to freshwater to breed.
•Amphidromous: Describes diadromous fishes in which migration between
freshwater and the sea is not for the purpose of breeding, but occurs at some
other stage of the life cycle.
Potamodromous
Fish species whose migrations occur wholly within freshwater for breeding and other
purposes.
Example Migration PatternMangrove Jack move from freshwater to the sea to breed and then the
young move back into freshwater rivers and lagoons to feed and grow.
Migratory Native Fish Fish Species and Life Stages• In Australia fish are moving at all life stages and sizes (7mm to 3000mm)
• Adults are dispersing after spawning and juveniles are dispersing after
hatching
• Need to know species utilising structure to determine what species will be
catered for
• Most structures need to cater for all
fish, not just single species
What is a
barrier?What is a Fishway?
• Fishways are structures placed on or around man-made barriers
(such as dams and weirs) to assist the natural migration of fishes.
• Most fishways enable fish to pass around the barrier by
swimming up a series of relatively low steps (hence the term “fish
ladder") into the waters on the other side.
• The velocity of water falling over the steps has to be great
enough to attract the fish to the fishway, but it cannot be so great as
to wash fish back downstream or to exhaust them to the point where
they cannot continue their journey upriver.
• Fishways can be quite simple, such as a rock ramp fishway,
which provides many small rocky steps, or very high-tech such as a
fish lift, which uses the same principle as lifts in tall buildings.
Culvert Fishways• Most culverts in Australia are no slope culverts and
mainly form velocity barriers to passage
• Some culverts may also have drops on downstream
side that inhibit passage
• New culverts should be equal or greater to channel
capacity and the base should be sunken into bed to
allow channel to form through culvert
• Retrofits may use baffles to break up flow or have
rock ramp downstream that backs water through
culvert.
• Rock ramps also help to fix drops on downstream
of culverts
• Retrofits generally can only operate on low to
moderate flows successfully
Nature Like Fishways• Nature-like fishways use large rocks and timbers to create pools and small
falls that mimic natural structures.
• Include Rock-Ramp, Log and Bypass Channel fishways
• Because of the length of the channel needed for the ladder, most such
structures are most appropriate for relatively low barriers.
• Have been used successfully on high barriers as partial width fishways
Denil Fishways• A Denil fishway uses a series of symmetrical close-spaced baffles in a
channel to redirect the flow of water
• Denil fishways need not have resting areas, although pools can be
included in one to provide a resting area or to help reduce the velocity of
the flow
• Such fishways can be built with switchbacks to minimize the space
Vertical Slot Fishways• A vertical slot fishway is similar to a pool and weir system except that each
cell wall has a narrow slot in it near the channel wall.
• This allows fish to swim upstream without
having to leap over an obstacle.
• Vertical slot fishways also tend to handle
reasonably well seasonal fluctuation in water
levels on either side of the barrier.
Lock Fishways• Fishlocks are used to transfer fish over high
dams where a vertical-slot fishway would be too
long.
• The fishlock consists of a entrance chamber
connected to a vertical chamber which extends to
the top of the weir. An exit channel connects the
vertical chamber to the storage.
• Migrating fish are attracted into the entrance
chamber and then into the bottom of the vertical
chamber.
• The vertical chamber is then filled to storage
level, where another attraction flow entice fish to
swim into the exit channel.
• The whole process is controlled by an on-site
computer.
High Fishways
• Fish lifts provide an elevator to carry
fish over a barrier.
• They are well suited to tall barriers.
• Fish swim into a collection area at
the base of the obstruction.
• When a critical mass of fish
accumulate in the collection area, they
are crowded into a hopper
• The hopper carries them into a flume
that empties into the storage above the
barrier.
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 1
OceanWatch and NQ Dry Tropics Fish Passage Tour, Townsville, 22/10/09
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]/07/09 Ross Kapitzke_fish passage planning and design_case study [email protected]
University Creek fishways – Mitigation of migration barriers
Ross Kapitzke Environmental Engineer1
Mullet
Commercial fisheries
Gudgeon
Conservation & biodiversity
Freshwater fish values
Recreational fishing
Australian bass
Traditional/cultural values
Long finned eel
Freshwater fish spend all or part of their life cycle in freshwater environments
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 2
» Life cycle stages - Spawning and growth dispersal
» Recolonising habitats in response to flood or drought
» Compensation for downstream drift
» Gene flow through evolutionary-scale movement
Migration requirements for freshwater fish
Stream zones, fish life cycles, habitat zones & migration
Intermediate / transfer
Upland / headwater
Lowland / floodplain / freshwater wetland
Stream Zones
Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
Spawning habitat
Growth habitat
Potamodromous
Wholly freshwater
Catadromous
Marine spawning
Anadromous
Freshwater spawning
Juvenile dispersal migration
Adult spawning migration
Adult dispersal migration
Estuary / coastal / saline wetland
22/10/09 3
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 2
Fish migration barriers – small waterway structures
Dams, weirs, barrages Culverts, causeways
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 4
g
Flood gates, tide gates
y
Control structures, drop boards
channel simplification
Fish passage barrier problems – culvert inlet, outlet, barrel
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 5
velocity
turbulence
water surface drop
water depth
lack of shelter
Principal hydraulic barriers at waterway crossing zones
Source: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR
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Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A
High velocity
Flow depth
Turbulence
Water drop
No shelter
622/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 3
Fishway component types for culverts and open channels
Source: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR
» Offset baffle fishway
» Corner “EL” baffle fishway
Baffle fishways for box culverts
Baffle fishways for pipe culverts
7
» Offset baffle fishway
» Corner “Quad” baffle fishway
» Rock ramp fishway
» Rock ramp cascade fishway
Ramp fishways for open channels
722/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
Application of fishway components in hydraulic zones
Source: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR
8
Zone D Zone C Zone B Zone A
Offset baffle - box
Corner “EL” baffle
Offset baffle - pipe
Corner “Quad” baffle
Rock ramp
Rock ramp / cascade
822/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
Fish passage design for waterway structures – key requirements
Source: Kapitzke 2009, Culvert Fishway Planning and Design Guidelines for DMR
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
30/06/09 Ross Kapitzke_aquatic habitat and connectivity_opportunities for [email protected]/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 17
Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert
Less suited to high gradient culverts and shallow high velocity conditions
Suited to range of flow depths, including relatively deep low velocity flow
Applied to culverts with high tailwater conditions
Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish
17
University Creek Discovery Drive prototype culvert fishways
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 18Prototype #4 – Corner “EL” baffle Prototype #1 – Offset baffle
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 7
» Water surface drop at culvert outlet
» Shallow water depth within culvert
» High velocities within culvert barrel
» Streamlined flow and lack of resting places
» Excess turbulence
» High velocities and lack of shelter at culvert inlet
Barriers to upstream migration at Discovery Drive crossing
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 19
High velocities and lack of shelter at culvert inlet
Discovery Drive culvert fishways - Prototypes #1 and #4
Fishway Zone
Fishway Zone
Flow
Barrel 3
Barrel 2
Barrel 1
P #4 – Corner “EL” baffleP #1 – Offset baffle
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 20
Barrel 2 Barrel 3Barrel 1
Fishway zone -corner baffle
Fishway zone -offset baffle
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
Offset baffle fishway for box culverts: Major features
30/06/09 Ross Kapitzke_aquatic habitat and connectivity_opportunities for [email protected]/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 21
Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert
Less suited to low gradient culverts and deep slow water conditions
Suited to shallow high velocity flow in culverts
Applied to steep culverts or culverts with low tailwater conditions
Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish
21
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 8
Corner “EL” baffle fishway for box culverts: Major features
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
30/06/09 Ross Kapitzke_aquatic habitat and connectivity_opportunities for [email protected]/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 22
Minimal effect on flow resistance and flow conveyance in culvert
Less suited to high gradient culverts and shallow high velocity conditions
Suited to relatively deep low velocity flow in culverts
Applied to culverts with high tailwater conditions
Provides low velocity zones, shelter areas and flow circulation for fish
22
Discovery Drive
Douglas Arterial Ring Road
The Townsville Hospital
Initial diversion drain
4-span, 2-lane bridge
Douglas Arterial Road prototype rock ramp fishway
Prototype #2 – Douglas Arterial Road rock ramp fishway
Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
Diversion drain
University CreekFlow
Diversion drain and
rock ramp fishways
Initial diversion drain
proposal
22/10/09 23
A
Flow
Ridge
Pool
200 - 300
Ridge rock
Detail – Ridge rock
Rock ramp plan
Douglas Arterial Road rock ramp fishway – design & construction
Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
2000 2000 2000 3000
Flow
200100
RidgePool
Section A-A
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22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 9
Low flow
Douglas Arterial Road rock ramp fishway – flow conditions
Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
Medium flow
22/10/09 25
Rock ramp fishway for open channels: Major features
Prototype #2 – Douglas Arterial Road rock ramp fishway
Good self cleaning attributes for sediment and debris passage
30/06/09 Ross Kapitzke_aquatic habitat and connectivity_opportunities for [email protected]/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 26
Little obstruction to flow and little effect on flow conveyance
Provides low velocity zones and multiple connected pathways for fish
Nature like fishways used to overcome water surface drops in streams
Suited as free standing grade control or attached to culvert inlet or outlet
Provides passage for variety of fish species at range of stream flows
26
Fish passage planning and design – JCU scope of services
Aquatic connectivity & impact assessment
Fish passage design – Road corridor scale
Fish passage design – Site scale
» Barrier significance
» Mitigation options and priority
» Fish corridor classification
» Priority road crossings
» Hydraulic barrier evaluation
» Fish passage options
Field prototype and laboratory testing
Design and fabrication of fishway devices
Industry guidelines and collaboration
» Hydraulic laboratory testing
» Field prototype testing
» Fishway device configuration
» Component fabrication
» Planning and design guidelines
» Collaboration & demonstration
272722/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected]
22/10/09 Ross Kapitzke_University Creek fishways_OceanWatch tour, Townsville Oct [email protected] 10