Explain some hardware of computer

Explain Some Hardware of Computer

Prefer: Jihad Enayat

Hemn Mstafa Mhmud NasihTishko Nawzad Tekoshan Mstafa

 University of Human Development

OBJECTIVES

Processor Motherboard Hard disk RAM(“Random-Access Memory”) Card graphic

What is a processor.Computer Processor Speed Generation Intel Core i3 i5 i7

Comparison.

PROCESSOR

The processor is like the human brain. The brain dictates what the computer must do or not do. In essence, the computer processor is tasked with the harmonizing the processes inside the computer. It determines which tasks should be given priority and delivers what the computer user needs. The speed by which these tasks are accomplished depends on the computer processor’s speed.

WHAT IS A PROCESSOR

As technology progresses, computer processors increase in speed. Speed is measured in terms of Megahertz or MHz One MHz is 1 million computer instructions per second or normally expressed as cycles per second. If your computer processor has a speed of 1000 MHz, this means that your computer is running at 10,000,000 cycles per second. A lot of tasks to do in 1 second. Now, many computer processors are in terms of Gigahertz (GHz), which means 1,000 MHz

COMPUTER PROCESSOR SPEED

GENERATION INTEL CORE I3 I5 I7 COMPARISON

Though eventually subject to a phase out, the first generation of Intel core processors, the predecessors of the current line are still available in the market. Here is a brief archival review of these processors. For a complete first and second generation processor comparison, refer to this comprehensive Intel core i3 vs i5 vs i7 comparison. The following comparison will help you choose processors from the first generation. 

Third Generation:All core i3 processors come with two cores and four threads backed by Intel's Hyper-Threading technology that enables multitasking. Hyper-Threading is simultaneous multithreading ability that enables parallel computing. The Intel HD graphics 4000 technology offers great visual performance, without a discrete GPU for any desktop or laptop system. All in all, the core i3 series is a great entry-level chip that offers all that a home user needs including high quality graphics and great multitasking ability. The price tag for current high-end core i3 processors ranges from $176 to $294. The only important feature, that's missing here is the Turbo Boost technology that provides an on-demand boost in clocking frequency as needed. 

GENERATION INTEL CORE I3

Core i3Latest: 3rd Generation Intel Core i3 'Ivy Bridge' Processor (2012)Preceded by : 2nd Generation Intel Core i3 'Sandy Bridge' Processor (2011)No. of Cores: 2No. of Threads: 4Clock Speed: 3.3 GHzCache: 3 MBLithography: 22 nmNoteworthy Features: Turbo Boost 2.0, Hyper-Threading, Virtualization Technology, Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology, etc.

GENERATION INTEL CORE I3

Third Generation:The core i5 series based on 22 nm microarchitecture provides a top clocking frequency of 3.8 GHz, with Turbo Boost, along with four processing threads. These chips are ideally suited for the business users, who would benefit from the extra multitasking ability.

GENERATION INTEL CORE I5

Core i5Latest: 3rd Generation Intel Core i5 'Ivy Bridge' Processor (2012)Preceded by: 2nd Generation Intel Core i5 'Sandy Bridge' Processor (2011)No. of Cores: 4No. of Threads: 4Clock Speed: 3 GHzCache: 6 MBLithography: 22 nmNoteworthy Features: Turbo Boost 2.0, v Pro Technology, Virtualization Technology, Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology, etc.

GENERATION INTEL CORE I5

Third GenerationThe crème de la crème of all Intel processors, the core i7 processors, along with the extreme variant (i7-3940XM) are simply the best laptop or desktop processors money can buy on the planet right now. If you are a power user, with extreme multitasking requirements, gaming and nothing less than the best satisfies you, go for the i7 line. 

GENERATION INTEL CORE I7

Core i7Latest: 3rd Generation Intel Core i7 'Ivy Bridge' Processor (2012)Preceded by: 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 'Sandy Bridge' Processor (2011)No. of Cores: 4No. of Threads: 8Clock Speed: 2.5 GHzCache: 8 MBLithography: 22 nmNoteworthy Features: Turbo Boost 2.0, v Pro Technology, Hyper-Threading, Virtualization Technology, Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology, etc.

GENERATION INTEL CORE I7

Dual-Core LGA1156 Processors: Core i5-661, Core i3-540 and Pentium G6950 CPUs Review

A computer motherboard is nothing but the circuit board or the circuit which controls the entire functioning of the computer. All the components that make up your computer are connected to the motherboard. The computer processor, which is the most important component of your computer, is mounted on the motherboard. All other components like the keyboard, monitor, mouse, hard drives, etc. are all connected to the motherboard through cables.

MOTHERBOARD

Why is it important to know the different computer motherboard types? Well, if you are planning to assemble a desktop computer, then this is the most important question that needs to be answered. Computer processors are motherboard specific and so are the computer cabinets. So it is very important that you know the different types of motherboards before you start with the assembly process. 

MOTHERBOARD

There are different ways to classify motherboards, which are.

Classification Based on Assembly Classification Based on Processor Classification Based on Dimension

TYPES OF MOTHERBOARDS

TYPES OF MOTHERBOARDS

• Integrated ProcessorsVideo, graphics, sound... such facilities involve components. Peripheral device slots, serial parallel ports and input output ports are other physical components or parts that are involved in the working of a computer. When such components are provided for by the motherboard, i.e. they are built into the motherboard, the motherboard is called integrated. 

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ASSEMBLY

• For example, to make a computer capable of connecting to networks, a network card is integrated onto the motherboard itself. So you do not need to buy a network card. This sort of motherboard allows for better air flow within the computer's case. Integrated motherboards cost less to make but their downside is that, if even one component on the motherboard fails, the entire board might have to be replaced. Repairing or replacing this sort of motherboard, is expensive.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ASSEMBLY

• Non-integrated ProcessorsWith non-integrated motherboards, electronic components and parts are fitted individually and as needed. Input output ports, connectors, RAM etc. are fixed to the motherboard using expansion slots. So you can add one or more components as needed. This allows for greater customization and freedom in designing a PC. Gamers, for example, could fix a high-end graphics card of their choice, using the expansion slot, instead of settling for an average video card on an integrated motherboard. 

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ASSEMBLY

Alternatively referred to as a hard disk drive and abbreviated as HD or HDD, the hard drive is the computer's main storage media device that permanently stores all data on the computer. The hard drive was first introduced on September 13, 1956 and consists of one or more hard drive platters inside of air sealed casing. Most computer hard drives are in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer and connect to the motherboard using either ATA, SCSI, or a SATA cable and power cable. Below, is a picture of what the inside of a hard drive looks like for a desktop and laptop hard drive.

HARD DISK

HARD DISK

History:

Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956 as

data storage for an IBM real time transaction

processing computer and were developed for

use with general purpose mainframe and mini

computers. The first IBM drive, (the

equivalent of 3.75 million 8-bit bytes) on a

stack of 50 discs.

hard disk in 1956.... The Volume and Size of 5MB memory storage in 1956

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HARD DRIVES

• Although most hard drives are internal hard drives, many users also use external hard drives to backup data on their computer and expand the total amount of space available to them. External drives are often stored in an enclosure that helps protect the drive and allow it to interface with the computer, usually over USB A great example of a backup external device that supports multiple hard drives is the Drobo.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HARD DRIVES

• External hard drives come in many shapes and sizes. Some are large, about the size of a book while others are about the size of a cell phone. External hard drives can be very useful for backing up important data and taking with you on the go since they usually offer more than a jump drive and are still portable.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HARD DRIVES

HARD DISK:

•The picture is an example of a laptop hard disk.

Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.

The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the other hand, can be accessed in any order.

RAM(“RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY”)

• A capacitor is like a small bucket that is able to store electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. The problem with the capacitor's bucket is that it has a leak. In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes empty. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, either the CPU or the memory controller has to come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before they discharge. To do this, the mem ory controller reads the memory and then writes it right back. This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per second.

RAM(“RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY”)

• The capacitor in a dynamic RAM memory cell is like a leaky bucket. It needs to be refreshed periodically or it will discharge to 0. This refresh operation is where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM has to be dynamically refreshed all of the time or it forgets what it is holding. The downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the memory.

RAM(“RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY”)

The following are some common types of RAM:

SRAM: Static random access memory DRAM: Dynamic random access memory  FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic

random access memory  EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic

random access memory  SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random

access memory  DDR SDRAM: Double data rate

synchronous dynamic RAM 

TYPES OF RAM

RDRAM: Rambus dynamic random access memory 

Credit Card Memory: Credit card memory. PCMCIA Memory Card CMOS RAM: VRAM: Video RAM, also known

as multiport dynamic random access memory (MPDRAM

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ASSEMBLY

IntroductionProduct LineMotherboard Connection

CARD GRAPHIC

With the advancement of computer technology, the number of specifications for a video card has become overwhelming for those not deeply involved in the computer industry. We often get questions such as "how much video RAM do I need?" or "what is the maximum resolution of HDMI?" In this article, we will explain the major specifications of video cards and what they mean for the end user. While these specifications are mainly tailored towards discrete video cards, many also apply to the onboard video found on motherboard.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Most modern video cards will fall under one of five different product lines. Of these five lines, three are desktop lines meant for general use and gaming, while the other two are meant for workstations. For desktops, the thee most prevalent lines are Intel HD (onboard) AMD Radeon HD (onboard and discrete GPU) and NVIDIA GeForce (discrete GPU). For workstations, the two most prevalent lines are AMD FirePro and NVIDIA Quadro. 

PRODUCT LINE

The main difference between desktop and workstation cards comes down to speed vs. precision. In everyday use, precision is not really needed since one small artifact every 1000 frames is not noticeable to the human eye. When you get into 3D modeling or simulation, however, one small artifact can cause big problems. In a professional environment, you want to be 100% sure that everything was completed properly the first time and that there are no small artifacts in the results. So in that case you would want to use a more precise - but usually slightly slower - workstation card.

PRODUCT LINE

The other difference between desktop and workstation is that many workstation cards include features (whether hardware-based or driver-based) that allow for better performance in some professional software suites from companies like Adobe and AutoDesk

PRODUCT LINE

The motherboard connection is simply the type of slot on the motherboard that the video card is designed to be used in. Most cards will be either PCI Express 2.0 x16 or PCI Express 3.0 x16. While you want to match the PCI Express revision (2.0 versus 3.0) of the card to the motherboard slot if possible, you can use a PCI Express 2.0 card in a 3.0 slot or a PCI Express 3.0 card in a 2.0 slot. You may have a very slight performance decrease, but several benchmarks have shown that even the fastest video cards available today are not capable of using all the bandwidth available from PCI Express 2.0, let alone PCI Express 3.0.

MOTHERBOARD CONNECTION

The x16 refers to the number of PCI lanes the card requires. This gets a little confusing as there are often slots on a motherboard that are the same size as x16 slots, but actually operate at x8 speeds. In addition to this, on some boards if you use multiple slots (for SLI or Crossfire for example) at once, even if the two slots you are using are rated for x16 speeds, they will actually only run at x8 speeds. Unlike the PCI Express revision, you will likely see a small loss in performance when using mid to high-end video cards in an x8 slot, so be sure to check the manufacturer's documentation to determine which slots actually operate at x16 speeds.

MOTHERBOARD CONNECTION

MOTHERBOARD CONNECTION

If documentation is not available, you can usually tell the actual speed of the slot by the number of pins in the slot itself. In the blue slot above, the pins go all the way across the slot, so it is a full-speed X16 slot. On the black slot, the pins stop about half-way, so this slot is actually an X8 slot in an X16 size.

MOTHERBOARD CONNECTION

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/i3-i5-i7-comparison.html

http://regosan.hubpages.com/hub/What-is-a-computer-processor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram3.htm# http://

computer.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=hard+disk

http://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/articles/Specs-Explained-Video-Card-463/

REFRAINS

End

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Attenation

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