Evolution of computers

Evolution of Computers

J AT I N M A D A N R O L L N O : 1 1 C L A S S : 1 1 - A


BIBLIOGRAPHY

Topics taken from :- Sumita Arora Wikipedia

Source of Information :- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer *Wikipedia *Sumita Arora (C++)

Source of Images :- https://www.google.co.in/search?espv=2&biw=1364&bih=707&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=evolution+of+computer&btnG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

https://www.google.co.in/search?espv=2&biw=1364&bih=707&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=evolution+of+computer&btnG





Chinese invented a calculating device called ABACUS. Also known as “SOROBAN” to perform addition and subtraction.

It was made up of a wooden rack having 2 parts consisting of 11 horizontal wires with a fixed number of beads (5 in the lower part and 2 in the upper part) strung on each and every wire.

The user has to memorize the rules of usage.

Only regular arithmetic problems can be done.

Not capable of solving complex arithmetic problems.

Abacus


NAPIER’S DEVICE

John Napier a Scottish Mathematician invented the Napier Device.

It consisted of a set of eleven animal bones which was later replaced by rods.

Numbers were marked on them & they were placed side by side in the form of a square table.

Products and quotients of large numbers could be obtained with its help.


SLIDE RULE

Robert Bissoker invented the Slide Rule in 1632.

It turned into a popular computing device

It could perform all arithmetic & trigonometric functions.

Final value could be read on scale straight away without any further calculations.


PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE (PASCALINE)

Blaise Pascal a French mathematician developed a mechanical calculating machine called Pascal’s calculating machine in 1642 A.D.

It was the first real desktop machine calculating device that could add and subtract.

It was built up of a set of toothed wheels & gears.

Each wheel numbered from 0 to 9.

Arithmetic operations could be performed by turning these wheels/gears.

The concept can still be seen in conventional electric meters and taxi meters.


LEIBNITZ’S, IMPROVED PASCAL MACHINE

Pascal machine perform only addition and subtraction operations.

Pascal machine was improved in 1673 which gave birth to the Leibnitz’s Calculating Machine.

He introduced a new set of wheels.

The introduced wheels could perform multiplication, division square root operations along with the addition and subtraction operations.


PUNCHED CARD MACHINE In 1801,french weaver Joseph Mane

Jacquard invented the first punched card machine.

It was used in the designing and making patterns/design on clothes.

Punched cards were invented an were started to be used in the weaving mills and the handlooms.

Cards with holes were used to make attractive design on fiber.

Presence and absence of punched hole represented two states for raisers or lowers of wrapped threads.


CHARLES BABBAGE’S ENGINE

Charles Babbage (1792-1871) made a machine called difference engine.

It could evaluate accurate algebraic expression and mathematical tasks up to 20 decimal places.

This machine is also called as ‘Babbage's difference engine’.

It was later adopted by insurances companies for computing life tables.

The device got modified in1833.

The Modified Device is called Analytical Engine.


It had a memory unit & operators for arithmetic operations.

Producers had to know the o/p.

Results were printed in punched card format.

The parts and working principle of Analytical Engine is similar to today’s computer in many ways.

Due to his gift to the IT Sector, Charles Babbage is called “Father of computer”.

Analytical engine


HOLLERITHIS CARD READING MACHINE

Dr. Herman Hollerith of U.S.A, worked in U.S.A as a census officer.

He developed a card reading machine that used punched cards for tabulating and calculating data.

Data used to get compiled and analyzed.

Then later the results were displayed the same way their input was, in the form of punched cards.


MARK-I DIGITAL COMPUTER All calculating machines are basically mechanically invented machines.

First electro-mechanical computer was developed in 1937 by Howard Aiken.

It used Hollerith's punched cards and the principle of computer stated by Charles Babbage.

It automatically performed a sequence of arithmetic operations.

It consisted of a huge mechanical calculator which

occupied several norms.

Inside the several miles of electrical wires and electro mechanical relays and mechanical counter for arithmetic calculations lays the simple programming of the mathematical operations.


FIRST ELECTRONICS COMPUTER (ABC)

Dr. Jhon Atanasoff and Dlifford Berrs developed the first electronic computer.

It was named as ABC.

It used vaccum tubes for storage of arithmetic and logical functions.

Special purpose was to solve simultaneous equation.

It could perform 500 addition or 350 multiplication in one second.


ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR(ENIAC)

Electronic computer got designed

Developed by Pr. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Produced in 1940 for U.S. Army.

It used 18000 V.T 70000 resistor 10000 capacitor and 60000 switches(27 tons)

It occupied 5000 S7 suet of space.

It could perform 300 multiplication/second

Rated as the Fastest Machine.

ENIAC was considered a significant development because the speed was first experienced with ENIAC.


ELECTRONIC DISCRETTE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTERS(EDVAC)

First electronically stored program

Electronic computers developed in 1949.

EDVAC was a different form of ENIAC.

1.It used binary codes and electronic arithmetic operators. 2.Internal storage of instructions were written in digital forms.


ELECTRONICS DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC computer

Developed by group of scientist headed by Prof. Mauriee Willies. Using EDSAC , addition operation was accomplished in 1500 microseconds and multiplication operator in 4000 micro seconds


MANCHESTER MARK-I

A small experimental computer.

Performed operations based on

stored programs.

Designed at Manchester University

by a group of

scientist headed by Prof. M. H. A.

Newman.

Storage capacity of only 32words,

each of 31

binary digits.

Limited to stored data and

instruction.


UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (UNIVAC-I)

Developed during 1946 to 1951

by Eckert

and mauchy

UNIVAC –I was the first computer

used for

business in 1954 AD.

First commercially available

computer.


MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was developed in 1969 by INTEL.

Performed on only a few instruction and very small amount of data.

1971 INTEL 8008 MP was developed.

Foundation for development of Personal Computers (PC).


PERSONAL COMPUTERS

First PC (with MP)developed in 1974.

In 1977 first successful micro computer (pc) developed by a young technician named Stere Wozniak.

This was called the computer :- Apple-1


IMB, Apple computer , & Motorola

Co-operated designed a mp Caused

pc 600 ser.

Intel designed power full

chipin40’s caused Pentium(1993).

Microprocessor such as a Pentium,

power pc, AMD,IBM,etc are used as

CPU of pc’s since 1995.

POWER PC 600/ PENTIUM


THANKS

Evolution of computers

Software

da n r o

punched card machine

mechanical calculating

calculating device

analytical engine j

abacus j

computerbtng j

real desktop machine