Lecture 1 “History and Evolution of Computers” Informatics.

Lecture 1“History and Evolution of Computers”Informatics

Content

• Gradation policy

• Extra information

• Early history of computers

• Modern history of computers

• Modern computers

• Future of computers

Gradation Policy

• Attendance -10 %

•Quizzes -20%

• Tasks- 20%

•Midterm-20%

• Final-30%

Mark distribution:

First 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%), midterm(20%)

Second 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%),tasks (20%)

Final 40% includes: final exam(30%), attendance(10%)

Extra Information

• Site – linux.sdu/~aigerim (from intranet)

• Site- instructor.sdu.edu.kz/~aigerim (from internet)

• Email: [email protected]

Early History

“Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous saying formed the basis of modern computers

ABACUS:Very first computing device

“ABACUS ” also called Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first computing device

Napier Rods:Napier Rods was a card board

multiplication calculator. It was designed in early 17th century

PASCALINE

1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first operating model of mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Arithmetic Machine “PASCALINE”

It was for addition, subtraction, and multiplication and division

Charles Babbage’s: DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Charles is “The Father of Computers”

1822: His great invention “Difference Engine ” was to perform mathematical calculations

It was fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program

1842: “The Analytical Engine” was a automatic machine. It could do 60 addition per minute

The idea of analytical engine served as a base of modern digital computers

Punched Cards

1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data processing machine

His company would eventually become International Business Machine (IBM)

This paper based machine represents the origin of computer database software

Z3

1941: Conrad Zeus dorm Germany, introduced the first programmable computer

It solved complex engineering equations

It was also first to work on the binary system instead of decimal system

Modern History

1940 Onwards

First generation of computers (1942-1955)

Features:

First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes which were glass (tubes) that controlled and amplified the electronics signals

ENIAC

1946: The ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W.Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania

It was developed for military need

ENIAC

It used 18,000 vacuum tubes

Punch-card input

Weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space

First Generation of Computers(1942-1955)

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic calculator) 1949

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951

Second Generation of Computers(1955-1964)

Features:

Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Transistor is a small device that transfer electronic signals through resistors

IBM 1400

1961: The IBM 1400 Series were a major breakthrough for IBM

The first computer in this series was IBM 1401

The system contained many peripherals which included a new high-speed printer. This printer could print 600 lines per minute

Third Generation of Computers(1965-1975)

In this generation microelectronics technology was introduced that made it possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon known as a chips. This new technology was called INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs)

Fourth Generation of Computers(1976-1989)

In this generation microprocessors were used. Microprocessor is small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer.

Apple I and Apple II

1976: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the Apple I computer

Then the following year 1977 introduced the Apple II microcomputer

These both have characteristics of a PC

IBM PC

In 1980, IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer, easily fit on a table or desk

They were available in taller or narrow size and have common features of personal computers

Fifth Generation of Computers(1990-onwards)

ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) and networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are used in this generation. Mobile computers are introduced

Modern Computers

Future of Computers

Nanotechnology

Miniature (Pocket size)

Robot technology

Quantum computers

Wearable PC