2.Evolution of Computers

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In ancient times, people used different mechanical

devices and methods for performing computing

operations

But they are not fast and accurate

Computers were developed to produce accurate

results at a very fast speed


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People performed various arithmetic operations such as

addition and subtraction using

Fingers

Stones

Notches in the stick

Knots in a rope

Early computing devices are manually operated but now

completely automated


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A sand table is a device that are arranged stones in three

channels in the sand

Each channel could have a maximum of10 stone

Addition is performed by incrementing the count of right hand

channel by adding one stone in it

When right hand channel reached its maximum capacity,

stones were removed from that channel and one stone was

added to the left hand channel


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Fast calculating device

Also known as counting frame

This device is made up of wooden frame consisting of many

wires, with beads sliding on them


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Developed by John Napier in 1614

Specially designed formultiplication and quotient of numbers

Consists of a board whose left edge was divided into 9 squares

These 9 squares hold the numbers from 1 to 9

Consists of 10 rods, which are made up of stripes of ivory

bones


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Advantage

Performs fast multiplication

Disadvantage Faster only if one of the multiplicand is single digit


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To compute 5437 * 6

Computation starts with the right most bone and proceeds

towards the left bones

The last digit in the 6th row of 7th bone is 2

Hence the right most digit of multiplication is 2

After this, add the two adjacent numbers in the same row

forming a parallelogram

Here 8 and 4, which on addition is 12


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The next right most digit of the multiplication output is

2

Now it is 22 with a carry 1. Similarly, add the next two adjacent numbers along

with carry 1 to obtain the digit 6

At this stage, we have obtained 622

Proceed like this to obtain 32622


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Developed by Edmund Gunter in 1620

Device consists oftwo sets of graduated scales, which

could slide over each other

Developed for performing multiplication, division,

logarithms, trigonometry, roots, etc.


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Developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642

Also known as Numerical Wheel Calculator

Devices contains a set of toothed wheels that could be

operated by hand

Can handle numbers up to 999,999,999


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Developed by German mathematician, Gottfried

Wilhem Von Leibriz

It was able to perform multiplication and division of

numbers as well as calculations of square root of a

number


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Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at the

Cambridge University is considered as the father of

modern computers

In 1812, he decided to automate the computers to

perform various functions like polynomial,logarithmic and trigonometric

In 1822, he presented a working of his concept with the

help of automatic mechanical computing machine

known as difference engine


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Further he developed an analytical engine which is an

automatic general purpose digital computer

The analytical engine was the first device that used all

the features of a modern digital computer

It includes an input, output, storage, processor and

control unit

It gets input from the user


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Advantage

Fully automatic digital computer

Disadvantage

Very slow

It took 3 minutes to multiply two numbers of 20 figures each


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Charles Babbage

Differential Engine


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Designed by an American Mathematician, Howard Aiken

in 1937 and completed in 1944

Advantage

Perform multiplication of two numbers of 20 figures each in just 6

seconds

Disadvantage

Prints one results in 5 seconds

Very noisy and large in size


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Developed by British mathematician, Alan Mathison

in 1944

It is the first pure electronic digital programmablecomputer

It used vacuum tube technology to perform some

specific functions


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Electronic Numerical Integrator AndCalculator

General purpose electronic digital computerdeveloped by Moore school of Engineering of

university Pennyslvania by John Eckert, JohnMauchly and their team in 1946


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Uses vacuum tubes in constructing basic circuits

Includes all features and components of a modern

digital computer

The internal hardware structure includes 17468 vacuum

tubes, 1500 relays, 70000 registers, 7200 crystal diodes

and 10,000 capacitors


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Operates 1000 times more speed than MARK I

Also performs some advanced operations such as

separating the sign of a number, comparing two

numbers whether they are equal or not

Used decimal numbers system for representing and

processing values


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Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

Used binary numbers system for representing and

processing values

Developed in 1949, by John Mauchly and John Eckertt

Worked on the principle of stored program

Considers the programs and data stored in the memory as a

strings of binary numbers


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Hardware components include

Magnetic tapes

Control unit

Dispatcher unit

Processor timer

Dual memory

Three memory tasks to hold a single word


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Electronic Storage Automatic Calculator

A British electronic computer developed by Maurice

Wilkes and his team in Cambridge University,

mathematical laboratory in 1949

Used vacuum tube technology in constructing the basic

logic circuits and mercury delay lines for constructing the

memory of a computer

Carry out 650 instructions per second


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Uses punched card as input unit and teleprinter as

output unit


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Universal Automatic Computer

In 1951, a company of John Eckertt and John Mauchly invented first

commercial computer

Used 5200 vacuum tubes for constructing basic logic circuits

Mercury data lines used to construct memory for storing data and programs

Able to process both numbers and alphabetic characters efficiently

Provide separate processes for handling i/o processing functions


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2.Evolution of Computers

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