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Psychosocial
Development
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PhallicStage
Childspleasurefocuses on
genitals
LatencyStage
Childrepressessexualinterest
and developssocial and
intellectual
skills
Anal Stage
Childspleasure
focuses onanus
GenitalStage
A time of sexual
reawakening;source of sexual
pleasurebecomes
someoneoutside of thefamily
Oral Stage
Infantspleasure
centers onmouth
Freudian Stages
6 yrs topuberty
Birth to1 yrs
1 to 3yrs
Pubertyonward
3 to 6years
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PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
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Introduction.
Five important stages of
the theory.
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The most widely accepted theory of
personality development is thatadvanced by Erikson (1963).
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Although built on Freudiantheory , it is known as thetheory of psychosocial
development and emphasizea healthy personality asopposed to a pathologic
approach.
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He elaborate a phase or stage
theory covering the wholelifespan form birth to death , eachstage had a development task
with success or failure polarizedas two extremes or opposites.
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Like Freud, he believed thatthe unsuccessful orunresolved residues of earlierphases had a continuedimpact on later adjustmentand on the successful
resolution of subsequentphase.
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There are Five
importantStages of
development
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This phase occupies the fistyear and is mainly concernedwith the establishment ofsecure and stablerelationship , primarilybetween mother and theinfant, corresponding toFreuds oral stage .
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Trust exists only in relation tosomething or someone to itsdevelopment.
Mistrust develops whenbasic needs are inconsistently or in adequately
met.
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Although shreds of mistrustare sprinkled throughout thepersonality from a basic trustin parents stems trust is the
world, other people, andoneself.The result is faith andoptimism .
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care and nourishment fromcaretakers learn to trust and
view the world as a safe,dependable place.Inconsistent Infants who
consistently receive warmloving care yields anxiety anddistrust.
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Corresponding to Freuds
anal stage, the problem ofautonomy can be symbolizedby the holding onto and lettinggo of the sphincter muscles .
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The development ofautonomy during the toddler
period is centered aroundchildrens ability to controltheir bodies, themselves andtheir environment .
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This phase is characterized
by the childs increasingpowers of mobility andlocomotor skills .providing the basis for the
development of some
independence, andautonomy.
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The new skills are initiallyvery vulnerable and onlyprecariously developed,
so that the childs self confidence is easilyundermined leading to the
negative outcome of shameand doubt .
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Development of a sense of autonomy,separateness, feeling of competence and
self-worth. Child strives to accomplishthings independently; tests limits imposedby parents. Roots in toilet training anddevelopment of motor skills. Children witha sense of autonomy like to makedecisions; those who have sense of shameprefer being told what to do.
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The role of the parents is crucial infostering the sense of achievementrather than failure.Independence fosteredby support and encouragementSo: The beginning of independence skillsacquisition good outcome
capable and competent.Bad outcome dependent andunsure.
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3-
Initiativeversus guilt(3-5 years)
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The childs rapidly expanding skills,particularly in language, enable thechild to initiate and sustain activities,so that exploration and activity arethe order of the day.Developed by exploring andaccepting challenges
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If the childs exuberance andenthusiasm are too restricted orthwarted by parents or others, thendespondency and defeatismpredominate, leaving the child with asense of guilt.
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So that:
Successful pursuit of certingoal oraims outcome confident aboutskills.Bad outcome hesitant, uncertain
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Schooling and peerrelationships dominate thisperiod, so that the successfulchild become literate,
numerate and sociallyintegrated with his peers.Mastery comes from successand recognition
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Failure to achieve these goalsleads to a sense of
inferiority and indecency witha low self esteem and socialisolation .
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5- identity versus roleconfusion
(13-18 years)
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Two tasks, sexual identity andcareer identity, are the major focus ofinterest for the individual.Independence from the family anddeveloping ones own value systembecome important during lateadolescence.
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The successfulaccomplishment of thesetasks provides the individualwith a strong sense of identityand self confidence , enablingthe adolescent to make the
transition to adult hoodrelatively easily.
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By contrast, poor peer
relationships and uncertaincareer choice are prominentfeatures of an unsatisfactoryadjustment, resulting in roleconfusion and aimless lack ofdirection.
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Energies are focused on intimaterelationships, learning to live withpartner (marriage), starting family,managing a home. Stablerelationships and good career. Or incontrast, poor intimate relationshipsand career choice.
6- Intimacy versus isolation(19-25 years)
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Increase awareness of mortality,passage of time but usually is not
personal crisis.Rear children in stable unionfamily stable and successful
career in contrast poor careerattainment unstable relationship.
7- Generatively vs self absorption (26-40 years)
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8- Ego integrityvs despair
(41 + )
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Acknowledgment of lifes
successes and failureGood outcome acceptance oflifes limitations and vagaries.Bad outcome despondencyand despair.
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Erik Eriksons Eight Stages of Human Development
1 - Trust vs. mistrust2 - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3 - Initiative vs. guilt
4 - Industry vs. inferiority5 - Identity vs. identity confusion
6 - Intimacy vs. isolation
7 - Generativity vs. stagnation8 - Integrity vs. despair
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