mayoruna
Bibliografia anotada de fuentes con interes para la etnologia y
ethnohistoria de los Panos setentrionales (Matses, Matis,
Korubo).
por: Philippe Erikson, antroplogo, Universit de Paris
X-Nanterre, Francia.
Sommaire:
I. Les Mayoruna dantan
I.1. Sources anciennes (XVII-XVIIIme sicles)
I.2. Voyageurs Scientifiques (XIXme sicle)
I.3. Sources du dbut du XXme sicle
I.4. Recherches ethno-histoiriquesII. Epoque contemporaine:
"premiers contacts"
II.1. Histoire du contact (matses)
II.2. Histoire du contact (matis, korubo)
II.3. Indignisme, bilans critiques
II.4. Explorateurs, journalistes
II.5. Romans, Rcits
III. Recherches en linguistique et didactique
III.1. Linguistique matses (travaux du SIL)
III.2. Linguistique matses & matis (travaux
universitaires)
III.3. Matriaux didactiques
III.4. Education bilingue
IV. Recherches ethnologiques
IV.1. Ethnologie des Pano septentrionaux (travaux de
synthse)
IV.2. Ethnologie matses(travaux universitaires)
IV.3. Ethnologie matses(travaux du SIL)
IV.4. Ethnologie des Mayoruna de Marajai
IV.5. Ethnologie matis
V. Filmographie
Introduction
Les Pano septentrionaux, descendants des peuples quon appelait
autrefois Barbudos ou Mayorunas, vivent aujourdhui des deux cts de
la frontire qui spare le Prou et le Brsil, sur les deux rives du
rio Javari et certains de ses affluents, tels les Galvez, le Choba,
le Tapiche, lItui et lItacoai. Les Matses (environ 1000 au Prou,
500 au Brsil) constituent la fraction la plus nombreuse et la plus
reprsentative de cet ensemble qui comprend aussi le groupe connu
comme Matis au Brsil (220 personnes), ainsi que ses voisins Korubo
(estims 300 personnes), avec lesquels des contacts pacifiques nont
commenc tre tablis qu partir de 1996. Il est probable quune partie
des populations qui vivent encore isoles dans le Vale do Javari
(Maya, Kapishtos, Flecheiros..) relvent galement de ce conglomrat.
Dautres de ses fractions se sont au contraire plus ou moins fondues
dans la population rgionale. Tel est le cas des Kulina-Pano qui
vivent aujourdhui avec les Marubo, ou des Mayorunas du Marajai,
dplacs trs loin de leurs terres dorigine au dbut de sicle, et qui
rsident aujourdhui prs de Tef (au Brsil) o ils ne parlent
pratiquement plus que le portugais.
Bien que chacun des groupes prcits soit politiquement indpendant
et distinct des autres, leurs membres nen partagent pas moins le
sentiment dappartenir un ensemble culturellement et
linguistiquement homogne. Un de mes compagnons Matis, interrog sur
la question, affirma qu'anciennement, tous ces groupes vivaient sur
une seule rivire et ne se sont que rcemment segments. Ils taient
donc tous des kush, des ramifications, dun mme ensemble. Un Matses
qui avait particip aux premiers contacts avec les Korubo, lorsque
je linterviewai sur ce sujet, me tint un discours comparable. Il
insista sur la facilit avec laquelle les Korubo, les Matis et les
Matses parviendraient, selon lui, communiquer. Il leur suffirait
demployer le langage cod des signes de piste, qu'il pensait connus
de chacun des trois groupes bien qu'ils soient ignors des autres
amrindiens de la rgion tels les Marubo.
Les possibilits de communication entre les Pano septentrionaux
prennent aujourdhui une tournure concrte grce lusage frquent de la
radio, qui ne fait videmment que renforcer les liens entre ces
diffrents groupes. Les Matses du Prou communiquent rgulirement avec
ceux du Brsil, et ont mme quelques contacts radiophoniques avec les
Matis. Dans ce mme esprit, la bibliographie qui suit englobera
galement toutes les ramifications des Pano septentrionaux. La
plupart des rfrences ont t extraites de la bibliographie pano
gnrale publie sous ma direction en 1994 (Philippe Erikson, Bruno
Illius, Kenneth Kensinger & Maria Sueli de Aguiar: Kirikonbaon
Kirika, Gringos books, an annotated Panoan Bibliography, 148 pp.,
Chantiers Amerindia, supplment 1 au n19 de la revue Amrindia), dont
une version mise jour est dsormais diffuse sur internet: .
La bibliographie prsente ci-dessous a t classe par thmes,
rpartis en trois parties. La premire concerne les sources anciennes
(missionnaires, chroniqueurs, voyageurs) et les crits consacrs
lanalyse de ces sources. La seconde partie concerne la vie
politique des groupes contemporains, des premiers contacts nos
jours. La troisime, enfin, prsente les recherches linguistiques et
ethnologiques.
Cette bibliographie ne prtend pas tre exhaustive, par manque de
place, et surtout parce que lexhaustivit, en matire de
bibliographe, est souvent illusoire et toujours phmre. Cependant,
sil ne manque pas trop de rfrences lappel, cest grce laide de
nombreux collgues et amis que je remercie pour ce quon pourrait
appeler leur altruisme bibliophile. (Jespre que Jean-Pierre
Chaumeil, Eliane Camargo, Edilene Coffaci de Lima, Jean-Pierre
Goulard, Kevin Groark, Jim Matlock, Bruno Illius, Erling Sderstrm,
Pilar Valenzuela et quelques autres se seront reconnus).
** * * *
I. Les Mayoruna dantan
I.1. Sources anciennes (XVII-XVIIIme sicles) :Bien que
lexistence des Barbudos ou Mayorunas ait tout dabord t signale (ds
le XVI sicle) par les chroniqueurs dexpditions de conqute,
lessentiel de nos connaissances relatives au pass lointain de ces
populations proviennent des crits des missionnaires. Laire qui nous
intresse ayant surtout t domine par les jsuites, les sources
prolifrent surtout aprs lexpulsion de leur ordre en 1768. Les pres
durent alors troquer la machette pour la plume, pour la plus grande
joie des ethno-historiens du futur.
Amich, Jos (OFM), 1988, Historia de las Misiones del Convento de
Santa Rosa de Ocopa, 590pp., Monumenta Amaznica, CETA/IIAP,
Iquitos. [Best modern edition of this important study, written in
the second half of the XVIIIth century, originally published in
1854, including an introduction, appendices & index by J.
Heras. Mayoruna described pp.124, 298, & 302.]
Aristio, 1791, Peregrinacin por los rios Maraon y Ucayali a los
pueblos de Manoa, Mercurio Peruano, III:49-66. [Ucayali tribes;
Mayoruna.]
Chantre y Herrera, Jos, 1901, Historia de las Misiones de la
Compaa de Jesus en el Maraon espanol (1637-1767), 606pp., Imprenta
A. Avril, Madrid. [Late XVIIIth century of exiled missionaries'
accounts; important ethno-historical source; includes Father
Veigl's map.]
Figueroa, Francisco de, 1986, Informe de las Misiones en el
Maraon, Gran Para o rio de las Amazonas, por el P. Francisco de
Figueroa, 1661, Informe de Jesuitas en el Amazonas, col. Monumenta
Amaznica, B1, IIAP, CETA, Iquitos. [Essential ethno-historical
source; previously published in 1904; voir en particulier les
chapitres 8 et 9 sur San Ignacio de los Barbudos Mayorunas et San
Xavier de los Aguanos (pp.212-225), qui regorgent dinformations
ethnographiques.]
Fritz, Samuel, 1922, Journal of the Travels and Labours of
Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazonas between 1686 and
1723, The Haklyut Society, Second Series, LI, Londres. [Published
by G. Edmundson; Portuguese translation: Revista do Instituto
Histrico-Geogrfico, 353-397, 1918.]
Fuentes, Manuel Atanasio, ed., 186164, Biblioteca Peruana de
historia, ciencias, y literatura. Coleccin de escritos del anterior
y presente siglo de los mas acreditados autores peruanos, 9 vol.,
Lima. [Compilation of the principal works published in the Mercurio
Peruano, 1791-1795; important ethno-historical source.]
Ijurre, Manuel, 1841-5, Resumen de los viajes a las montaas de
Mainas, Chachapoyas y para presentada y dedicada al Exmo Senor Don
Ramon Castilla, Presidente de Peru (1841-45). [Also in Larrabure y
Correa t.VI:276412, p:362sq.= Mayoruna.]
Izaguirre, Fray Bernardino, 1922-1929, Historia de las misiones
franciscanas y narracin de los progresos de la geografa en el
oriente del Peru; relatos originales y producciones en lenguas
indgenas de varios misioneros, 1619-1921, 14 vol., Talleres Grficos
de la Penitenciaria, Lima. [Collection of essays and original
documents by various authors; probably the single most important
source for Panoan ethnohistory.]
Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos, 1889, Noticias autnticas del
famoso rio Maraon y misin apostlica de la Compaa de Jesus de la
provincia de Quito en los dilatados bosques de dicho rio.
Escribales por los aos de 1738 un misionero de la misma compaa y
las publica ahora por la primera vez Marcos Jimenez de la Espada.
[This important work probably written by Maroni (see under name)
has also been published in: Boletn de la Sociedad Geogrfica de
Madrid, XXVI-XXXIII, 1889-92.]
Jouanen, Jos, 1941, Historia de la Compaia de Jesus en la
Antigua Provincia de Quito 1570-1774, Editorial Ecuatoriana, Quito.
[Mayoruna data in tomo I: La Viceprovincia de Quito 1570-1696.]
La Condamine, Charles de, 1751, Relation abrge d'un voyage dans
l'intrieur de l'Amrique Mridionale, Mmoires de l'Acadmie de Paris.
[Excerpts reprinted in 1981: Voyage sur l'Amazone, 1743-1744,
Maspero, Paris.]
Larrabure y Correa, Carlos, 1905-09, Coleccin de Leyes,
Decretos, Resolucines y otros documentos oficiales referentes al
Departamento de Loreto, 18 vol., Imprenta La Opinin Nacional, Lima.
[Important collection of texts, totalling above 10.000 pages; of
special interest: Descripcin de las Misiones del Rio Ucayali,
pp.257-265, t.XIV.]
Magnin, R.P. Jean, 1993 [1742], Chroniques d'un chasseur d'mes.
Description de la Province et des Missions de Maynas..., Editions
de l'Hbe, Fribourg. [Magnin, missionary among the Yameos for some
ten years, had first-hand knowledge of the Upper Amazon, and wrote
well. The first half of this text had been published in Spanish by
Bayle in 1940 (Revista de Indias, 1, Madrid). Th. Henkel now
presents it in extenso, with a useful index, notes and
comments.]
Maroni, Pablo, 1988, Noticias Autnticas del Famoso Rio Maraon
(1738), seguidas de las Relaciones de los PP A. de Zarate y J.
Magnin (1735-1740), 565p., Monumenta Amaznica, IIAP-CETA, Iquitos.
[One of the most important ethno-historical sources on Maynas
missions; introduction by J-P. Chaumeil; reproduces maps of Fritz
and Brentano/Torre; useful index; previously published by Jimenez
de la Espada, 1889.]
Maurtua, Victor M., ed., 1906, Juicio de lmites entre el Peru y
Bolivia, prueba peruana presentada al gobierno de la Republica
Argentina por..., 12 vol., Barcelona & Madrid. [Very useful
collection of official chronicles and documents (often previously
unpublished), many of which deal with Panoans; t.812, dealing with
missions and forest regions, are of special interest. 58 maps.]
Maurtua, Victor M., ed., 1907, Juicio de lmites entre el Peru y
Bolivia; Contestacin al Alegato de Bolivia, 7 vol., Imprenta Kraft,
Buenos Aires.
Medina, J.T., 1934, The Discovery of the Amazon according to the
account of Friar Gaspar de Carvajal and other documents, American
Geographical Society, Special Publication N17, N.Y. [Mentions
Mayoruna military success against riverine Tupi (p.190) apud
Romanoff; also includes narratives of Maldonado's, Acuna's, and
other expeditions; Spanish translation in Bogota, 1942.]
Requena, Francisco, 1900, Lybro de Correspondencia de Officio,
Revista de Archivos y Bibliotecas Nacionales, (Lima), IV:163-382.
[XVIIth century source on first contacts with the Barbudos.]
Riva Herrera, M. de la, 1900, Relacin de los descubrimientos y
Conquistas, Revista de Archivos y Bibliotecas Nacionales, (Lima),
IV:35-161. [Probably one of the earliest references to the
Barbudos.]
Uriarte, P.M., 1986, Diario de un misionero de Maynas, Monumenta
Amaznica, IIAP, CETA, Iquitos. [texte de 1771; nombreuses donnes
sur les Mayoruna, signales aux pp.662 & 663 de lindex]
Veigl, Fr.-X, 1785, "Grndliche Nachrichten ber die Verfassung
[sic] der Landschaft von Maynas in Sd-Amerika, bis zum Jahre 1768",
in Ch. G. von Murr, ed., Reisen einiger Missionarien der
Gesellschaft Jesu in America, Nremberg. [Ethnographic notes by
Jesuit. Mayoruna described pp.8788; Veigl's famous map was also
published in Chantre y Herrera, 1901.]
Velasco, Juan de, 1941 [1770], Historia moderna del reyno de
Quito y crnica de la provincia de la Compaa de Jesus del mismo
Reyno, Biblioteca Amazonas, Quito. [Mayoruna missions discussed in
t.III.]
* * * * *
I.2. Voyageurs Scientifiques (XIXme sicle):
Au XIX sicle, les voyageurs (naturalistes, scientifiques,
explorateurs et membres de commissions de limites) prennent le
relai des missionnaires comme principales sources dinformations sur
le Haut-Amazone. Bien que leurs connaissances soient gnralement
bien plus superficielles que celles des missionnaires, puisquils ne
font que passer, leur uvre nen demeure pas moins intressante en
raison du projet scientifique qui lanime. Certains de ces auteurs
(Martius, Marcoy) ont eu loccasion de recueillir des lexiques,
ainsi que quelques observations ethnographiques.
Les grandes collections de textes (Maurtua, Izaguirre, Larrabure
y Correa), bien que places dans la section prcdente, contiennent
galement des documents du plus grand intrt relatifs au XIX
sicle.
Bernardino Da Souza, Francisco, 1874, Commisso do Madeira, Rio
de Janeiro. [Mayoruna source according to Nimuendaj.]
Castelnau, Francis de, 1850-59, Expdition dans les parties
centrales de l'Amrique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima
au Para; excute par ordre du Gouvernement franais pendant les annes
1843 a 1847, Paris, 14 vol. [Important traveller; fine
iconography.]
Ernst, Adolf, 1872, Menschen und Pflanzen in der peruanischen
Provinz Loreto, Globus, XXI. [Data on the Sakuya-Remo, Mayorunas,
Amahuacas, Conibo, Setebos, Sipibos and Cashibos on p.47.]
Espinar, E., 1905, Informe sobre el ro Yavari, pp.410-418, in
Larrabure y Correa, t.III.
Marcoy, Paul, 1869, Voyage de l'Ocan Pacifique l'Ocan Atlantique
travers l'Amrique du Sud, 2 vol., 695pp., Hachette, Paris.
[Includes 626 engravings by E. Riou (one depicting a Mayoruna
couple) & 20 maps; English translation in 1875; Spanish
translation and scholarly preface by J.P. Chaumeil, Monumenta
Amaznica, IIAP/CETA, Iquitos, 1989; certainly one of the most
enlightening XIXth century travellers.]
Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, 1867, Beitrge zur
Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika's zumal Brasiliens, 2.vol.,
1382pp., Leipzig. [Vol.1: Main concern is identification and
location of tribes (according to own observations and literature),
classification in "families" (linguistic and other criteria mixed).
Little ethnographic information. Some on Mayoruna pp.427431; other
Panoans: p.435437. Vol.2: pp.236244: original word lists, all
Latin/Panoan, by Spix: "Maxuruna", 138 entries; Culino, 245
entries. From other sources: "Mayoruna domestica", 54 entries,
"Mayoruna fera", 80 entries (both by Castelnau); "Jaunavo or
Caripuna", 163 entries (by Natterer). Also see Spix &
Martius.]
Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von, 1994, Brasiliansche Reise
1817-1820, Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius zum 200. Geburtstag,
282pp., Hirmer Verlag, Mnchen. [Beautifully illustrated exposition
catalogue; p.265: original sketch of a the portrait of a "Maxuruna
man" which inspired several well-known lithographs, one (in color)
by Ph. Schmid shown p.59; this sketch indicates lips were probably
tattooed rather than pierced as suggested by the artistic
rendering, probably influenced by Mundurucu mummified heads;
pp.264-267: Mayoruna and Culino artefacts, some quite remarkable
(especially engraved spears); pp.131-133: discussion concerning
Mayoruna ethnicity in the XIXth century by K-P. Kstner.]
Osculati, Gaetano, 1850, Esplorazione delle regioni equatoriali
lungo il Napo ed il fiume delle Amazzoni. Framento di un viaggio
fatto nelle Due Americhe negli anni 1846-7-8, Milan. [Reprint in
1929 as v.VII/VIII of: Viaggi e Scoperte di Navigatori, Ed.
Esporatori Italiani, 1929; a well-known source on Mayoruna
anthropophagy.]Pessoa, Ruy, 1987, A reexplorao do Rio Javari:
Expedico Cunha Gomes de 1897, Senado Federal, Brasilia.
Spix, Johann Baptist von & Carl Friedrich Philipp von
Martius, 1823-31, Reise in Brasilien auf Befehl Sr. Majestt
Maximilian Joseph I. Knigs von Baiern in den Jahren 1817 bis 1820,
4 vol., Munich. [Scattered remarks on Mayoruna and Culino on
pp.11811196 of vol.3; vol 4. (Atlas), holds famous portrait of
"Maxuruna" man (plate 13); maps. Reprint in Stuttgart, 1967; also
see Martius.; English translation: 1824; Portuguese translation,
Itatiaia/Universidade de So Paulo, 1981.]
Spruce, R., 1908 [1836], Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and
the Andes, 2 vol., 1124p., London. [Brief annotations about the
Mayoruna.]
Teff, Baro de, 1888, Episodios da viagem de exploraco as
vertentes do famoso rio javary, affluente meridional do alto
amazonas, realisado pelo B. de Teffe, Janeiro a Maio de 1874
(Commissin de limites), Revista da Sociedade de Geografia do Rio de
Janeiro, IV:169-188. [Describes hostile encounters on the Javari,
in which Mayoruna courage and agressivity are emphasized. Teffe's
text was actually published by de Antonio Paula Freitas, rather
than under his own name.]
Wilkens de Matos, Joo, 1870, Relatrios etc. (sic), Manaus.
[Mentions Mayoruna apud Nimuendaj.]
Wilkens de Matos, Joo, 1874, Dicionario Topogrfico do
Departamento de Loreto, Tipografia Comercio do Para. [Reprint
IIAPCEPA, Iquitos, 1984, 143pp.; each entry (among which Amawaka,
Kapanuanas, Kashibo, Marubos, Mayorunas e Kakataibo) followed by
short comments; equates Marubos of Maucallada with Mayoruna.]
*****
I.3. Sources du dbut du XXme sicleIl existe fort peu dcrits
concernant les Mayoruna de la premire moiti du XXme, poque o on les
confondait volontiers avec les Capanahua au Prou et, au Brsil, avec
les Marubo. Le peu quon ait pu rpertorier est numr ci-dessous.
Alviano, (Frei) Fidelis de, 1931, [according to a paper in New
Scientist, Nov. 11, 1995, signed by Marcus Chown, Alviano wrote a
report in l'Osservatore Romano describing the impact of three
house-sized pieces of space debris fallen in August 1930 on the
lower Curua, a right bank affluent of the Yavari, in the heart of
Mayoruna territory. Based on interviews with shocked locals,
Alviano describes the sun turning blood red, sudden darkness, fine
white ash raining, followed by an ear-piercing whistle. Then, three
balls of fire streaked across the sky and exploded, creating
earthquake-like shocks, heard hundreds of km away, and causing the
forest to burn for months afterwards.]
Alviano, (Frei) Fidelis de, 1957-8, Ensaios da Lingua dos Indios
Magironas ou Maiorunas do Rio Jandiatuba (Pano), Revista do
Instituto Histrico e Geogrfico Brasileiro, 237:43-60. [Brief
history and short, messy lexicon of a now extinct Mayoruna
sub-group probably closely related to the Matis and the
Korubo.]
Carvalho, Joo Braulino de, 1931, Breve Noticia sobre os Indgenas
que habitam a fronteira do Brasil com o Peru, Boletim do Museu
Nacional de Antropologa, VII:225-256. [Very sketchy cultural data
regarding: Cachinaua (pp.225230), Poianaua (pp.231233 + vocabulary
pp.242245), Coronaua (p.248), Marinaua (p.249), Jaminaua (p.249),
Xaranaua (p.249), Tutxiunaua (p.249 + vocabulary pp.250252), Maiu
(p.252), Capanaua (p.252), Marubiu (sic, p.252)), & Remo
(pp.253 + vocabulary pp.254256).]
Carvalho, Jos Cndido de Melo, 1955, Notas de viagem ao
Javari-Itacoai-Juru, Publicaes Avulsas do Museu Nacional, Nl3:1-81.
[Essentialy of zoological interest; more about Kanamari than
Panoans.]
Courboin, Albert, 1901, Chez les Indiens, notes et souvenirs
d'un sjour dans l'Amazonie, Bulletin de la Socit Royale de
Gographie d'Anvers, XXV:83-128. [Essentially Kanamari, but includes
what seems to be the very first data ever published on the
Matis.]
Dietschy, Hans, 1939, Die Amerikanischen [sic] Keulen und
Holzschwerter in ihrer Beziehung zur Kulturgeschichte der Neuen
Welt, Internationales Archiv fr Ethnographie, XXXVII:87-205.
[Exhaustive typology of clubs, including descriptions (partly from
literature) of "macanas" of Cashibo, Amahuaca, Cashinahua (p. 141),
Mayoruna (p. 146); and double pointed sword clubs (pp. 154-155) of
"Chama", Amahuaca, Conibo, Cashibo, Shipibo. List of museum
objects.]
Oppenheim, Victor, 1936a, Notas ethnographicas sobre os Indgenas
do Alto Juru (Acre) e Valle do Ucayali (Peru), Annaes da Academia
Brasileira de Sciencias, VIII:145-155. [Discusses: Amahuaca,
Poyanahua, Parawa, Cashibo, Nucuini-Rhemu, Capanahua, Catukina,
Punhamunanaua, Mayu, Shipibo... Oppenheim was an adventurous
geologist commissioned by Dr. Rivet to determine the stratigraphic
position of a fossil labeled "Homo primigenius".]
Oppenheim, Victor, 1936b, Sobre os restos da cultura neoltica
dos indios Panos, Annaes da Academia Brasileira de Sciencias,
VIII:311-314. [Short note on stone axes of the Alto Juru, Acre and
Tapiche rivers; includes interesting illustration of face tattoos
of the Mayu and other northern Panoans.]
Pawlik, Jos, 1950-1, El tambor semitico, Revista del Museo
Nacional (Lima), XIX/XX:21-36. [Remo, Mayoruna.]
Savage Landor, A. Henry, 1913, Across Unknown South America, 2.
vol., Hodden & Stoughton, London. [Megalomaniac impostor
according to Walle in Journal de la Socit des Amricanistes,
XI(1):217-227.]
Silva, Alfredo Jos da, [1952], Relatrio da excurco feita a tribu
dos indios Marubu, setembro de 1952, Ms. [In Darcy Ribeiro's
personal archives, apud Loukotka. (Grande serait ma gratitude
envers qui pourrait men fournir une copie!).]
Tessmann, Gnter, 1930, Die Indianer NordostPerus, Hamburg. [Some
remarks on Remo and Marubo (580582). Anthropological photographs,
fine (some colored) drawings of objects (including mayoruna
artefacts), map. Despite authors colonialist ideology, downright
racist attitude, and questionable field methods, his work remains
an indispensable source and unique collection of rare data.]
* * * * *
I.4. Recherches ethno-historiques :
Quelques auteurs contemporains se sont penchs sur labondante
littrature ancienne, lanalysant dans une perspective
ethno-historique.Walter Alves Coutinho (qui a aussi fait du
terrain) et Klaus-Peter Kstner (spcialiste de culture matrielle)
sont les seuls avoir rdig des textes spcifiquement consacrs aux
Pano Septentrionaux. Les autres ont une vise plus gnrale et ne
mentionnant les Mayoruna quen passant. Les textes du Hanbook of
South American Indians auraient galement pu figurer ici, bien qu'on
ait choisi de les placer dans la section IV.I, consacre aux
synthses ethnologiques.
Du ct de larchologie, malgr la proximit des terrains fouills par
Donald Lathrap et son quipe, force est de constater labsence de
travaux consacrs laire actuellement occupe par les Pano
septentrionaux. Certains des plus brillants des disciples de
Lathrap (Myers, DeBoer, Roe) mentionnent occasionnellement les
Mayoruna dans leurs publications, mais de faon trop elliptique pour
justifier quon les mentionne ici.
Alves Coutinho Jr., Walter, [1993], Brancos e Barbudos, tese de
Mestrado, Universidade de Brasilia. [Ethno-historical study of the
Mayoruna, by a student of J.C. Melatti who did extensive fieldwork
among the Brazilian Matses.]
Ans, Andr-Marcel d', 1982, L'Amazonie Pruvienne Indigne
(Anthropologie, Ecologie, Ethno-Histoire, Perspectives
Contemporaines), 435p., Payot, Paris. [Contre toute vraisemblance,
l'auteur se propose (pp.91-97) d'expliquer la diffrence entre les
Pano septentrionaux et le reste de leur famille linguistique par un
mcanisme comparable celui invoqu par les zoologues pour rendre
compte de l'mergence de certaines espces: la thorie des zones
refuges. Une priode de scheresse, il y a environ 2.700 ans, aurait
fractionn la fort amazonienne en lots de forts spars par des zones
de savane. Les "Mayoruna" auraient occup un "refuge" diffrent de
celui des autres Pano, d'o leurs spcificits.]
Castello Branco, Jos Moreira Brando, 1950a, Caminhos do Acre,
Revista do Instituto Histrico e Geogrfico Brasileiro, N196
(1947):74-225. [Monograph-length review of all thenknown
information (name, geography, explorations, population) concerning
the rios Madeira (ch.1), Purus (ch.2), Juru (ch.3), Javari (ch.4),
& Ucayali (ch.5).]
Castello Branco, Jos Moreira Brando, 1950b, O Gentio Acreano,
Revista do Instituto Histrico e Geogrfico Brasileiro, N207:383.
[Entirely devoted to the Amerindian population of Acre; basically a
reformulation of all of Tastevin's ethnography, assorted with
fascinating comments inspired by many other (oral and written)
sources.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1992, Uma singular pluralidad: a etno-histria
Pano, pp.239252 in M. Carneiro da Cunha, org., Histria dos Indios
no Brasil, Companhia Das Letras, So Paulo. [Brief presentation of
Panoan ethno-history; stress on the need to pay more attention to
riverine-interfluvial relationships and similarities rather than
differences. Pour une discussion des sources ethno-historiques plus
spcifiquement consacre aux Pano septentrionaux, voir Erikson, 1994
(listed below in IV.1.)]
Espinoza Perez, R.P. Lucas, 1955, Contribuciones lingsticas y
etnogrficas sobre algunos pueblos indgenas del Amazonas Peruano,
t.I, 600pp., Consejo Superior de Investigacin Cientfica, Instituto
Bernardino Sahagun, Madrid. [Essentially devoted to Pioje &
Yameo, but includes very interesting discussion of Mayoruna sources
pp.271-288.]
Golob, Ann, 1982, The Upper Amazon in Historical Perspective,
Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York. [Etude trs solide,
qui porte un regard ethno-histoirque sur les jsuites autant que sur
les Indiens.]
Grohs, Waltraud, 1974, Los Indios del Alto Amazonas del siglo
XVI al siglo XVIII, Estudios Amricanistas de Bonn, N2. [Excellent
synthesis; many maps and good bibliography.]
Kstner, Klaus-Peter, 1990, Barbudos und/oder Mayoruna. Eine
ethnohistorische Untersuchung zur ethnischen Identifizierung zweier
Stammesbezeichnungen aus dem westlichen Amazonasgebiet,
Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museums fr Vlkerkunde,
Dresden, N44:327341, Tafel XVIIXVIII. [Shows well-grounded on
ethnohistorical studies- that 17th Century Mayoruna/Barbudos are
not ancestors of recent Panoans with same name on Amazon River
(Matis and Matss of Tapiche and Javari regions). Use of same names
for two different Panoan groups caused confusion in literature. K
proposes to call extinct Huallaga tribe "Barbudos" and existing
Panoans "Mayoruna".; for a different story, see Figueroa, 1986:213,
& Espioza-Perez, 1955.]
Werlich, David Patrick, 1968, The Conquest and Settlement of the
Peruvian Montaa, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota,
University microfilms, Ann Arbor. [Extensive review of historical
data including much on Shipibo and other Panoans in Peru.]
*****
II. Epoque contemporaine: "premiers contacts "
Les premiers contacts rguliers avec les Matses ont eu lieu la
fin des annes soixante (II.1.), ceux avec les Matis une dizaine
d'annes plus tard (II.2.). Les Korubo, pour leur part, demeurent
encore majoritairement isols, malgr quelques premires tentatives
russies en 1996 (II.2.). Ces contacts, ont le plus souvent entran
des consquences dsastreuses (pidmies, morts violentes, perte
d'autonomie, etc.), ce qui ne signifie cependant pas que des
tragdies tout aussi funestes n'auraient pas eu lieu en leur
absence. Quoi qu'il en soit, ces contacts ont donn lieu de nombreux
dbats --parfois houleux-- rpertoris dans la section II.3.
II.1. Histoire du contact (Matses) :
C'est essentiellement du ct pruvien de la frontire que se sont
effectus les premiers contacts "pacifiques" des Matses avec la
socit nationale, suscitant beaucoup d'intrt mdiatique et donnant
lieu un grand nombre de controverses, lis en particulier
l'intervention de l'arme quipe de matriel nord-amricain. Le rle jou
par les missionaires vanglistes ont galement fait l'objet de
nombreuses polmiques.
Les crits portant sur l'histoire du contact au Brsil sont plus
rares. En plus de Borja et Cavuscens mentionns ci-dessous, on peut
aussi se reporter aux textes de Melatti et Landi/Siquiera qui
figurent dans la section II.2.
Borja, Arceu Carvalho, 1981, Indios Mayoruna, sua origem, sua
histria, sua vida, Revista de Atualidade Indgena, funai, Brasilia,
N21:48-53. [General data; photos.]
Cavuscens, Silvio, 198990, Matses, um povo de lingua Pano,
Porantim, VI(6):1. [Argues that Matses=Mayoruna; contact story;
location of settlements; conflicts; census; map.]
Delboy, L., 1970, La ultima tribu...salvaje, El Comercio
Dominical, fev.8, p.12-13. [Superfical text about Mayoruna contact
by SIL.]
Fields, Harriet, & Eugene Loos, 1970, Contacto por el ILV
con los mayoruna, 10p., Informacin de Campo, N131-c.
Fields, Harriet, 1969, Por primera vez logran contacto con la
tribu Mayoruna, El Comercio Dominical, 10 febrero. [Interview.]
Mendizabal Losack, Emilio, 1967, La conquista del Peru por los
Peruanos, Visin del Peru, Revista de Cultura, vol.2. [Discusses
Mayoruna contact story.]
Mercier, Juan Marcos, 1975, "Contacto con los Mayoruna", pp.
178-186 in Mercier & G. Villeneuve, eds., Amazona, Liberacin o
Esclavitud, Ediciones Paulinas, Coleccin Iglesia Liberadora N8,
Lima.
Schumader, Charlotte, [1973], Los Mayoruna, Ms. [Contact story,
apud Vivar.]
Vivar, Judith E., 1975, "Los Mayoruna en la frontera
Peru-Brasil", Amrica Indgena, XXXV(2):329-347. [ce texte est
mi-chemin entre journalisme et ethnographie.]
Vivar, Judith E., [1976], Los Mayoruna, Ms., 58pp. [Unpublished
sequel to the latter; sketchy.]*****
II.2. Histoire du contact (Matis, Maya, Korubo) :
Des sources mentionnes ci-dessous, Cavuscens & Neves (1985)
et Melatti (1981) sortent du lot par la qualit approfondie de leur
travail d'enqute et de documentation. Sur le contact Korubo, plutt
que dans les sources imprimes, c'est sur internet qu'il faut aller
chercher des informations, sur le site remarquable tenu par le
ralisateur Erling Sderstrm ().
Cavuscens, Silvio & Lino J. de O. Neves, [1985], Relatrio do
Levantamento dos Grupos Indgenas do Vale do Javari, 224pp., Ms.
[Probably the single best source of information concerning
uncontacted northern Panoan groups in Brazil.]
Cavuscens, Silvio & Lino J. de O. Neves, 1986a, Povos
Indgenas do Vale do Javari, Campanha Javari, CIMI, Manaus. [Contact
stories of Marubo, Matses, & Matis; shorter version of former,
in view of publication; many b&w photos.]
Cavuscens, Silvio & Lino J. de O. Neves, 1986b, Javari,
pp.177-190, Povos Indgenas No Brasil, 85/86, Aconteceu Especial
N17, CEDI. [Abridged version of former; describes indigenist
campaign.]
Cedi, 1982, Matis: gripe reduz populao quase a metade, Povos
Indgenas no Brasil, n2, So Paulo.
Coelho, Pedro, [1976], Relatrio referente aos primeiros contatos
com os indios arredios s proximidades do Posto de Frente de Atrao
do Rio Itui, ms. [Author of several other funai reports about Matis
and other Javari Panoans, first contacts, etc.; see Melatti (1981)
for a summary.]
Costa, Sebastio Amncio da, [1974-81], Author of various funai
reports (some co-signed with Francisco Bezerra de Lima &
Raimundo Pio Carvalho de Lima) concerning the Maia, Marubo, Matses
and other Javari Panoans.
Cruz, S. Viera, [1981], Relatrio do Posto Indgena de Atrao Itui,
6pp., ms. [Nothing revolutionary; some comments on tense relations
between Matis & Marubo.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1997, "Last contact" pour les Korubo ?,
Nouvelles de Survival, n25:12-13. [rflexions sur le travail du
front de contact de la Funai].Espirito Santo, Marco Antonio do,
1980, Relatrio referente aos ndios dos rios Jandiatuba e Juta,
funai, Braslia.Evans, Sandy, [1979], Itui Survey, Polytechnic of
Central London, Department of Life Survey, 2 parts, Ms. [Report of
an expedition held in October-November 1978.]
F.u.n.a.i., 1975, Seis grupos tribais ja contatados na
Perimetral Norte, Informativo funai, N14:56-61. [Describes Korubo
(depicted as bearded), the Matis (labelled "Marubo do Itui"), and
other isolated tribes of Western Brazil.]
F.u.n.a.i., 1978a, Uap; cachorros facilitam atrao, Revista de
Atualidade Indgena, VIII(8):16-24. [Describes the first contacts
with the Matis.]
F.u.n.a.i., 1978b, Atrao pelos botes, Revista de Atualidade
Indgena, VIII(11):2-8. [Describes one of the first contacts with
the "Maya" on the Itui river.]
Margolis, Mac & Iara Venanzi, 2000, Nosso Quixote das matas,
caro Brasil (Varig Inflight Magazine), n190, pp.76-84. [interview
of S. Possuelo; photos of the Korubo]
Melatti, Julio Cezar, 1981, Povos Indgenas no Brasil, 5, Javari,
C.E.D.I., So Paulo. [Vol. 5 of a partial encyclopedia of Brazil's
indigenous peoples. Excellent general introduction, + 8 chapters
summarizing information concerning ethnic name, language, location,
population density, contact story, life style, interaction with
government, land situation, & written sources regarding the
Marubo, Mayoruna, Matis, Indios da Confluncia do Itui com o
Itacoai, Indios do Rio Quixito, Kulina, Kanamari, & Indios do
Alto Jandiatuba. 87 b&w photos, 11 maps.]
Montagner Melatti, Delvair & Julio Cezar Melatti, 1975b,
Pesquisa indica novos rumos para contato com os Marubo, Informativo
funai, ano IV(14):24-27. [5 photos; contact story of Matses, Matis,
Korubo, then known as "Marubo".]Montagner Melatti, Delvair, [1980],
Proposta de criao do Parque Indgena do Vale do Javari, Processo
funai/bsb: 1074/80, Ms. [pp.76-137: relatrio sobre a eleio da area
dos Matis.]
Possuelo, Sydney Ferreira, [1977], author of various Relatrios
regarding contacted and uncontacted Mayoruna groups. Possuelo est
aussi lhomme-clef du contact korubo
Reynard, Nicolas & Claudie Baran, 1996, A la recherche des
Korubos, tribu menace d'Amazonie, VSD, n1008:28-35 [popular account
of "first contact", of which authors were witness; 14
photographs.]
Reynard, Nicolas & Claudie Baran, 1998, Premier contact avec
les Indiens Korubo, Terre Sauvage, n124 (january):82-96. [22 color
plates; ego-centric but interesting text.]
Rich, Paul, 1981, Mayoruna, another unreached tribe, Brown Gold,
New Tribes Missions. [Missionnary among the Marubo, the author
briefly depicts sporadic contacts with uncontacted Mayoruna group
living north of the Matis. One drawing.]
Schemo, Diana Jean, 1999, "Last Tribal Battle", New York Times
Magazine, october 31th, pp.70-77. [concerne le contact Korubo. Bien
inform, mais truff de clichs volutionnistes sur les peuples de l'ge
de pierre, etc.]*****
II.3. Indignisme, Bilans critiques:
Cette section rpertorie les textes consacrs la situation
politque des Pano septentrionaux aprs le contact, ainsi que ceux
--censeurs ou laudateurs-- qui cherchent valuer le rle jou par le
SIL au Prou et par la Funai au Brsil.
Anonymous, 1984, De Nuevo los Matses en la Noticia: Una
sorpresiva Migracion hacia el Ucayali, Shupihui, Revista
Latinoamericana de Actualidad y Analysis (Iquitos, CETA),
pp.135-136.
Borja, Arceu Carvalho, [1980], Levantamento: situao atual das
populaes Indgenas no Brasil, ficha padro preenchida com informaes
referentes aos Mayoruna, funai, Ms. [Information on the Mayoruna of
the Upper Javari and its tributaries and of the settlement of
Lameiro by the chief of the Funai Posto Indgena de Atrao Lobo.]
Brack, A & C. Yaez (coord.), 1997, Amazona Peruana.
Comunidades Indgenas, Conocimientos y Tierras Tituladas. Atlas y
Bases de Datos, Lima: GEF/PNUD/UNOPS, 351pp.
C.I.P.A., 1984, Crnica Indgena de la Amazona, CIPA, Lima.
[Photos: Matses (S. Varese), Shipibo (C. Heath); etc.]
Cavuscens, Silvio, [1984], Matses de Santa Sofia: histricos e
situao atual (10pp.), CIMI, Ms. [Data on the migrations of Santa
Sofia villagers, and current invasion of their lands by
seringueiros. Author (and former wife Claire-Lise) also wrote
several other reports for CIMI: Seringalista ameaa sobrevivncia do
povo Mayoruna (7pp., 1983); Relao das familias de seringueiros na
area indgena matses (3pp.); Memorial descritivo (81pp.), many of
which were used in court to defend Matses territory.]
Cavuscens, Silvio (presumed author), 1987a, Terra indgena,
Boletim do Centro de estudos Indgenas (Universidade Estadual de So
Paulo, Campus de Araraquara), V(46):46.
Cavuscens, Silvio, 1987b, Brazil: The Indigenous Peoples of the
Valley of the Javari: an Unknown Reality, iwgia Newsletter,
N50:57-68.
Chirif, Alberto, & Carlos Mora, 1977, Atlas de Comunidades
Nativas, 252pp., Sinamos, Lima. [Census of all Peruvian tribes,
with brief annotations concerning each one's present location,
ethnonym, and degree of acculturation.]
Hefley, J. & M. Hefley, 1972, Dawn Over Amazonia, the story
of Wycliffe Bible Translators in Peru, Word Book, Texas.
Landi Omar, & Edmilson Siquiera, 1985, Coisas de Indio,
Icone Editora, So Paulo. [Co-authored by a journalist and a
dismissed base chief of funai; pp.41-98 on Marubo, Mayoruna,
Korubo, Matis; very controversial.]Lindholm, D., 1973, Plan de
ayuda y desarollo para los Mayorunas del Yaquerana, S.I.L., mf.
Melatti, Julio Cezar, 1983b, Javari. Os Indios Esquecidos e
Abandonados, Povos Indgenas no Brasil/83:78-86. [Bilan de la
situation tragique des Matis, des Matses et desgroupes isols de la
rgion].Montagner, Delvair, 1989, Funai no Javari: Afinal, existe ou
no existe, Aconteceu Especial, 18:270-276.
Stoll, D., 1982, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire: The
Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America, Cultural Survival,
Inc., Cambridge, Mass. [Critical assessment of Protestant
missionary work, largly among Panoans; Spanish translation:
Pescadores de Hombres o Fundadores de Imperio?, DESCO, Lima,
1985.]
Survival International (France), Bulletins d'Action Urgente.
[Newsletter devoted to worrisome information regarding tribal
peoples such as the Yora/Nawa and the Korubo.]
Varese, Stefano, 1972a, "Relaciones intertnicas en la selva del
Peru", pp.157-192 in G. Grnberg, org., Aportes al estudio de la
friccin intertnica en los indios no-andinos, Tierra Nueva,
Montevideo. [Focus on the Matses.]
Varese, Stefano, 1972b, The Forest Indians in the Present
Political Situation of Peru, 22p., iwgia Documents N9.
Varese, Stefano, n.d., Plan de Ayuda y Desarollo para los
Mayoruna del Yaquirana, ms.
Wise, Mary Ruth; Eugene Loos & Patricia Davis, 1977,
"Filosofia y Mtodos del ILV", pp.499-525, Acts of the 42nd
International Congress of Americanists, Paris. [Somewhat
self-indulgent, but contains interesting statistics on Capanahua,
Shipibo, Cashinahua, & Mayoruna mortality rates.]
*****
II.4. Explorateurs/Journalistes (Matses, Matis):
La section qui suit numre des textes qui valent plus pour la
beaut plastique des photos qui les illustrent que pour leur prose,
gnralement raccoleuse et si peu imaginative quelle se limite le
plus souvent dire jtais l et jai vu des hommes qui ressemblent des
jaguars et/ou possdent de mystrieux pouvoirs tlpathiques. Leigheb
(1996), en dpit de son titre raccoleur, l'emporte sur les autres en
qualit et en srieux. Notons galement que l'Instituto
Socio-ambiental, au Brsil, dispose d'importantes archives
photographiques ().
Bassan, Oscar, [1990?], Mayorunas Mats 89 Spedizione in
Amazzonia. [Article from unidentified Italian magazine; 5 pages, 5
photos, nothing new.]
Cousteau, JacquesYves & M. Richards, 1984, Cousteau's Amazon
Journey, H.N. Abrahams, Inc.: N.Y. [P.126-132 about the Matis;
editors of the text and legends (3 photos) were victim of facetious
and ill-informed interpreters...]
Gorman, Peter, 1986a, The Dream of Hunters, High Times
(December), N136:3744. [Tourism and altered states of consciousness
among the Matses; photos by S. Flores; advertises other piece by
same author in June issue.]
Gorman, Peter, 1986b, Ayahuasca Tripping in Amazonia, High
Times, June, pp.39-43, 87.
Gorman, Peter, 1987, Mein trip mit dem Jger Tumi, halluzination
von P. Gorman, Penthouse (german edition), N7:2633. [Photos by Jeff
Rotman.]
Gorman, Peter, 1988, Sous le signe du jaguar, Newlook, N56
(april):94103. ["Nowadays, cannibals must do with anaconda meat" is
but one of the "humourous" legends illustrating this piece.]
Gorman, Peter, 1989, Visions of the Matses, Americas,
41(1):3237. [Visions of the author might have been a more suitable
title.]
Gorman, Peter, 1990, People of the Jaguar: Shamanic Hunting
Practices of the Matses, Shaman's Drum, N21:40-49. [New-age apology
of indigenous drugs; photos by S. Flores.]
Krger, Henrik, 1986, "Junglens Skraek Forte Mig Til Det Usynlige
Folk". [A guided tour among the Mayorunakvinder, described in a
popular Danish magazine.]
Leigheb, Maurizio & Antonio Zecca, 1988, Gli Uomini
Giaguaro, Natura Oggi, 7 (aprile):69-82. [Magazine stories about
the Matis, sequel to a cinematographic expedition; many interesting
photos; information largely derived from Erikson, 1987]
Leigheb, Maurizio & Carlo Giordani, 1993, Brsil: Sur les pas
des hommesjaguars, Terre Sauvage, N75 (July-August):8192. [Same as
above; nicely illustrated plagiarism of my work.]
Leigheb, Maurizio, 1996, Matis, gli uomini-giaguaro, Ligabue
Magazine, XV(29):48-80. [illustrated by 31 beautiful
photographs].
Montagner Melatti, Delvair, 1992, La vie quotidienne des Indiens
de la valle du Javari, Brsil, Les Dossiers d'Archologie, pp.5659.
[bon texte, belles photos.]Monnier, Franoise, 1999, Brsil: les
hommes-jaguars du Serto, LExpress (16-22 Dcembre). [Banalits sur
les Matis, illustr de photos de N. Reinard]
Rotman, Joffrey, 1987, Avec les Matss j'ai appris parler aux
plantes, aux jaguars et aux esprits, Le Nouveau VSD, N530:154159.
[Author pretends to have learnt to speak with jaguars, plants and
spirits, and claims to have spent a year with the Matses, which
seems equally improbable, considering the 200 dollar daily fee
charged by his guide from Iquitos (Moises Torres Viena), who
appears on one photo also published by his partner, Peter
Gorman.]Vitebsky, Piers, 1995, The Shaman, Duncan Baird Publishers,
Ltd. [Quite simple text, but richly illustrated, including colored
pictures of the Matses and reproductions of paintings by Pablo
Amarigo representing Shipibo shamans and vegetalistas. French
translation: Les Chamanes, Albin Michel, Paris, 1995.]
* * * * *
II.5. Romans, Rcits:
Belliqueux (donc effrayants), isols (donc mystrieux), porteurs
de spectaculaires ornements corporels (donc exotiques), et rputs
pour le grand nombre de captives (y compris blanches) incorpors
dans leur socit, les Mayoruna ont tout pour sduire les auteurs de
fictions romanesques. Et de fait, depuis 1871, pas moins de cinq
romans daventure mettant en scne des Mayoruna doprette sont parus.
lexception de celui de Matthiessen (une pure merveille), tous sont
truffs de prjugs racistes et de clichs faciles. Quant aux rcits,
dfaut dtre trs instructifs, du moins certains (Bock en particulier)
sont-ils attachants.
Bock, Jacques, 1983, Voyage dans la nuit verte, Flammarion,
Paris. [Book-length narrative of a cinematographic expedition
organized by an "ordinary" policeman, including two months sojourn
with the Matses; many pictures and misunderstandings, yet, better
than most of its genre; Author gave numerous interviews to French
press.]
Hernndez, A.D., 1952, Selva Trgica, Lima: Editora Atlantida.
[This novel fantasizes a women's ordeal as captive of the
"Capanahua salvajes", alias Mayoruna. The basely racist and
unrealistic aspects of this book have been commented by Andr-Marcel
d'Ans, 1972, Les Indiens d'Amazonie et la Fort Tragique. Un cas de
littrature ethnocidaire, p.193-211 in R. Jaulin, ed., De
l'Ethnocide, U.G.E. 10/18, Paris.]
Kingston, W.H.G., 1884, On the banks of the Amazon, or a boy's
journal of his adventures in the tropical wilds of South America,
with one hundred illustrations, T. Nelson and Sons, Edinburgh,
London & New York. [Pedagogical fiction, originally written in
1871, in which the hero must deliver captives from the fierce
Majeronas (sic)! A script which seems to have since lost more
novelty than appeal.]
Lange, Algot, 1912, In the Amazon Jungle: adventures in remote
parts of the Upper Amazon River, including a sojourn among cannibal
indians, G.P. Putnam's Sons, the Knickerbocker Press, N.Y. &
London. [Partly apocryphal; pretends to have explored the middle
Itui and witnessed Mangeroma exo-cannibalism, and furnishes
(unreliable) data on their drummed messages. Interesting
description of life in small cities in the Javari bassin during the
rubber boom.]
Matthiessen, Peter, 1965, At Play in the Fields of the Lord,
Random House, NY & Toronto. [Vintage Book edition: 1987; a
thought-provoking novel very freely inspired by South American
Indian Mission's first attempts to contact the Mayoruna, here
labeled Niaruna.]
Popescu, Petru, 1991, Amazon Beaming, 445pp., Viking Press, New
York. [Ludicrous new-age story of renowned National Geographic
Photographer Loren MacIntyre, allegedly kidnapped by the Mayoruna
"cat-people" with whose shaman he entered in non-verbal
communication. A dozen beautiful pictures make one long for more
telephoto and less telepathy.]
Saunders, Philip (with Robert Paul Lamb), 1984, Into His
Harvest, Lighthouse Ministries, Manchester, CT. [The biography of a
missionary who made several trips to Matses communities on the
Galvez, beginning in 1981. See pp.183-186.]
Schoumatoff, Alexander, 1978, The River Amazon, Sierra Club
Book, San Francisco. [A zoologist's travelogue; alludes to Amahuaca
& Mayoruna.]Vernes, Henri, 1988 [1958], Le Tigre des Lagunes,
Collection Bob Morane, Fleuve Noir, Paris. [Fiction for the youth,
in which the Mayorunos figure among the bad guys; quite
boring.]
*****
III. Recherches en linguistique et didactique
III.1. Linguistique matses (travaux du SIL)
La majorit des textes numrs ci-dessous ne sont disponibles que
sous forme de micro-fiche, dans la srie Informacin de Campo. Pour
des raisons mcaniques, beaucoup sont peine dchiffrables, et dautant
moins utilisables quil sagit bien souvent de notes de terrain
brutes, pas encore labores en vue dune publication. Les parties les
plus lisibles contiennent cependant parfois des choses
passionnantes. Les textes publis dans des livres imprims (comme
Estudios Panos) sont videmment plus accessibles et plus
intressants.
Fields, Harriet, 1966, Examples of various Mayoruna affixes,
Informacin de Campo, N125-b (2mf).
Fields, Harriet, 1970, Panoan Comparative Vocabulary, Informacin
de Campo, N224a. [Various lexicons recorded from Mayoruna
captives.]
Fields, Harriet, 1970-1, Mayoruna vocabulary, Informacin de
Campo, N128b.
Fields, Harriet, 1970-4, Mayoruna Texts I, Informacin de Campo,
N131b.
Fields, Harriet, 1970-2, Mayoruna Texts II, Informacin de Campo,
N343.
Fields, Harriet, 1973, Una identificacin preliminar de los
sufijos indicadores de referencia en mayoruna, pp.283-306 in E.
Loos, ed., Estudios Pano II.
Fields, Harriet, 1974, Notes on Matses Grammar, 197p.,
Informacin de Campo, N126 (4mf). [With observations by Loos &
Kneeland.]
Fields, Harriet, 1975, Pronoun Morphology, Informacin de Campo,
N125a.
Fields, Harriet & Mary Ruth Wise, 1976, Bosquejo de la
fonologa matss (mayoruna), Datos Etno-lingsticos, N31. [1 mf,
42pp.]
Girard, Victor, 1971, Proto-Takanan Phonology, University of
California Publications in Linguistics, 70, Berkeley. [Reviews:
American Anthropologist, 76(2):458-9, 1974; General Linguistics,
XIV(1):55-65, 1974; ch.8 devoted to Mayoruna; annotated
bibliography.]
Jakway, Martha, 1975, Listas comparativas de palavras usuales en
idiomas vernculos de la Selva, Datos Ethno-lingsticos, N4. [4 mf,
332 pp.; Panoan section holds data on Capanahua, 5 different
Mayoruna dialects, Marubo, Sharanahua, & Yaminahua.]Kneeland,
Harriet, 1970-3, Mayoruna texts III, 468p., Informacin de Campo,
N129.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1970-4, Mayoruna texts IV, 279p., Informacin
de Campo, N342.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1970-5, Mayoruna texts V, 117p., Informacin
de Campo, N232. [Some of the texts are typed, and a few translated,
but most are illegible.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1972?, A generative semantic analysis of
indirect objects in Mayoruna, Informacin de Campo, N127a.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1973, La frase nominal relativa en mayoruna y
la ambigedad, pp.53-105 in Loos, ed., Estudios Panos II.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1973-5, Data and tentative conclusions on
Mayoruna morphophonemics, 505p., Informacin de Campo, N124b
[Handwritten.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1974, Data on propositional relations, 204p.,
Informacin de Campo, N127b. [Very sketchy.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1975a, Algunos datos sobre entonacin
(matses), 10p., Informacin de Campo, N124a.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1975b, Data on negation, 34p., Informacin de
Campo, N128a.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1979, Preliminary Notes on Various Discourse
Types in Matses, Informacin de Campo, N409. [4 mf, 190pp.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1981, Augmentative: Effect on Speaker and
Theme in Matses, 39p., Trabajos en Preparacin, N25.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1982, El 'ser como' y 'no ser como' de la
comparacin en Matses pp.77-126 in Wise & Boonstra, eds.,
Conjunciones y otros nexos en tres idiomas amaznicos, Serie
Lingstica Peruana N19, ILV Ministerio de Educacin. [English
version, 1975: Trabajos en Preparacin, N10.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1996, "El aumentativo -pa: su efecto sobre el
narrador y el tema en Matses", pp.129-155 in Agot Bergli, ed.,
Estudios Lingisticos de textos de la Amazonia Peruana, Pucallpa:
ILV. [This paper, based on Longacre & Grimes' theories,
discusses why the "intensifier" -pa frequently appears in some
types of texts, but barely ever occurs in others.]
Kneeland, Harriet, & Luisa Fields, 1976, Mayoruna,
Materiales para estudios fonolgicos, t.I:181-213, E. Loos, ed.
*****
III.2. Linguistique matses et matis (travaux universitaires)
Bien que les matriaux mayoruna aient t utiliss ds la toute
premire tude mettant jour le concept de famille ethno-linguistique
Pano (de la Grasserie), il a fallu attendre la dernire dcennie du
XX sicle pour que des tudes menes par des linguistes forms
lunversit viennent complter les recherches entames par les
missionnaires de lILV (Fields, Harrifield). Carmen Carvalho, qui a
travaill sous la direction de Marilia Faco Suarez lUniversit Fdrale
de Rio de Janeiro, sest intresse essentiellement la phonologie du
Matses. David Fleck, qui a dj pass prs de trois ans sur le rio
Galvez dans le cadre de sa formation en zoologie, a eu par ce biais
loccasion dapprendre le matses, et envisage de consacrer la
grammaire de cette langue la thse de doctorat quil prpare
actuellement luniversit de Rice, au Texas.
Les tudes concernant le Matis sont moins nombreuses et moins
avances. Wallace de Garcia, linguiste de la Funai, na eu les moyens
de faire plus qu'une vague bauche, et Rogrio Ferreira, doctorant
lUniversit Fdrale de Campinas nen est encore quaux phases
prliminaires de ses recherches.
Carvalho, Carmen Teresa Dorigo de, [1992], A Decodificao da
Estrutura Frasal em Matss (Pano), 187pp., Dissertao de Mestrado em
Lingustica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro. [See Faco Suares.]
Carvalho, Carmen Teresa Dorigo de, 1995, Las marcas de tiempo y
aspecto en la lengua Matss (Pano), Actas II JLA: 235-249.
Faco Soares, Marilia; Raquel G.R. Costa, & Carmen T.D.
Carvalho, [1991], Towards a rhythmic classification of Panoan
languages, paper presented at the 47th ICA, New Orleans. [Marubo
and Matses data; "para uma classificao rtmica das lnguas Pano" in
Revista del Instituto de Lingstica, Facultad de Filosofa y Letras,
Universidad de Buenos Aires. S & S, 3: 95-116]
Ferreira, Rogrio Vicente, [1999], Uma descrio do comportamento
adjetival na lngua matis, 10pp., paper presented at the II Seminrio
Nacional de Lingstica e Lngua Portuguesa, Universidade Federal de
Gois, ms.
Ferreira, Rogrio Vicente, [1999], Ergatividade na Lngua Matis,
7pp., Universidade de Campinas, ms.Ferreira, Rogrio Vicente &
V.R.F. Spanghero, [1996], Anlise fonologica preliminar da lngua
Matis, ms.
Fleck, David W., 2000, Causer nominalizations in Matses (Panoan;
Amazonian Peru), paper presented at the 8th Biennial Rice
University Symposium on Linguistics.
Grasserie, Raoul de la, 1888, De la famille linguistique Pano,
pp.438-449, in: Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, VII,
Berlin. ["Official" birth of the concept of a Panoan
ethnolinguistic family (including Karipuna, Mayoruna, and
Culino.]Wallace de Garcia Paula, Ruth, [1979], Relatrio da viagem
realizada area do PIA do rio Itui...fev./marco 1979, 137pp., funai
archives, Museu do Indio, Rio de Janeiro, Ms. [Includes a brief
(unreliable) Matis lexicon compared with Marubo and Matses, based
on few days' fieldwork; believes men's and women's speech to be
different! (the truth is women speak faster); some interesting data
about first contacts & cultural practices which have since then
disappeared.]
*****
III.3. Matriaux didactiques
A lexception des deux petites brochures de Wise et des Lecciones
par el aprendizaje del idioma Mayoruna manuel fort utile destin aux
hispano-hablantes, les ouvrages numrs ci-dessous sont avant tout
destins aux coliers matses. La plupart ont commenc paratre dans les
annes 80. Pour une liste plus dtaille, on peut se reporter au site
web ou aux bibliographies spcialises publies par lILV [Mary Ruth
Wise, 1986, Bibliografa del ILV en el Peru, 1946-1986; Alan C.
Wares, 1992, Bibliography of the Summer Institute of
Linguistics].
Kneeland, Harriet, 1979, Lecciones para el aprendizaje del
idioma Mayoruna, 250pp. ILV / Ministerio de Educacin, Documento de
Trabajo N14, Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Peru. [10 lessons, each
including a dialogue, vocabulary, cultural notes, review of
pertinent grammar, and exercizes. Includes Matss-Spanish lexicon
(some 800 entries), short list of medical expressions, and a text
(contact story) with literal translation.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1988, Matsesen chiampid, 100pp., Educacin
Bilinge Matss, Yarinacocha. [Reader.]
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV,1973, Declaracin universal de
los derechos humanos, Lima. [In various Panoan languages, including
matses.]
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV, 1980, Capuec Nidaid, libro
experimental de Lectura y Escritura, 110pp.
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV, 1981-3, Matsesn Naid, I y II
(194pp. & 115pp.), Libro de lectura y Escritura.
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV, 1983, Matematica
(matses).
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV, 1982, Matsesn Dada (el cuerpo
humano), libro para las Ciencias Naturales, 42pp.
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV, 1982, Manua (las moscas),
libro para las Ciencias Naturales, 47pp..
Ministerio de Educacin (Peru)/ILV,1985, Nidaidn capuquid
uicchumbidi, aves y animales, Libro de Lectura y Escritura, 164pp.,
ILV.Ministerio de Educacin/ILV (Peru), 1986, Mariquita. Libro de
Ciencias Naturales, Lima/Yarinacocha. [10 lessons on health and
hygiene in native languages (including matses), with Spanish
translation.]
Ministerio de Educacin/ILV (Peru), 1987, El cuerpo humano, Libro
de Ciencias Naturales 2, Lima/Yarinacocha. [Comes in various Panoan
languages, matses included.]
Wise, Mary Ruth, 1973, Vocablos y Expresiones mdicas ms usuales
en veinte idimas vernculos peruanos, Documento de Trabajo n2,
Yarinacocha. [55 questions with answers; Matses included.]
Wise, Mary Ruth, 1979, Palabras y frases utiles en algunos
idiomas de la selva peruana, Yarinacocha, Documento de Trabajo n4,
Yarinacocha. [I.L.V./Ministerio de Educacin del Peru.
III.4. Education bilingue:
Outre les textes didactiques, un certain nombre de rflexions sur
la pdagogie interculturelle en milieu indigne a galement t
produite, dont une partie spcifiquement consacre aux Matses.
Daggett, James, & Mary Ruth Wise, 1990, The Social
Consequences of Literacy in Some Ethnic Groups of the Peruvian
Amazon, Las consecuencias sociales de la alfabetizacin en algunos
grupos tnicos de la Amazona Peruana, Comunidades y Culturas
Peruanas, XXIII:6782. [galement publi en 1992 dans Notes on
Literacy, XVIII(4):114.]
Fields, Harriet, 1983, The Matses Literary Program, Notes on
Literacy, XXXVII:8-15.
Fields, Harriet, 1990, Literacy Program among the Matses People:
the Initial Steps, Programa de alfabetizacin entre los Matses: los
pasos iniciales, Comunidades y Culturas Peruanas, 23:221232.
Kneeland, Harriet, & Norma Faust, 1981, La educacin informal
entre los matss, shipibo y yaminahua, 6p., Informacin de Campo,
N468b.
Kneeland, Harriet, 1979a, El programa espontneo de alfabetizacin
entre los Matss, 4p., Informacin de Campo, N381g. [illegible.]
Wise, Mary Ruth & Ed Riggle, 1979, Terminologa matemtica y
la enseanza de conocimientos bsicos entre los grupos tnicos de la
Amazona Peruana, Lenguaje y Ciencias (University of Trujillo),
v.XIX(3):85-102. [English version in: Revista Peruana de Lenguas
Indoamericanas, 1(1):2138, 1981.]
IV. Recherches ethnologiques
IV.1. Ethnologie des Pano septentrionaux (travaux de
synthse)
Erikson, Philippe, 1994, Los Matses/Matis, pp.1-127 in F.
Santos-Granero & F. Barclay, eds., Gua Etnogrfica de la Alta
Amazona, vol.2, Flacso/IFEA, Quito. [Monographic study of the
historic Mayoruna and modern northern Panoans.]
Flowers, Nancy, 1994, Mayoruna, pp. 233235, in J. Wilbert, org.,
Encyclopedia of World Cultures, vol.7, G.K. Hall & C,
Boston.
Olson, James S., 1991, The Indians of Central and South America,
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Press, New York. [Entries,
about half a page long, describe individual tribes and give a few
references. Useful, although founded on quite antiquated data-base
and often imprecise. For instance: includes the Matis among the
Matses, themselves distinguished from the Mayoruna.]
Santos-Granero, Fernando & Frederica Barclay, 1994,
"introduccin" pp.xixxli in Gua Etnogrfica de la Alta Amazona, vol.
II, Flacso/Ifea, Quito. [general introduction to three monographs
on the Mayoruna, Uni, & Yaminahua. Includes an interesting
discussion of Panoan "ethnicity".]
Steward, Julian H. & Alfred Mtraux, 1948, "Tribes of the
Peruvian and Ecuadorian Montaa", pp.535-656 in J. Steward, ed.,
vol.III, Handbook of South American Indians, Bulletin of the Bureau
of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
*****
IV.2. Ethnologie matses(travaux universitaires)
Si les tudes linguistiques consacres aux Pano septentrionaux
nont t engages quassez tardivement, les ethnologues se sont en
revanche attels la tche trs peu de temps aprs les premiers
contacts. Les pruviens R. Moscoso et L. Calixto Mendez ont t
pionniers en la matire, bientt rejoints par l'amricain S. Romanoff.
La relve semble en passe dtre assure par deux jeunes chercheurs, D.
Fleck (cf. III.2.) et J. Matlock, qui viennent chacun de passer
plusieurs annes sur le terrain. Ct brsilien, hormis celles d'Alves
Coutinho (I.4.), les seules recherches universitaires dont nous
ayons eu connaissance sont celles de K. Milton, qui a par ailleurs
inspir une importante littrature sur les venins de rainette (Daly
et al.; Erspamer et al.).
Calixto Mendez, Luis G., [1981], Informe Sobre los Avances de
Las Investigaciones y Programas de Apoyo Preliminares en la Reserva
Nativa Matses, ms. [Typescript, obtained by Jim Matlock from IIAP
library].
Calixto Mendez, Luis, [1985], Las prcticas de subsistencia,
regimen alimenticio y tcnicas de transformacin culinaria, Aspectos
Socio-Culturales del uso de la tierra en el grupo tnico matses,
Manuscript at the IIAP, Iquitos.
Calixto Mendez, Luis, [1986], Implicancias de los
desplazamientos en la explotacin del medio, Aspectos
Socio-Culturales del uso de la tierra en el grupo tnico matses,
Manuscript at the IIAP, Iquitos.
Calixto Mendez, Luis, [1987], La organizacin social matses y su
sistema de valores y creencias, Aspectos socio-culturales del uso
de la tierra en el grupo tnico Matses, Manuscript at the IIAP,
Iquitos. [This and the former two texts, based on extensive
fieldwork (various years), provide extremely detailed first hand
data. Especially interesting on land usage.]
Calixto Mendez, Luis, 1986, Implicancias de la sedentarizacin de
los Matses de ribera entre cazadores y agricultores, Extracta,
V:27-32.
Daly, J.W., J. Caceres, R.W. Moni, F. Gusovsky, M. Moos, K.B.
Seamon, K. Milton and Ch.H. Meyers, 1992, Frog Secretion and
Hunting Magic in the Upper Amazon: Identification of a Peptide that
Interacts with an Adenosine Receptor, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 89:10,96010,963. [Identification and
toxicological analysis of frog poison used in Matses hunting
magic.]
Erspamer, Vittorio et al., 1993, Pharmacological Studies of
'Sapo' from the Frog Phyllomedusa bicolor Skin: A Drug Used by the
Peruvian Matses Indians in Shamanic Hunting Practices, Toxicon,
31:10991111. [Ethnographic overview of the use of "hallucinogenic"
frogs by Matses (largely from Gorman 1990) with proposed mechanism
of action.]
Fleck, D.W. & J.D. Harder, 2000, Matses Indian rainforest
habitat classification and mammalian diversity in Amazonian Peru,
Journal of Ethnobiology, 20(1):x-x (in press).Fleck, David W.; R.S.
Voss & J.L. Patton, 1999, Biological basis of saki monkey
(Pithecia) species recognized by Matses Indians in Amazonian Peru,
International Journal of Primatology, 20(6):1005-1028.
Fleck, David W., 1997, Mammalian diversity in rainforest
habitats recognized by the Matses Indians in the Peruvian Amazon,
M.S. thesis in zoology, Ohio State University.
Hornborg, Alf, 1988, Dualism and Hierarchy in Lowland South
America, Trajectories of Indigenous Social Organization, Uppsala
Studies in Cultural Anthropology, N9. [P.161-171 about
Panoans.]
Hornborg, Alf, 1993, Panoan marriage sections: a comparative
perspective, Ethnology, XXXII/1:101108. [Formal analysis of second
hand data.]Matlock, James G., 1998, "Dispersed, Nucleated,
Dispersed: Changing Matses Settlement Patterns", 1968-1995,
pp.33-45 in Debra Picchi, edit., Unsettled Communities: Changing
Perspectives on South American Indigenous Settlements, South
American Indian Studies, n5, Bennington College. [paper originally
presented at the 1995 AAA annual meeting, Washington, D.C..; based
on fieldwork; author preparing a Ph.D.]
Milton, Katherine, 1991, Comparative aspects of diet in
Amazonian Forest-dwellers, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London, Series B, vol. 334:93-103 [discusses dietary
differences among the Arara, Parakan, Arawet and Mayoruna, based on
fieldwork with a group of 117 Matses on the rio Lobo.]Milton,
Katherine, 1994, No pain, no game, Natural History, IX:4451.
[Describes use of kampo, i.e. injections of the poisonous secretion
from the tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor, as a hunting charm among
the Mayoruna. 10 photos, many by Jeff Rotman, and previously
published in Penthouse, High Times, etc. (see Gorman, Rotman, in
II.4.).]
Moscoso, R., 1977, Los Mayoruna (Matses), Unpublished B.A.
thesis, Pontifica Universidad Catlica del Peru, Lima.
Redford, K.H. & J.G. Robinson, 1987, The Game of Choice:
Patterns of Indian and Colonist Hunting in the Neotropics, American
Anthropologist, 89(3):650667. [Comparative hunting techniques of
mestizos and Amerinds, among which Matses; ce travail, qui ne
repose pas sur un travail de terrain original peut tre considr
comme une sorte de prolongement de celui de Romaoff.]
Romanoff, Steve, 1976, Informe sobre el uso de la tierra entre
los Matses en la Selva baja peruana, Amazona Peruana,
I(1):97-130.
Romanoff, Steve, 1984a, Matses Adaptations in the Peruvian
Amazon, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York. [General
monograph of the Matses, with highlights on hunting patterns and
ethnohistory; limited data on kinship and ritual.]
Romanoff, Steve, 1984b, Women as hunters among the matses of the
Peruvian Amazon, Human Ecology XI(3):339342.
Romanoff, Steve, n.d., Responses to Scarcities of Game Animals
by Matses Indians, Western Amazon River Basin, Ms.
*****
IV.3. Ethnologie matses(travaux du SIL)
Bien que les missionnaires du SIL, dans leurs uvres sculires, se
soient essentiellement concentrs sur la linguistique descriptive,
une partie de leur production scientifique intresse galement
l'ethnologie. Les donnes sur la parent ont fait l'objet de
discussions thoriques proposes par Hornborg (voir section IV.2.).
Il semblerait que des matriaux "bruts", en attente d'analyse,
soient galement disponibles dans les archives sonores du SIL,
inventories dans Kneeland & Fields (1976).
Fields, Harriet [alias Luisa], 1963, Informe sobre los
'mayorunas' o capanahuas salvajes del rio Yaquerana, Informacin de
Campo, N131-b. [Information gathered from interviews with a
fugitive from the then uncontacted Matses.]
Fields, Harriet, 1972, Ataques de jaguares a los mayoruna,
Informacin de Campo, N131a.
Fields, Harriet, 1973b, Notes on the 'Singing People' Ceremony,
Informacin de Campo, N131-d. [Short description of initiation
ritual.]
Fields, Harriet, 1974?, Datos miscelaneos sobre la cultura
mayoruna, Informacin de Campo, N344.
Fields, Harriet, 1975b, Cultural Notes on the Matses, Informacin
de Campo, N453b. [Spanish translation: Datos Etno-lingsticos, N47,
1979 (1 mf, 22pp.).]
Fields, Harriet & William R. Merrifield, 1976, Parentesco
Mayoruna, 37pp., Srie Comunidades y culturas peruanas, N9., ILV,
Peru.
Fields, Harriet & William R. Merrifield, 1980, Mayoruna
(Panoan) Kinship, Ethnology, XIX(1):1-28. [Cumbersome attempt to
formalise kinship data; yet, provides much data.]
Kneeland, Harriet, 1975, Notes on Mayoruna Beliefs, Informacin
de Campo, N132.
Kneeland, Harriet & Luisa Fields, 1976, Indice de
grabaciones del mayoruna, 16pp., Informacin de Campo, N130b. [Lists
35 tapes of myths, music, ritual wailing; etc.]
*****
IV.4. Ethnologie des Mayoruna de Marajai
This section includes data on a group of Mayoruna settled near
Tef (on the Amazon), hundreds of kilometers from their original
homeland. Paradoxalement, bien qu'il ait perdu l'usage de la langue
et le contact avec le reste de la famille ethno-linguistique pano,
ce groupe est probablement le dernier revendiquer le nom de
"Mayoruna", comme pour mieux rappler ses origines.
Faulhaber Barbosa, Priscila, 1986, Tradition et changements dans
le moyen Solimes, Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, ORSTOM,
XXII(3-4):389-400.
Faulhaber Barbosa, Priscila, 1987a, O Navio Encantado. Etnia e
alianas em Tef, Belem, Museu Paraense E. Goeldi [Published version
of a 1985 Mestrado Tesis of Brasilia University: Indios e
Civilizados. Etnia e alianas em Tef.]
Faulhaber Barbosa, Priscila, 1987b, ENTROSANDO. Questes Indgenas
em Tefe, Belem, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. [Also see "tentando
uma antropologia operativa", in Anuario
Antropologico/85:79106.]
Faulhaber Barbosa, Priscila, [1994], Paternalismo e
territorialidade entre os Mayorunas do Marajai, presented at the
48th International Congress of Americanists, Uppsala.
Rezende, Viviani Guimaraes & Sandra Mara Schmidt, [1987],
Relatrio da viagem ao rio Bia de 13/08 07/09/87, 5pp., Tf,
CIMI/Norte. [Mainly concerns Katukina of Katukina linguistic
family, but provides some information on the Marajai Mayoruna
acculturation.]
*****
IV.5. Ethnologie des MatisPour ce qui concerne les Matis,
lauteur de ces lignes reste dsesprment isol dans sa tche
dethnographe, bien quil ait eu la satisfaction de voir ses matriaux
de terrain discuts par lanthropologue brsilien J.-C. Melatti,
spcialiste des Marubo. Les donnes concernant la parent matis ont
galement t utilises dans quelques tudes concernant les systmes de
parent amazoniens (Viveiros de Castro, Kensinger).
Katherine Milton (cf. IV.1.) a sjourn dans ce groupe, mais trop
brivement pour quil en rsulte des publications. Enfin, signalons
que Bertha Ribeiro a inclus bon nombre d'lments de la culture
matrielle matis dans son monumental Dicionario do artesanato
indgena.
Erikson, Philippe, 1986, Altrit, tatouage, et anthropophagie
chez les Pano: la belliqueuse qute du soi, Journal de la Socit des
Amricanistes de Paris, LXXII:185-210. [Comparative study of the
image of others among Panoans, and the roles of tattoos, war, and
cannibalism in the definition of self. Includes first-hand data on
the Matis.]Erikson, Philippe, 1987, Bats-moi mais tout doucement,
L'Univers du Vivant, N20:99-115. [Popular account of a ritual in
which ancestor spirits whip children despite, or because of, the
gentleness of day-to-day interaction between parents and children;
many color photos.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1988a, Choix des proies, choix des armes, et
gestion du gibier chez les Matis et d'autres Amrindiens d'Amazonie,
pp.211-220 in L. Bodson, ed., L'animal dans l'alimentation humaine,
les critres de choix, Anthropozoologica, second numero special,
Lige. [Analysis of a ritual in which the Matis successfully predict
(with palm-leaf figurines) the amount of game they will bag on
expeditions. Unedited English translation by Diane
Barraclough.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1988b, Apprivoisement et Habitat chez les
Amerindiens Matis (Langue Pano, Amazonas, Brsil),
Anthropozoologica, N9:25-35. [If humans strive to keep the space
they inhabit strictly separated from the realm of the forest
beings, how and where can they keep pets?]
Erikson, Philippe, 1989, Les Matis de la tte aux pieds et du nez
aux fesses, pp. 287-295 in M-L. Beffa & R. Hamayon, eds., Les
Figures du Corps, Publications du Laboratoire d'Ethnologie et de
Sociologie Comparative de l'Universit de Paris X-Nanterre.
[Describes use of the human body as a source of deictics for
inanimate objects, and how this relates to the orientation of
houses, hammocks, and bathers.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1990a, Les Matis d'Amazonie, Parure du Corps,
Identit Ethnique et Organisation Sociale, doctoral dissertation,
Universit de Paris X-Nanterre. [Study of Matis body ornaments as a
key to social organisation, ethnicity, and cosmology]
Erikson, Philippe, 1990b, Near Beer of the Amazon, Natural
History, 8/90:52-61. [Describes the parallel between life-cyle
rituals and the different stages of maize production and brewing
among the Matis. Many photographs.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1990c, How Crude is Mayoruna Pottery?,
Journal of Latin American Lore, XVI(1):4768. [Description of Matis
clayware, meant as a rejoinder to the oversimplistic and navely
evolutionist depiction of Mayoruna pottery in Lathrap et al.s:The
Roots of the Shipibo Art Style, Three waves on Imiriacocha or there
were "Incas" before the Incas, Journal of Latin American Lore,
XI(1):31-120, 1985.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1991a, Amaznia, O Ritual dos Indios Matis,
Horizonte Geogrfico, IV(16):12-24. [Translation of 1990b.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1991b, Cycles vgtatifs et vitaux dans le
rituel matis (amazonie brsilienne), p.138-149 in D. Meiller &
P. Vannier, eds., Le Grand Livre des Fruits et Lgumes, Editions de
la Manufacture, Paris. [Similar in theme to 1990b, but focusses on
the plant itself rather than on the actors of Matis initiation
rituals.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1991c, Uma esperana para os Matis, pp.268-9
in Povos Indgenas no Brasil, 1987-1990, Aconteceu Especial 18,
CEDI, So Paulo, 1991. [Indigenist note, explaining the revival of
the tattooing ritual after 10 post-contact purgatorial years.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1992a, Qu'importe donc l'ivresse, tant qu'on
a la boisson. Fermentation, temprence et rituel chez les Matis
d'Amazonie brsilienne, Cahiers de Sociologie Economique et
Culturelle, N18:89-97. [Typology and complementarity of plantain,
manioc, maize, and palm-fruit beers, each being associated with a
different stage of life-cycle rituals, and drunk according to this
sequencing.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1992b, Poils et barbes en Amazonie indigne:
lgendes et ralites, Annales de la Fondation Fyssen, N7:8391.
[Focusses on the status of facial hair in Western iconography and
Matis symbolism. Unlike most Amazonians, the Matis are proud of
their beards, and this has some striking repercussions on their
teratology and their cosmology.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1993a, Une nbuleuse compacte: le
macro-ensemble Pano, L'Homme, XXXIII(24):4558. [How to account for
the striking contrast between cultural and territorial homogeneity
of Panoans, on the one hand, and their ethnic atomization on the
other? Review of some of the cementing factors which hold the
Panoan mosaic together.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1993b, A onomastica matis amaznica? pp.323338
in E. Viveiros de Castro & M. Carneiro da Cunha, eds., Amaznia:
Etnologia e Histria indgena, Nucleo de Histria Indgena e do
Indigenismo, usp/fapesp, So Paulo. [Naming practices among the
Matis and other Panoans, and their relationship with Kariera-type
marriage sections.]
Erikson, Philippe, 1996, La Griffe des Aeux. Marquage du corps
et dmarquage ethnique chez les Matis d'Amazonie, Editions Peeters:
Paris. [In addition to its monographic and comparative ambition,
this study aims at deciphering Matis body ornements and associated
rituals, perceived as a key to their social organisation, ethnic
identity, and cosmology. The text is illustrated with 68 figures
and 43 photographs meant to help instill the sociological,
political and symbolical dimensions of the Matis' enduring passion
for body-lore.]Erikson, Philippe, 1999, El sello de los
antepasados. Marcado del cuerpo y demarcacin tnica entre los Matis
de la Amazona, Abya Yala, Quito / IFEA, Lima. [traduction de
Erikson 1996]Erikson, Philippe, 2000, "Dialogues vif... Note sur
les salutations en Amazonie", pp.113-136 in A-M. Becquelin et Ph.
Erikson, dit., Les Rituels du Dialogue, Nanterre: Socit
d'Ethnologie.
Erikson, Philippe, (sous presse), Le masque matis: matire
rflexion, rflexion sur la matire, accepted for publication by
LHomme. [description des masques matis et du symbolisme inhrent
l'argile dont ils sont constitus.]
Erikson, Philippe, (sous presse), Reflexos de si, ecos de
outrem. Efeitos do contato sobre a auto representao Matis ch.9 in
B. Albert & A. Ramos, eds., Pacificando o Branco. Cosmologia e
poltica do contato no Norte Amaznico, So Paulo: Editora da
Universidade de So Paulo. [Along with death and the loss of many
cultural traits associated with shamanism, recent post-contact
diseases have brought along a severe modification of Matis
selfimage.]
Erikson, Philippe, (sous presse), "I, uuu, shhh. Cris, sexes et
mtamorphoses chez les Matis (Amazonie Brsilienne)", in Alain
Babadzan, dit., Hommage Henri Lavonds, Nanterre: Socit
d'Ethnologie. [Une version portugaise de ce texte doit
prochainement paratre dans la revue Mana (Rio de Janeiro)].
Erikson, Philippe, (sous presse), "Several fathers in one's
capPolyandrous conception among the Panoan Matis (Amazonas,
Brazil)", in Stephen Beckermann & Paul Valentine, edits.,
Partible Paternity: The Theory and Practice of Multiple Fatherhood
in South America, Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
Erikson, Philippe, (sous presse), "Myth and Material culture:
blowguns, palm trees, and ancestor spirits among the Matis", in
Laura Rival & Neil Whitehead, edit., Festschrift for Peter
Rivire, Oxford University Press. [Traite des facteurs idologiques
qui influent sur les choix technologiques (arc ou sarbacane)
effectus par les chasseurs matis.]
Kensinger, Kenneth, 1985, "Panoan Kinship Terminology and Social
Organization", pp. 157-174 in K. Kensinger, How Real People Ought
to Live, The Cashinahua of Eastern Peru, Prospect Hights : Waveland
Press.
Melatti, Julio Cezar, 1989, Dos Alicerces Somticos das Culturas
Panos Considerados por elas proprias, Trabalhos de Cincias Sociais,
Serie Antropologia N78. [Compares Matis, Marubo, & Caxinawa
origin myths; discusses mariwin spirits.]
Melatti, Julio Cezar, 1992, "Enigmas do Corpo e Solues dos
Panos", pp.143-166 in Mariza Corra & Roque Laraia, edits.,
Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, Homenagem, UNICAMP, Campinas. [version
dfinitive du texte prcdent.]
Ribeiro, Bertha G., 1988, Dicionario do artesanato indgena,
Itatiaia, Universidade de So Paulo, 348pp. [This thorough and
richly illustrated encyclopedia of indigenous material culture
describes and depicts every conceivable item traditionally used by
Brazilian Indians; a reasonable amount of the hundreds of artefacts
illustrated come from Panoan tribes: Marubo, Kaxinawa, Matis,
Karipuna, Conibo.]Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo, 1996, Ambos os trs:
sobre algumas distines tipolgicas e seu significado estrutural na
teoria do parentesco, Anurio Antropolgico/95:9-91. [discusses
Panoan systems pp.76-78]
*****
Filmographie:
Pour conclure, quelques films dans lesquels des Pano
septentrionaux tiennent la vedette:
-- J. Bodanski & W. Gauer (dir.): Terceiro Milenio, 90mn,
16mm, color, STOP FILMS, 1981. [a masterpiece, showing a
politician's aquatic campaign in the Javari region, including some
Matses villages]
-- Jacques Bock, Expdition Selva, "Carnets de l'Aventure",
France, 1982 [hunting scenes (including post-kill singing) and
misunderstandings in the jungle...]
-- J.J. Cousteau's: L'expdition Cousteau en Amazonie, 1984.
[some sequences on the Matis]
-- FUJI televison produced a film (in Japanese, for the general
public) about the Matis. Video, 60mn, 1985.
-- Maurizio Leigheb, Matis: illusion de un Eden, Italy. Video,
26mn, 1986 [entirely devoted to the Matis, "undressed" for the
circumstances; interesting sequence on pet sacrifice, presented as
a hunting scene!]
-- Silvio Cavuscens, Lino J. de O. Neves & I. Amorim Filho,
"KUMUTIRO: Campanha Javari", Vido, 1987. [interviews with various
indigenist leaders of the Javari ethnic groups; available via
Survival International, France and CEDI, Brazil].
-- Erling Sderstrm. Jungle Club, 52 mn, Image Dimension/Les
Films du Village, 1997. [first contact of the Korubo; fascinating
document]-- Steffi Moritz & Roland Garve: Auf der suche nach
den Korubo Indianer, 1997. [diffus par la tlvison allemande; Korubo
contact].
-- Andy Jillings, Return of the Ancestors, Essential
Television/Discovery Channel, 52 mn, 1998. [Matis; ethnographic
consultant: Erikson.]
-- Nick Gordon, Hunt of the Jaguar, National Geographic
Television, 1999 [Matis]
-- Richard Wawman. Korubo. First contact, Essential
Television/Discovery Channel, 52 mn, 2000. [Location director:
Erling Sderstrm.]
-- Gonzalo Arijon, Les hommes-jaguar, 52 mn, Canal Plus/Dans la
nature, 2001 [Matis; ethnographic consultant: Erikson.]
Oubli:
Kneeland, Harriet, 1994, Cultural crisis and ideal values in
cultural change among the Mayoruna of Eastern Peru, Notes on
anthropology and Intercultural Community Work, 16:23-48.
4