What is this? Whatbe thisthat Thisthatbe a bookpen what be w (?)
1. What is this? This is a chair. Whats this? Its a book. What is
that? That is a desk.
2. 3.
What are these? What arethesethose TheseThose areses is are 1.
2. 3. What are you? Whatbe be a student what be I amwe areyou arehe
is 1. 2. Are you a ...? Be amareis Yesamareis Noamareisnot amisare
What are you? I am a student. What is she? She is a teacher. What
are these? These are books. What are those? Those are cups. What
are they? They are glasses.
1. 2. 3.
Is he a student? Yes, he is. (No, he isnt.) Are you a teacher?
Yes, I am. (No, Im not.) Is that a clock? Yes, it is. (No, it
isnt.)
What is your name? Whatisname? nameis myyourhisher
aanthisthatthese those 1. 2. 3. Who is that ...? 25 What is your
name? My name is Sue. What is his name? His name is John. What is
her name? Her name is Jean.
Whobe that That is Who 1. 2. 3. Where is ...? Wherebe amareis be
in the Where ...?InOn the 1. 2. 3. Where is Sue? She is in her
room. Where are your books? On the desk. Where is your mother? She
is in the kitchen. Who is that short boy? That is Bill. Who is that
tall girl? That is Mary. Who is that fat man? He is my uncle.
Are you V-ing ...? AmAreIs be 1. 2. 3. Is Mary sleeping? Are you
reading a book? Is the dog playing?
What are you doing? Whatamareis amareis sit downstand up 1. 2.
3. What am I doing? You are reading a book. What are the girls
doing? They are singing. What is Bill writing? He is writing a
letter.
How old are you? How oldbe be year(s) old how what be
amisare()year(s) old 1. 2. 3. How old are you? I am twelve (years
old). How old is your sister? She is thirteen years old. How old is
John? He is one year old.
What time is it? 26
What time is it It isoclock what timetime
1. 2. 3.Do you + V ...?
What time is it? It is ten oclock. What time is it? It is six
oclock. What time is it? It is nine oclock.
DoDoes Yesdodoes Nodontdoesnt speakworkteach do does s es
1. 2. 3.
Do you speak English? Yes, I do. (No, I dont.)
Does she have a cat? Yes, she does. (No, she doesnt.)
Do they work in office? Yes, they do. (No, they dont.)
What time do you + V ...? What timedodoes do does does do 1. 2.
3. What time do you get up? I usually get up at six. What time does
he go to bed? He usually goes to bed at ten. What time does your
class begin? It begins at eight-ten.
What day is today? What day is today ItsSundayMonday it this
that
1. 2. 3.
What day is today? Its Sunday. What day is today? Its Wednesday.
What day is today? Its Saturday.
How many N are there ... 27
How manyare there inon There isareinon many are there there
are
1.2.
How many seasons are there in a year? There are four seasons in
a year. How many days are there in a week? There are seven days in
a week. How many lessons are there in this book? There are twelve
lessons in this book.
3.
How many ... do you have? How manydodoeshave havehas dontdoesnt
have How many manya lot ofa fewsomefewany no
1. 2. 3.
How many books do you have? I have a lot of books. (I dont have
any books.) How many sweaters do you have? I have three sweaters.
(I dont have any sweaters.) How many friends does she have? She has
a lot of friends. (She doesnt have many friends.)
How much ... do you have? How muchdodoeshave havehas dontdoesnt
have How much much a littlesomelittleany no
1. 2. 3.
How much tea does he have? He has a lot of tea. (He doesnt have
any tea.) How much homework do they have? They have a lot of
homework. (They dont have much homework.) How much fruit do they
have? They have a lot of fruit. (They dont have a lot of
fruit.)
How much do(es) ... cost? How much doescost how much How much be
"
1. 2.
How much does this computer cost? (=How much is this computer?)
How much do the vegetables cost? 28
3. Did ... V ... Did Did Did 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Did he clean the
room yesterday? Did she wash the skirt yesterday? Did your brother
play in the park this morning? Did he eat lunch yesterday? Did you
see any elephants in the zoo last week? Did Sue have her breakfast
at eight? How much do the movie tickets cost?
Do you ever + V ...? DoDoesever Nonever s es ever never never 4
1. Do you ever use a computer? No, I never use a computer. Does Tom
ever get up late? No, Tom never gets up late. 3. 4. Does Sally ever
play the piano? No, Sally never plays the piano. Never be late for
school, Bill.
2.
What year was he born in? What dateyearwaswerebornonin born bear
< > was werewaswere born 1. 2. 3. What year were you born in?
What date was your mother born on? What month was your sister born
in?
What will you do on ...? What willdiddoon on
1.2. 3.
What will you do on Teachers Day? What will they do on Christmas
Eve? What will Helen do on her birthday? What did John do on New
Years Day? What did Mary do on Youth Day? What did the suspect do
on July ninth?
4.5. 6.
29
How do you + V ...? Howdo How
1. 2.3.
How did you do your work? I did my work happily. How did Mrs.
Lin look at Mr. Lin? She looked at Mr. Lin coldly. How does Mr.
Wang drive his taxi? He drives his taxi carefully.
You are ..., arent you? it this that()()they thesethose people
will not >wontwould not> wouldntshould not>shouldntcan
not>cantcould not>couldnt might not >mightntought
not>oughtnt do does did
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Theyre ready, arent they? Mike has a car, doesnt he? The
secretary typed the letter, didnt she? They will go to Europe, wont
they? You are the teacher, arent you? I suppose you have been in
our woods, havent you? I know he had a good time last night, didnt
he? The wall plug is broken, isnt it? Clean parks are beautiful,
arent they? You can do it, cant you? We should rise early, shouldnt
we?
He isnt ..., is he?
1. 2. 3. 4.
He isnt a manager, is he? - Yes, he is. (No, he isnt.)
Mike doesnt have a car, does he? The secretary didnt type the
letter, did she? They wont go to Europe, will they? 30
5. 6.You arent the teacher, are you? I dont think he can answer
the question, can he?
What in the world ...? in the worldon earthever in the worldon
earth ever 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How in the world will he do it? What
in the world do you mean? Who on earth told you that? How on earth
did you know it? Where ever did you lose it? What in the world are
they hoping for?
Are you ... or ...? or " 1. 2. 3. 4. Shall we come to see you or
will you come to see us? Are you from the America or from the
England? Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday? Would you like coffee
or tea?
What ..., + A or B? ()Aor B -- 1. 2. 3. 4. What would you like
coffee or tea? Which would you rather to buy silk or cotton? Where
did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing? When will you go to the Fair,
tomorrow or some other day? ... what/which ... whathowwhichwhy <
> willshouldwould mustmaycan dodoesdid
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Id like to know how old the manager is. He inquired how it was
done. Please advise me which item I should buy. Tell me why it is
so important? They do not know what the words mean. Tell me what
happened yesterday. 31
7. 8. 9. ... whether/if ... whetherif if or not whether whether
if 1. 2. 3. He asked me the question whether the price was too
high. They asked him whether the quality is fine or not. Tell me
whether you like this color. Tell me if it doesnt rain. Ask him if
it is true. I wonder if he is in the school. What they talked about
is what we want to know. She washed her hair every night and
measured how much it grew in a week. You will never know how much
your encouragement meant to me.
4.5. 6.
Do you know if/where ... whatwherewhen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. He is
..., is he? 1. We are old friends, not strangers, right? Hes a
capable businessman, is he? So you come importing Chinese textiles,
do you? So youve been to Shanghai, have you? Can you tell me where
the teacher has gone? Have you any idea where he comes from? Do you
know if they like this new item? Do you know who wants to go with
me? Do you know when the train will leave? Can you tell me how much
you earn a month?
2.3.
4.... what ...?
1. 2. 3. Two times what number makes ten? You will go where? You
are twenty-what this year? Hes your who?
4.
32
What/How about + N/V-ing? WhatHow about 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
What if ...? What if 1. What if it is true? What if he doesnt
agree? What if he comes back now? What if the boys parents should
die? What if I fail! What about the name Smith? What about going to
a movie? What about lending me some money? What about washing the
car on Sunday? How about the others? How about a drink? How about a
cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop?
2.3.
4.5. What ... for?
Whatfor For what 1. 2. 3. How else ...? How else 1. 2. 3. How
else should a father in this modern world express his affection and
concern for his own son? How else can the doctor save him? How else
can I apologize for her? What are you running for? What do you want
it for? What did they go there for?
33
If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ... IfS
if will I we shall will I we shall will if necessaryif
possibleif so if 1. 2. 3. If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad.
If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin. If it rains, we will
stay at home. If the weather clears, well go for a walk. If the
weather doesnt clear, we wont go for a walk. Inflation may be
rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up. 7. If possible, She wants
to go with us. Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest
rates will rise. If + Present Tense ..., S + Modal Verb ... If + 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out. If it is
fine tomorrow, we could go out. If it is fine tomorrow, we may go
out. If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out. If it is fine
tomorrow, we should go out. If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go
out. If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out.
4. 5.6.
8.
If I should ..., Imperative Sentence. If Ishould ... should if
1. 2. 3. 4. If you should see him, please give him my regards.
Should you see him, please give him my regards. If you should
happen to see him, please give him my regards. Should you happen to
see him, please give him my regards. 34
5. 6. 7. If you should write to her, send her my love. Should
you not wish our agent to call, please let us know. Should you be
interested in our offer, please contact us.
If I should ..., I will ... Ifshouldwouldwillshouldshall if
shouldshould if should if 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. If he should come, I
would tell him the truth. If he should come, I will tell him the
truth. Should the boy come again, I would throw him out. If it
should rain, our plan would be spoiled. Should that be true, the
contract would be canceled. Should another world war break out,
what would become of human beings?
If I were to ..., I ... Ifwere towouldshould if ... should,
...if ... were to 1. 2. 3. 4. If the sun were to rise in the west,
he would pass the exam. If I were to be born again, I would like to
be a bird. If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be
like? Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do? If I +
V-ed, I would ... Ifwouldshould if were were if should would
couldmight ought to 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. If I knew his address, I
could write to him. If I were free now, I might call on him. If you
were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do? Were I
rich enough, I would buy a sports car. How happy I would be if I
were a few inches taller! If I had a car, I could take her for a
drive. If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly. 35
It is time that ... It ishightimethat shouldthat to 1. 2. 3. It
is time he went to bed. It is time that you left for the duty. It
is time that you reflected upon your mistakes. It is high time he
should come to our house for dinner. It is time for somebody to
teach you to behave yourself.
4. 5.
If I had V-ed, I would have ... Ifhadwouldshould have if
wouldshouldought tomightcouldhaveif had If 1. If I had seen him, I
would have told him the truth. I could have finished the task if I
had had more time. If we had known of your departure, we would have
seen you off at the airport. 4. 5. I someone had been with him, he
might not have been drowned. I might have been incredulous had I
not been accustomed to such responses. Had he not apologize to her,
she would not have forgiven him. 7. 8. 9. Had he not saved me, I
might have been drowned. Had I proposed to you, would you have
married me?? Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this
transaction. If I had V-ed, I would ... Ifhadwouldshould nowtoday
if nowtoday
2. 3.
6.
1.2.
If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now. If
I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today. 36
3. 4.
Had he told the truth, he wouldnt be punished now. Had he
followed the doctors advice, he might be alive now.
I wish ... + V-ed ... I wishthathad I wish that I wishthat- I
would ratherthat- I hope that 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. If only + V-ed
If only 1. 2. 3. If only I had a rich father. If only he had been
here. If only I had another chance. I wish there were meadows and
lambs. I wish I were as tall as you. I wish he could tell us. I
wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow. I wish you had not
been caught in the rain yesterday. I wish you had not told the
truth. I wish I had known you ten years ago.
... as if/as though ... as ifas though as ifas though
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
He speaks like that as if he doesnt want to attend the meeting.
He walks as if he is drunk. He felt as if he almost wished to kill
them. The baby opened the book as if he were able to read. The
nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father. He ran into
the room as if he had seen something terrible. She looks as if
nothing had happened to her.
It seems/looks as if ... It seemslooks as if 37
as if 1. 2. It looks as if it is going to rain. It seems as if
he knows everything. It seems as if he knew everything, but in
reality, he is as stupid as can be. It looks as if she had just
come back from outer space.
3. 4.5. 6.
It seemed as if he had finished the work. It seemed as if he
would never finish the work.
If it were not for ... if it were not forwouldshould but for
withoutwere if 3
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
If it were not for his presence, I would punish you. But for
your advice, I should have failed. But for music (=Were it not for
music), life would be dull. If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen
in the air, no man could live on the earth. Without air, all living
things would die. Without newspaper, we would get behind the times.
I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers. Were
it not for his help, I could not finish the work.
9.
Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable
live.
If it had not been for ... if it had not been forwouldshould 1.
2. 3. If it had not been for his help, I should have failed. Had it
not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the
verge of bankruptcy. If it had not been for these experiments, the
improvement of the machine would have been impossible. 4. 5. Had it
not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the
mountains. If it had not been that he was here, I would have
punished you. I demand/insist that ... 1demandinsist that 2should
suggestrecommendproposeadviseurge desire askdemand
requirerequestmaintaininsist ordercommand ruleregulatestipulate
38
that-should should 1. 2. 3. 4. The committee moved that the
meeting (should) be adjourned. His parents demanded that he
(should) be back by ten. The employees demand that their salaries
be raised. They ruled that the law (should) not be imposed. His
father ordered that he (should) keep a diary in English.
5.6. 7.
My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my
education. He insisted that I (should) apologize to her. Recently,
many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to
drive. His father insisted that they (should) move to the
country.
8.9.
It is proper ... that ... It isimportant thatshould
importantnecessaryimperativeessentialurgentdesirable advisable
recommendableproper that- should must should 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my
reference. It is essential that he get up early. It is urgent that
food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers. It is
desirable that we (should) provide for the poor at Christmas. It is
important that he be quiet. It is important that he not do it. It
is requested that all members be present at the party. It is proper
that such a bad man be punished severely.
Imperative Sentence + Conj. + Main Clause if if
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Unless ...
Provide the materials and well do the job. Stop shouting or
youll wake up the neighbors. Put that down or else Ill smack you.
Be there on time, otherwise youll create a bad impression. Fail to
pay and theyll cut off the electricity. Stop eating sweets, or you
wont get any dinner.
Unless unless if ... not ... 39
unless if ... not ...
1. 2. 3.
Unless you change your mind (=If you dont change you mind), I
wont be able to help you. Unless the management improves their
offer, therell be a strike. I couldnt have got to the meeting on
time unless I had caught an earlier train.
Provided/Providing (that) .... ProvidedprovidedthatSV ...
Provided/Providing (that) if Provided/Providing (that) you clear
your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off. As/So long as
... As/So long as SV ... As/So long as if
1.2.
So (As) long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can
have tomorrow leave. As long as you drive carefully, you will be
very safe. You may eat anything, so long as you dont eat too much.
As long as live, I will help you. As long as you dont betray me,
Ill do whatever you ask me to (do). Well ship the goods at an early
time as long as there is a steamer.
3.4.
5. 6. 7.
You will never be good students so long as you goof around.
Suppose/Supposing (that) ... Suppose/Supposing thatSV ...
Suppose/Supposing (that) if Suppose/Supposing (that) we miss the
train, what shall we do? What if/Say ... What if/SaySV ... What if
Say Let us suppose
1. 2.With luck ...
What if/Say he goes home before us and cant get in? What will he
do then? What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you
do?
With luck With luck if with luck
1.
With luck, well be there by tomorrow.=If we are lucky 40
2. Given time ... Given time if Given time Given time, they will
probably agree. =If they are given time/If we give them time With
luck, she will get the job. =If she is lucky
To hear him talk, ... To hear him talk To hear him talk if To
hear him talk If you could hear him talk
1. 2.
To hear him talk, youd think he was Prime Minister. To hear you
talk, Id think you were Prime Minister.
Without ..., S + V ... Without Without ... without Without
without without
1. 2. 3.4.
Without your help, I couldnt have done it. =If you hadnt helped
me She cant solve the problem without his help. We cant live
without air or water. Fish cannot live without water.
41
as/so ... as ... assoas as as as asas as aanasas manyfew as as
muchlittleasasas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. He is as handsome as
his brother (is). Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does.
Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does. The girls are as
busy with their work as bees. He is as nice a boy as Peter (is).
She has as many friends as Mary (does). He has as much money as
John (does). He is as clever as (he is) handsome. My teacher is as
kind as (she is) intelligent.
as many/much ... as manymuch
1.2.
He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many (=in ten)
pages. Mike read five books in as many (=in five) months. I didnt
expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many
days.
3.
as many/much as ... as manymuch as as manymuch as long asas wide
as as high as < >as early asas late as 1. 2. She has as many
as seven sisters. As many as 100 people were killed in the air
crash. 42
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen.
Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million. I have been
learning English (for) as long as 15 years. He came home as late as
two in the morning. I saw your brother as late as last week. The
river is as wide as 100 meters. I mailed the letter as early as
Friday.
A is as much + N + as B is beasmuchasbe as muchasbe be
1.2. 3.
Comets are just as much members of the suns family as (are) the
other planets. To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat
nothing. He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom.
not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N not assoas asas soas 1. 2. 3. as
far as ... as far as as far as 1. 2. 3. Swallows from England go as
far as South Africa. We walked as far as the railroad station. We
drove as far south as Kaohsiung. He went as far as Yokohama to meet
his friend from England. 5. I swam as far as I could. It is not as
(so) popular as other foods. He does not study as (so) hard as
John. I am not as (so) careful as Tom.
4.
... just as ... as ... just asas as as be as
1.2. 3.
Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good
driver.
Writing is just as important as reading. He wrote just as
carefully as Tom.
... as ... as one can asas one can as ... as one canas ... as
possibleone 43
can
1.2. 3. 4.
To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English
articles as you can. Take as much exercise as you can. Be as
careful as you can. Our teacher explained the lesson to us as
clearly as he could.
5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and
courteous as she could. You should be as careful as you can in
making friends.
We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we
can. I looked down the road as far as I could. I will try to save
as much as I can. You should remain as quiet as you can.
... as ... as ... can be be asascan be as plain as plain can
beas wise as wise can be as white as white can beas wrong as wrong
can be 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. as ... as ever asas ever 1. 2. 3. He seems to
be as busy as ever. He works as hard as ever. She was as beautiful
as ever after so many years. His failure is as plain as plain can
be. He is as handsome as (handsome) can be. She is as kind as can
be. Mary is as hardworking as can be. He may not be so clever as
Peter, but he is as industrious as can be.
... times as ... as ... asas twice times
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice
as loud as the loudest jet. This line is four times as long as that
one. I am twice as old as he. She studies three times as hard as I.
He earns twice as much as he used to. She spent half as much money
as you. 44
... times the/my N ... the the astimesmore thanthe 1. 2. It was
over twice the distance of the earth from the sun. Line A is four
times the length of line B. A B I have five times the number of
Toms books. He has three times my money. He has more than three
times my money. The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui
River. Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New
York, which is four times the size of Holland. more than ... as ...
as more thanasas twice times 1. 2. 3. 4. He is more than three
times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.) He studies
more than three times as hard as I. I am more than twice as old as
he. He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I
(have). ... times ...er than ... than twice times
3.4. 5. 6.
7.
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter
than light waves. This street is four times shorter than that one.
The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby
elephant. It is ten times louder than another. This street is three
times wider than that one. I am twice older than he.
not so adj. as adj. not soas rather than
1.2. 3.
She is not so beautiful as charming. (=She is charming rather
than beautiful.) He is not so clever as diligent. She is not so
kind as simple.
not so much + N as + N 45
not so muchas rather than 1. 2. 3. He is not so much a writer as
a scholar. He is not so much a genius as a hard worker. The Apollo
program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical
accomplishment.
not so much ... as ... not so muchas rather than / 1. Happiness
hinges not so much on wealth as on health. Ones greatness lies not
so much in his wealth as in his character. Success lies not so much
as in luck as in hard work.
2. 3.4. 5. 6.
I lay down not so much to sleep as to think. It is not so
helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a
living. Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to
our cooperation. The great use of a school education is not so much
to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. The oceans
do not so much divide the world as unite it. (=The oceans do not
divide the world so much as unite it.)
7. 8.
not so much as ... not so much as ... not even ... cannot so
much asdo not so much ashave not so much as
1.2.
He cannot so much as write his own name. (=He cannot even write
his own name.) He did not so much as thank me. He is so stupid that
he cant so much as eat. When Mary walked in, she didnt so much as
take a glance at me, which angered me.
3. 4.
the more ..., the more ... thethe heityouthey< >JohnMary
be be 1. The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes.
46
2. 3. 4. The longer you stay here, the more you will like the
place. The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
The more I learn, the less I feel I know. The closer you stay to
nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. The more leisure he has, the less he stays at
home. The better the boy (is), the more I like him. The colder the
weather (is), the more comfortable my life (will be). The bigger
the house (is), the more money it will cost. The more haste, the
less speed. The more noble the more humble. More profit and less
honor. The sooner the better. The more you have, the more you want.
The more you beat iron the harder it grows.
5.
more and more ... and 1. 2. 3. 4. The noise of traffic grows
louder and louder. It is getting hotter and hotter. You should
study harder and harder. The girl became more and more beautiful.
With the rapid economical development, Chinas position on the
international stage is getting more and more important . ... more
... than ... be morethan 1. 2. 3. You may also find that reading
has become more fun than work! It is more a made-up story than a
real occurrence. I was more disappointed than discouraged. He seems
more like a military officer than a business executive.
5.
4.5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
He is more a sprinter than a swimmer. I am more frightened than
hurt. Sue is more beautiful than Jane. The computer is more
expensive than the typewriter. People in the country are happier
than people in the city. 47
N1 more ... than N2 1than 2 1. 2. 3. People have to live on
something more nourishing than hope. I have never seen a girl more
beautiful than Mary. I want some persons more experienced than
Tom.
more N than + ADJ/V-ed thanbe be 1. Some people give higher
priced gifts than necessary for the situation.
2.3.
I did more work than required. We were given more money than
necessary for the project.
It is better to V1 than V2 It isto 1thanto 2 than to 1. It is
better to laugh than (to) weep. It is more comfortable to lie on a
lawn than (to) sit in the office. It is harder to teach than (to)
study.
2.3.
make ... more ... of ... makemoreof 1. 2. 3. Darkness would make
him more appreciative of sight. Their sudden attack made us more
aware of the danger around us. Your encouragement made me more
confident of my future.
all the more for ... all thefor for all thebecause-because 1. 2.
3. 4. You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the
characters in them. I love her all the better for her poverty
(=because she is poor). I like the book all the more for its
beautiful illustrations. He studied all the harder because he had
failed (=for his failure). She is all the more beautiful for her
shabby clothing (=because her clothing is shabby). 48
5.
6. 7. I respect him all the more because he has faults. I like
Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets.
none the ...er for ... none thefor none thebecause-for because
1. 2. 3. His health is none the better for his exercise (=because
he takes exercise). She is none the more beautiful because she
wears a fancy dress. He is none the happier for his great wealth.
He is none the wiser because he has read many books. none the less
... for ... none the lessfor none the lessbecause-none the less 1.
2. 3. I love him none the less because he is poor. She is none the
less beautiful for her shabby clothing. He studied none the less
hard because he had failed.
4.
... no more ... than ... Ano moreBthanCD A B C Dno more ...
thannot ... any more than than 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A whale is no
more a fish than a horse is. A home without love is no more a home
than a body without a soul is a man. He is no more able to speak
English than I am (able to speak English). He is no more
considerate of others than his brother is. He can no more sing than
I can dance. We can no more live without sleep than (we can)
without water. I am no more out of my mind than you are (out of
your mind). 49
8. 9. Tom was no more surprised than (he was) disappointed at
this news. He is no better (no more good) at English than I am.
... no less ... than ... Ano lessBthanCD A B C D no less ...
thanas ... asno less 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A whale is no less a mammal
than a horse is. He is no less clever than his elder brother. She
is no less good at swimming than Mary. His parents are no less
happy over his engagement than he is (happy over his engagement).
He studies no less hard than John.
6.7.
Associating with good friends is no less important to us than
choosing good books. A good shirt is no less expensive than a
jacket.
8.
Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.
not more ... than ... not morethan at best as ... as 1. 2. 3.
She is not more beautiful than Mary. I was not more surprised than
he (was). He is not more handsome than I.
not less ... than not less ... than at least as ... as 1. 2. 3.
She is not less beautiful than Mary. He is not less interested in
composing music than Jane. He is not less handsome than I.
no more than ... no more than only 1. It will take no more than
five days to read the book. It is no more than ten minutes walk
from the station. I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English
assignment.
2.3. no less than ...
50
no less than as manymuch as ... 1. 2. I received no less than
ten thousand yen for my work. The audience was no less than five
thousand. That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a
night. 20 No less than ten students flunked the exam.
3.4.
not more than ... not more than at most
1. 2. 3.
It is not more than ten minutes walk from the station. Ill stay
here not more than three days. For safetys sake, dont drive more
than 30 kilometers per hour in the city.
not less than ... not less than at least 1. The audience was not
less than five thousand. Ill stay here not less than three days.
Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the
mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. at best + N at
best nothing but ...
2. 3.
1.2.
Dont expect much of him; he is at best a student. She is at best
a second-rate singer. Dont scold him too much; he is at best a
child.
3.
much more /much less ... much moremuch less much more ...let
alone ...still more ... much less ...still less ... 1. 2. She can
speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it. She cannot
speak English, much less/still less write it. You have a right to
your property, much more to your ideas.
3.4. 5. 6.
I enjoy singing, much more listening to music. She cannot buy
daily necessities, much less luxuries. He can hardly run a mile,
much less the marathon. That father cant discipline himself, much
less set a good example for his children to follow. 51
7.
... more than any other N thanany other < >thanall the
other 1. 2. John is more diligent than any other student in his
class. John is more diligent than all the other students in his
class. Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan. 4.
5. Autumn is better for reading than any other season. Mt. Jade is
higher than any other mountain in Taiwan.
3.
... more than anyone else thananyone elseanything else anyone
else anything else 1. 2. 3. John is more diligent than anyone else
in his class. Time is more precious than anything else in the
world. Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company. We
pay less attention to time than to anything else.
4.
nothing is ...er than ... nothing nothan
1. 2. 3. 4.5.
Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.
No place is better than ones home.
Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.
Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.
There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and
air.
... nothing more than N nothing more than nothing more
thannothing but
1.2. 3. ...er than ever
Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment. It is
nothing more than a made-up story. She wishes to be treated as
nothing more than a common girl.
than ever than ever than ever before 52
1. 2. 3. There it was, ticking away, louder than ever. You
should be more careful than ever. Does she spend more money than
ever?
better ... than ... betterthan better 1. 2. 3. Please try to
attend the meeting. Better late than absent. Better to postpone the
shipment than to cancel the contract. Better reduce the price than
allow a discount.
with no N is it ...er than ... and with no 1is itthanwith 2 no
is it 1. It is unreasonable to regard any language as the
possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more
unreasonable than with English.
2. 3.
It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with
cancer. It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it
more pleasant than with close friends.
Who is the most ... Who is the who which 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Who is
the oldest of them? Who is the most beautiful in their family? Who
is the youngest here? Which is the most interesting subject for
you?
the ...est ... not ... not not 1. 2. 3. The most foolish man
knows his own name. The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty.
The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem. The
richest man in the world cannot buy everything. There is not the
smallest chance of his escape. Not even the thickest jacket was
enough to keep out the cold. The strongest man (that) you can think
of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands.
4.5. 6. 7.
the ...est ... that V-ed thethat that ever
1.
Thats the best book that I have ever read. 53
2.3. Thats the nicest thing that has ever happened to me. He is
the most diligent student that I have ever known. Thats the worst
performance (that) I have ever seen.
4.
of all the N, the ...est ofthe threethe fourall the of the two 7
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Of the three students, he is the best. Jane is
the best of all the students in her class. Jane is the best of the
three (students). Of all the high mountains, Mt. Jade is the
highest. Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest. Of all the
girls, she is the most beautiful. Of the two girls, Mary is more
beautiful.
A is the ...est among ... be ()among 1. 2. 3. The Chuo-shui
River is the longest one among them. Which river is the shortest
among them? Paris is the most beautiful among the cities.
A is the ...est N in ... Abe thein A the 1. 2. 3. Jane is the
best student in her class. Mr. Jones is the busiest man in the
office. The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game
this year. A is the ...est of N be theof be the
1.2. 3. 4.
Robert Frost was the most American of American poets. He is the
strictest of teachers in our school. It is the most popular of
movies. English is the most international of languages. 54
5. 6. It is the most difficult of examinations. You must make
the most of your opportunities.
A is the ...est of all. be theof all of all 1. 2. 3. A is most
... be the theveryvery themost the the the 1. 2. I think he is a
most learned man. A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday.
Such a most talented person as he shouldnt be satisfied with what
he is. A comet is at perihelion when it is closest (=very close) to
the sun. 5. 6. 7. A person is most disappointed when he is in
despair. He is calmest (=very calm) when he is all by himself. The
sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust. Most people
need six to eight hours of sleep every day. Most learned men are
modest. I like apples best of all fruits. Bill runs quickly, Jack
runs more quickly than Bill, and Bob runs most quickly of all.
These frozen foods are the most convenient of all. It is the most
important of all. They are the most dependable of all.
3. 4.
8.9. 10. 11.
12. Janes worst fault is her quick temper. 13. She is my
youngest sister. A is the last to ... be the lastto- the last 1. 2.
3. I would be the last to attempt to answer the question. He is the
last person (that) I want to see. This is the last attempt (that)
he would make. The author should be the last man to talk about his
work. superior/inferior to ... superiorinferior to to thanprefer
tosenior to ...junior to ... 55
4.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I prefer tea to coffee. I prefer chemistry to
physics. He is superior to his brother in mathematics. This plastic
is inferior in quality to glass.
A cheaper camera is not always inferior to a more expensive
one.
He is senior to me by seven years. The president was so young
that he was junior to some of his employees.
7.
I am glad to ... be gladsorry gladsorryhappysadsurprisedtroubled
1. 2. 3. ... too ... to ... tooforsb.to- too too tooato-too much
totoo manyto for 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. He walked too slowly to catch
up with me. It is too dark in this room for me to read a book. This
problem is too difficult for them to settle. The price is too low
for customers to believe. He is too young a boy to do it. He has
too much work on hand to go picnicking with us. He has too many
things at his disposal to go home early. The boy is too young to do
it, isnt he? I am glad to see him. Sue was troubled to see trash
everywhere. Sara was excited to see the rock band.
7. 8.
I am too glad not to ... toonotto-
1.2. 3. 4.
Our professor is too capable not to solve this difficult
problem. This customer is too honest not to deceive us. I am too
glad not to help the boy. It is never too late to learn.
I am only too ... to ... 56
only tooto- only too only too veryvery much 1. 2. 3. I am only
too glad to accept your kind invitation. He is only too willing to
serve friends. I am only too pleased to do business with you.
ADJ/ADV + enough to ... enoughfor sb.to- enough 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. We need several men strong enough to do the work. They bought a
house large enough for ten persons to live in. He is competent
enough to fill that position. He ran fast enough to catch the
thief. Our teacher is old enough to retire. The assignment is few
enough to be finished within half an hour.
... enough + N + to do ... enoughto- enoughto- enough 1. He has
enough money (=money enough) to buy a car. He hasnt enough sense to
realize his mistakes. It is a pity that he doesnt have enough money
to sponsor the project. 4. Will 2,000 dozens be enough for
selling?
2. 3.
... be good enough to ... Would you be good enoughto- Would you
be so kind as to ...? 1. 2. 3. Would you be good enough to turn the
radio down a bit? Would you be good enough to keep silent? Would
you be good enough to move a bit to the right?
... how (+ N) + to do ... howwhatwhenwherewhichwhoseto-
whatwhomwhich howwherewhenwhy < 57
> 1. 2. How do I know what to do and what not to do? He
showed me how to use the tape recorder. What to do is one question,
and how to do it is quite another. The trouble is when to start the
business. We havent decided where to go for lunch. I dont know
which advise to follow. I learned what expressions to use in
public. How to begin is more difficult than where to stop. You
should know what to cook to eat. The problem is when to get the
money we need.
3.4.
5. 6.7. 8. 9. 10.
11. There are so many fancy cars on display here that I dont
know which to buy. ... only to do ... onlymerelysimplyjustto- 1. He
studied hard only to fail in the exam. He rushed all the way to the
station only to miss the train. 3. 4. 5. He tried a second time
only to fail again. He tried to increase his income by gambling
only to plunge more deeply into the mire. I went out, merely to get
caught in a shower.
2.
... have only to do ... have onlyto- All one has to do ...What
one has to do ... 1. You have only to sit there and watch what I am
doing. Dont worry; you have only to sing a song to please her. 3.
You have only to go. You have only to ask and hell tell you.
2.
4.
... never to do ... neverto- 1. 2. 3. He went on a journey when
he was 18 years old, never to come back. He went off to the war
never to return alive. She left her husband, never to come
back.
make/have sb. do sth. makehavebidlet makehavebidlet 58
have 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I made him do it. I let him do it. They
had/made the girl clean the floor. The mother bade the child behave
himself. He was bidden to finish the work on schedule. My father
will probably have Tom paint the house green. He had me help him
with his homework.
6.7.
... want/like to do ... toV likewanttry love hate
forgetbeginstartneed 1. 2. 3. 4. Some students hate to study
English. You need to study in a quiet place. He likes to go to the
movie. She wants to help Mary.
... want/ask sb. to do ... wantasktell to- not
wantgetcompelexpectaskwould
likeadviseurgewishtellallowpermittroublehelp teach 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. I told him not to goof around. The teacher urged his students to
prepare for the exam. They forced me to do things against my will.
Do you want me to go there instead of you? I got him to do it.
Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease. A sense of
humor enabled him to get along well with others. The heavy workload
forced me to cancel the camping trip. The father allowed
(=permitted) his son to travel abroad alone. We troubled him to
turn on the light. We needed someone to fix the tape recorder.
7.8.
9. 10. 11.
I heard him sing. hearseefeel seewatchnoticelook athearlisten
tofeel 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. be going to ... be goingto- be
goingto- 1. 2. He is going to marry Jane in May. Did you notice
anyone come in? As far as I remember, I have never seen him smile.
She once heard him whisper to another girl. He was heard to sing. I
felt my heart beat violently. She liked to listen to children talk.
We heard him playing with his puppy. Rick often watched the boats
returning to port in the late afternoon.
I am going to stay up late to finish my paper. Im afraid he is
going to lose the match.
3.4.
The train was just going to start when we arrived. My father was
a sailor and Im going to be one, too.
5.be about to ...
be aboutto- I am about to go next week. 1. 2. 3. ... be to ...
beto- beto A was to be placed onto A, and B onto B. ... seem/appear
to ... seemappearto- to-seem probablyappear 1. 2. 3. 4. Taiwan
seems to contain no petroleum. The thread seems to match the cloth.
He was surely about to change his mind. She was about to walk out
of the door when the telephone rang. Something unusual was about to
happen.
He appears to be very tired. These stars appear to move around
the North Star. 60
5. 6. They appear to be able to handle the problem. John seems
to love music very much.
To ..., Main Clause to tell the truthto do someone justiceto be
briefto begin withto sum up to make matters worseso to
speakneedless to sayto say nothing of sth 1. To make sure that he
was at home, I called him up in advance. To tell the truth, I dont
agree to your plan. To do her justice, she is not as bad as you
described. To sum up, only when strict punishment can be imposed on
the lawless, can social stability be maintained. 5. Mary is, so to
speak, a hardworking student.
2.3.
4.
6.7. ... pretend to ...
I cant speak English, to say nothing of Chinese. Needless to
say, learning without thinking is useless.
pretendto-that- pretend to- that 1. 2. 3. He was pretending to
climb a mountain. She pretended not to go. He pretended to be a
good man. Lets pretend (that) we are pirates.
4.... stop to ...
stopto- stopVing
1.2. 3.
They just dont stop to think. They stopped to look into the
window. I have stopped smoking for half a year.
... be meant to ... be meantto- 61
be meant to Vbe meant for N 1. 2. 3. Some TV programs are meant
to be watched today and forgotten tomorrow. He believes he is meant
to be a great man. This dictionary is meant for you.
be + ADJ + to ... beto- to- 1. 2. 3. It was even more pleasing
to look at in the morning light. I think she is easy to please. The
rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.
... be likely to ... be likelyto- likely It is likely that
...
1. 2. 3.
Ones first impression is likely to be that everyone is in a
rush. He is likely to arrive at any time.
His health is likely to get worse.
make an/no attempt to ... make anno attemptto- 1. 2. 3. His
smile deepened, but he made no attempt to answer. I made no attempt
to make friends with her. Will they make any attempt?
happen/chance to ... happenchanceto- 1. 2. 3. 4. ... is said to
... is saidto- is said to have been ... A friend of his happened to
be sitting in a railroad-coach next to a young man who was
obviously depressed. We happened to meet at the station. He
happened to be sleeping.
I chanced to be thinking of the same thing.
1.2. 3.
His music is said to be goodor great. He is said to have been
the richest man in Taiwan. They are said to build a hospital
here.
... be bound to ... be boundto- 62
be bound to Vbe sure to Vbe bound for 1. 2. 3. Something is
bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve the
problem. He is bound to come tonight.
If so, your points of view are bound to conflict with his.
... do all one can to ... do all one can to- do can
1. 2. 3.
Daddy did all he could to fill my needs and desires. You should
do all you can to persuade him. We have done all we could to catch
up with them.
have sth. to do with ... ... have somethingnothing to do with
... something littlemucha great deal have nothing to do with have
anything to do with 1. 2. 3. Her diligence must have something to
do with his success. The traffic accident had nothing to do with
him. His wife had much to do with his bankruptcy.
have no other N except to have no otherexceptthanto- except
than
1.2. 3.
The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh. We
have no other choice than to agree with them. I have no other wish
except to pass the examination.
... in order/so as to ... in orderso asto- 1. 2. 3. He must work
very hard in order to support his large family. Listen carefully so
as to follow the teacher. You must watch your step so as not to
fall down.
... be used to ... () + be used to- be used as 1. 2. 3. The book
is used to teach us how to write. The knife can be used to cut
meat. It is said that the plant can be used to treat hepatitis.
63
4. The book is used as a reference book.
I am + V-ing ... amareis nowstillat this time every
dayusuallyalways () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Bill is singing.
Linda is cooking. My father is sleeping. Mother cooks dinner every
evening. She is cooking in the kitchen now. Father walks to his
office every morning. He is walking to his office now. Mary sings
in her room every afternoon. She is singing in her room now.
an interesting movie aanvery
interestexcitesatisfyboreconfusetrouble 1. 2. 3. That is an
interesting movie. That is an exciting game. That is a satisfying
book.
Have you + V-ed ...? HaveHas havehas 1. 2. 3. Have you had your
lunch? Has she ever written a letter to Mark? Have you found the
pen you lost yesterday?
a troubled student 64
aanvery interestexcitesatisfyboreconfusetrouble 1. 2. 3. He is a
troubled student. He is an interested person. He is a bored
student.
I have written a letter. havehas havehas have has hesheit has
have 1. 2. 3. ... is ...ed by ... be by be be by 1. 2. 3. The news
is widely spread by them. Vegetables are needed every day by us.
This letter was typed by Alice this morning. I have written a
letter. Mary has studied English for three years. He has liked dogs
since he was a child.
will be V-ed by ... will beby be amisare will be 1. 2. 3. That
book will be brought by Mary tomorrow. That car will be washed this
afternoon. The building will be opened next month.
be going to be V-ed by be going tobeby be amisare going to be 1.
2. 3. These clothes are going to be washed by her. A birthday cake
is going to be brought to the table by the cook. Music is going to
be taught by Miss Lin.
can(not) be V-ed by ... 65
cannotbe by canmust be 1. 2. 3. ... V + V-ing ... be being being
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. We sat listening to the sound of the waves. The
dog lay dozing in front of the door. She stood there (being)
motionless. He quickly ran home, looking as if there was something
wrong with him. I stand looking over the lake. Some leaves went
flying into my room. That lesson can not be understood by many
students. The question can not be answered by many people. His poor
handwriting can not be read by himself.
... V-ingV-ed + N ... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The shouting boy did not
hear his mother call him. The girl standing in the front row is my
niece. There were no printed books in those days. This is a play
written by an American author. The prisoners closely guarded
escaped from the prison last night. I looked painfully at the vase
broken into pieces. It is difficult to shoot a flying bird,
especially a small bird flying high up in the sky. Soon we came to
a crowded street, a very wide street crowded with allsorts of
vehicles.
7. 8.
feel/make ... V-ing/V-ed keepmakehear keepfind makeletget
hearseewatchfeel < > being 1. At last I succeeded in getting
my car moving slowly. 66
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. We saw him watering the lawn around the house.
Have you heard the opera sung in French? I felt something crawling
up my arm. I saw him being punished by the teacher. I saw the boy
carried away to the hospital. I found the work being done in a
rush.
... get(s) V-ed/ADJ gets getget old get hungry get angryget
sickget fat get tiredget lost get confused get hurt get excitedget
ready 1. 2. John got lost. Mary gets tired of wearing red dresses.
The question is so hard, and were getting confused.
3.
... have/get sth. done havegetmake make have get < >
1.2. 3. 4.
Be sure to get the work finished before six oclock. Are you
going to get the house painted green? I want to get/have these
shoes mended. He has been unable to raise enough money to have the
big clock repaired. Ill have it sent right away. Have it charged to
my credit card. I cannot make myself understood in English. I had
my tooth extracted. (=I had the dentist extract my tooth.)
5.6. 7.
8.
Sth. is being + V-ed ... is being 1. 2. 3. ... go + V-ing ... go
go fishingboating skatingskiinghuntingmountain climbing shopping 67
Money is being used in place of something more direct. The machine
is being experimentally used. The problems are being discussed.
1. 2. 3. 4. Sometimes Mr. Black went swimming with the children.
We went fishing yesterday and I caught three fish. I find it
interesting and healthy to go mountain climbing. The American
housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week. You may
go grass skiing, bicycle riding, or shopping on the weekend. the +
V-ing/V-ed/ADJ the the the woundedthe handicapped the rich the
deadthe dyingthe unknown 1. 2. 3. 4. The rich are not necessarily
happy. The oppressed were free after the coup. The dying were
rushed to the hospital. During the depression, millions of the
unemployed wandered around in the streets.
5.
V-ing/V-ed ..., Main Clause be have been being having been not
never 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Holding the watch up, she
listened. Standing in the dark, I can not see anything. Sitting
under the tree, I was hit by a stone on the head. (Being) a lover
of nature, he often goes mountain climbing. Angry with his wife,
Tom kicked the dog. Rich and generous, he contributed two million
dollars to the Red Cross. (Having been) Knocked down by a car, he
spent a week in the hospital. Seriously damaged, the bridge is no
longer in use. Caught in a rain, he was wet all over. Bitten by a
dog, the little boy did not dare to play with dogs again.
11. Written in English, the book is difficult for me to
understand. 12. 13. Not (being) fond of learning, he ran away from
home. Never having been to Switzerland before, he longs for a trip
there. 68
When + V-ing ... whenwhileonceifunlessthough
whenwhileonceifunlessthough 1. 2. 3. He says "Please" when making a
request. When waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. He stopped to
talk to me when seeing me. If falling ill, Ill stay home taking a
good rest. Once arriving there, Ill keep contact with you. Unless
(being) rich, I am not going to buy a house. Though knowing the
truth, he remained silent.
4. 5.6. 7.
N + V-ing/V-ed < > be have been being having been <
> weyouone frankly speakingjudging fromtalking aboutof generally
speakingroughly speaking 1. They were trembling, their mouths
watering at the thought of the beer. He was sitting next to Mrs.
Smith, his eyes resting on her daughter. The earthquake took place,
the windows broken into pieces. "There it is," he whispered, his
eyes (being) bright with sudden tears. He said in a low voice, both
his hands (being) on his back. He argued, his voice trembling with
anger. Generally speaking, women live longer than men. Frankly
speaking, he is not so bad as you might think.
2.3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
with + N + V-ing/V-ed with 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. She sang to
the music with her hand waving gently. He came running here with
one hand holding a knife. He came running here with a knife held in
one hand. With our work done, we felt much at ease. She looked at
him with the color gone from her face. He was dozing with a book
open in his hands. My father sometimes goes out for a stroll with a
stick in his hand. What a lonely world it would be with you
away!
V-ing ... + be + N ... be be 1. 2. Coexisting with such love in
the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and
independence. Growing along the river are tall palm trees. Lying
north of the church is a girls senior high school.
3.
Thinking correctly is ... 1. 2. 3. Thinking correctly is
important. Living in the big city is convenient. Reading good books
makes us happy.
... without + N/V-ing ... without without and ...
notifwhennot
1. 2. 3.4. I like + V-ing ...
I cant start a fire without matches. We wont go without you
joining it.
You cant see the movie without the ticket.
He went to school without breakfast. (=He went to school and did
not eat breakfast.)
likelove hate 70
beginstarttryenjoymindpractise 1. 2. 3. I like doing my
homework. He loves listening to music. The boys hate doing homework
on Sundays.
cannot help + V-ing ... cannot help help cannot butcannot help
but 1. 2. He cannot help loving Mary because of her beauty.
Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying. After learning of
his sufferings, I couldnt help sympathizing with him. I cannot help
laughing. I cannot help being poor. I cannot help wondering about
that girl. I cannot help worrying to hear that there is no steamer
this week.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
There is no + V-ing ... There is no It is impossible toNo one
can 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. There is no accounting for tastes. There was
no telling what the next assignment would be. There is no reasoning
with such a stubborn man as Peter. There is no denying that Taiwan
is a beautiful island. There is no describing the beauty of the
scene. There is no typing up this letter within five minutes.
feel like + V-ing ... feel like like would like to
1.2. 3. 4.
I dont feel like studying tonight. I feel like going to Europe
for a visit next summer vacation. Do you feel like going to a
movie? I feel like a newborn baby.
... come near + V-ing ... come near near 71
1. 2. 3. 4. It came near being the prettiest bow he had ever
seen. I came near hitting him. They came near being drowned. My son
came near being run over by a truck.
... worth + V-ing ... worth worth worth it 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. London
is a city worth visiting. He who does his duty is worth praising.
The work is worth doing.
A book worth reading once is worth reading time and time
again.
He is worth doing the work for.
be worthy of + V-ing be worthy of be worthyto beworthy worth
worthy it 1. 2. 3. This book is worthy of reading. He who does his
duty is worthy of praising. The event is worthy of being
remembered.
On/Upon + V-ing ... OnUpon once on
1.2. 3.
Upon reaching an appropriate age, children are encouraged, but
not forced, to leave the nest. On entering the classroom, I found a
book lying on the floor. Upon receiving your letter, I was as happy
as could be.
before + V-ing ... before + ... before 1. 2. Before entering a
house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off your
shoes. Before reading the book, you had better ask yourself if you
have the time. 72
3. Before visiting him, I called him up in advance.
of ones own + V-ing of ones own 1. 2. This is a picture of his
own painting. This is a coat of her own making. I least expected
that this should be a house of his own constructing.
3.
keep ... from + V-ing keeppreventstopdiscouragefrom from
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
It will take everybodys efforts to keep city noises from
increasing. The rain kept us from getting there on time. They
should try to keep prices from rising. Sometimes we can prevent a
cloud from producing rain. Nobody can prevent him from running the
risk. The bad weather prevented us from getting there on time. They
didnt even try to stop him getting it. You should have stopped him
from going swimming. A strong will will stop one from committing a
crime. Even his closest friends discouraged him from seeking higher
office. He was discouraged from making another attempt.
7.8. 9. 10. 11.
I remember + V-ing ... remember rememberremember to-forgetregret
remember 1. 2. I remember feeling that God, or someone, had brought
us together. Do you remember taking a trip to Japan with him? I
cant remember quarreling with him in junior high school. Ill
remember to mail these letters.
3. 4.
... ones + V-ing ... () 1. She is not sure of his answering her
letter. I prefer Johns playing tennis to his playing cards. 73
2.
3. 4.5. 6. I dislike my mothers interfering in the affair. Our
teacher didnt mind my coming in late. Would you mind my opening the
window? I remember our meeting ten years ago. My father doesnt like
my/me going out alone. I dislike my house being too small.
7.8.
... be busy V-ing ... be busy be busy with 1. 2. 3. Mother is
busy making cookies for the picnic. He was busy preparing for the
exam. I was busy looking up all the new words of the lesson in my
dictionary.
... be used to + V-ing/N be used tobe accustomed to used to-be
used to- 1. 2. 3. 4. The winter was much colder than they were used
to and many people died. He is used to sitting up late.
Are you used to the weather in Taipei? He is accustomed to
hearing noise, because he lives right in the center of the
city.
be on the point of + V-ing be onupon the pointverge of be just
about to ... 1. 2. 3. 4. It started raining when I was on the point
of leaving home. On being sent to hospital, he was on the point of
breathing his last. He was on the point of death. She was on the
verge of telling all the secret.
make a point of + V-ing make a point of make it a pointruleto-
1. 2. 3. I make a point of giving a hand to others. Whenever I go
to Taipei, I make a point of visiting the National Palace Museum.
They make a point of going on a picnic every two weeks.
to the point of V-ing ... to the point of 74
1. 2. 3. To regret ones errors to the point of not repeating
them is true repentance. She hates him to the point of not talking
to him. They argued to the point of fighting with each other.
do a little + V-ing doa lot ofa littleanythe a lot ofa
littlesome anythe 1. 2. 3. I can do a little dancing. She helped
her mother do the washing. He has done a lot of traveling.
with the + V-ing of + N withtheof 1. 2. 3. With the coming of
Easter, winter ends and spring comes. With the inventing of the
computer, society seems to have changed greatly. With the setting
of the sun, night comes silently.
spend ... (in) V-ing spendin It takesto- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He spent
his last years (in) teaching and editing earlier writings. How much
time do you spend practicing English everyday? He is going to spend
his last years writing a book on the history of Chinese literature.
She spends too much time (in) dressing herself.
He spent much of his spare time roaming about the streets.
prefer V-ing/N to V-ing/N preferto
1. 2. 3.
In the U.S., people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with
people they dont know. Some people prefer sitting up to going to
bed early. He said he preferred country life to city life.
when it comes to + V-ing when it comes to to
1.
Their memory wasnt very good when it came to recalling other
things, but they remembered the 75
comet. 2. 3. When it comes to making friends, you cannot be too
careful. When it came to the summer vacation, we all became
excited.
the + V-ing + of + N ... theof
1.2. 3.
The actual cause of the quake itself is the rupturing or
breaking of rocks at or below the earths surface. The building of
the bridge is very important for the transportation between the two
towns. The breaking of his right leg made him walk on crutches
only.
be all for + V-ing ... be all for try ones best to do sth 1. 2.
3. I was all for calling on each of these ladies. He is praised for
his being all for helping the poor. I am all for jogging early in
the morning.
Can you speak English? Can Yescan Yescan Nocant Nocant can <
>can scan tocan can notcannotcantcan cant 1. 2. 3. Can he speak
English? Yes, he can (speak English). Can Tom play Frisbee? Yes, he
can (play Frisbee). Can Mary ride a bicycle? Yes, she can (ride a
bicycle). Can you speak Chinese? No, I cant (speak Chinese). Can
your father cook? No, he cant (cook). Can she sing English songs?
No, she cant (sing English songs).
4. 5. 6.
You can never do it again. be be < 76
> 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ... will + V ... will willtomorrow
tomorrow morningafternooneveningthe day after tomorrownext weeknext
yearnext tonight this eveningafternoonsome dayone of these daysHow
soon inin a few daysin ten minutes be going to 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. We
will eat lunch together tomorrow. I will walk home after school
this afternoon. Mr. Lin will wash his motorcycle tomorrow morning.
Will she cook dinner this evening? Will they go on a picnic next
week? We will not play basketball tomorrow. David wont go to the
movies with Helen next week. Your brother is not going to study
this evening. They will have a lot of fun next month. School will
begin next Tuesday. Do you always eat lunch at school? Does John
often watch television in the evening? You can never do it again.
He is usually busy. She never comes to school late. I sometimes
speak English at home.
7.8. 9. 10.
... should/would + V ... shouldwouldmay should shall I weshould
would will would would like would may perhaps maybemay may mustnt
maynt 1. 2. 3. You should study hard. He must be sick today. I
would like to help you pack.
... should not + V ... shouldwouldmaynot 77
should shall I weshould would will would would like would may
perhaps maybemay may mustnt maynt 1. 2. 3. He would not lend you
his dictionary. He may not come tomorrow. We should not tell
lies.
Should/Would you + V ...? ShouldWouldMay should shall I weshould
would will would would like would may perhaps maybemay may mustnt
maynt 1. 2. 3. May he do that? Would you like to go with us? Should
they read the newspaper more often?
... used to + V ... used to would often wouldused to ... would
... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Difficult problems used to take hours of work
with pencil and paper. There used to be a post office there. I used
to (=would often) go fishing. We used to hear the train whistle at
night. He would sit for hours doing nothing.
... would like to V ... would likesb.to would like to should
like to ... 23 Would you like to have a look at the picture? - Yes,
I should very much like to. I would like to take a trip around the
world toward the end of this year. I would like you to meet Mr.
Jones. 78
I would like him to do it. would rather V1 than V2 would rather
1than 2 would rather than than would rather than
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Id rather take care of the stomachs of the living than (take
care of) the glory of the dead in the form of stone memorials. They
would rather go fishing than stay at home. I would rather be
laughed at than quarrel with him. He would rather give away a point
than claim an advantage. I would rather fail than cheat in the
examination. I would rather die than live in disgrace. I would
rather remain poor than get money by dishonest means.
... had better + V ... had better had better had better have had
best ... had better 1. You had better consult a doctor soon. The
policeman said to him, "Youd better come with me and tell me all
about the accident." You had better have stayed at home. Hadnt you
better make a market report? You had better go to the factory and
have a look. You had best not accept the offer.
2. 3.
4.5. 6. May you + V ...
May may may 1. 2. May you recover soon! May you succeed in
business. 79
3. may well + V ... may well + may well well 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. You
may well find that the end of the book is better than the
beginning. You may well get angry with him. She is proud of her
son, and well she may. An unlimited arms race may well increase the
danger of war. Since he can play many musical instruments, he may
well be called a man of accomplishments. may as well + V ... may as
well had better 1. 2. 3. We may as well leave the table after
dinner is over. You may as well keep it a secret. You are not
(physically) strong, so you may as well take care of your health.
May our two parties achieve even greater successes in our
business.
...may as well ... as ... maymight as well Aas B B Ahad better A
than Bmay as well ... as might as well ... as 1. Since it is
raining hard, you may as well stay here as leave. You might as well
throw your money into the sea as lend it to him. You might as well
not know a thing at all as know it only a little. I may as well die
as marry him. 5. 6. 7. 8. I might as well die as marry him. You
might as well talk to a stone as try to argue with a stubborn
woman. You might as well advise me to give up my fortune as my
argument. You might as well ask the tree for help as request him to
reduce the price.
2. 3.4.
... must have V-ed ... 80
must have must 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Anyway, he must
have eaten a lot because now he is fat. You must have mistaken her
for her sister. They must have left. The rubbing must have worked.
They must have read the article. You must have seen him before. He
must have forgotten my name. He must have told you about it. Tom
must have taken your dictionary by mistake. The poet must have been
very young when he wrote this poem.
.. may have V-ed ... maymight have maymight might have may have
1. 2. He may have overslept this morning. The tea is hot; he may
have been here before. He may have known the truth; otherwise he
wouldnt be so angry now.
3.
4.
The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.
... cannot have V-ed ... cannot have cannot have cannot must not
have must notcannot 1. 2. 3. She cannot have written the letter
herself. He is honest, so he cannot have stolen my money. He cannot
have caught a cold, because I saw him dancing with Mary the same
day.
... would have V-ed ... would have 1. He would have attended
meeting, but upon learning that he had no time, he dropped the
idea. I would have told you the truth, but you didnt give me a
chance. I would have done it, but I had no time. She would have
married him, but when she learned that he was a rascal, she parted
with him. 81
2.3. 4.
... could have V-ed ... could have 1. 2. 3. He could have bought
the car, but soon his company went bankrupt. He could have finished
it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind. I could have done it if
I had wanted to.
... should have V-ed ... shouldought to have 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
You should have spoken up in the meeting. He should at least have
come to say good-by. He ought to have kept his promise. You should
have been more careful in money matters. He ought to have arrived
there by now. The drama drew a capacity audience; you should have
gone to see it.
I should have known better should have known betterthan to know
better 1. 2. 3. 4. I should have known better. You should have
known better than to talk like that. You should have known better
than to go mountain climbing alone. I know better than to go
swimming after dinner.
... need not have V-ed ... need not have didnt need toneed not
have 1. 2. 3. 4. You need not have bought extra oil for this short
trip. You need not have got up so early. Need he have gone to the
station to meet her? He need not have come. (But he came.) He didnt
need to come. (And he didnt come.) 82
5.
6. It was fine that day, so I need not have brought an umbrella
with me.
It is warm in ... It isin it the weather in 1. 2. 3. It is warm
in spring. It is cold in winter. It is hot in summer.
It rains a lot in ... It rainssnowsa lotin it rain a lot very
much 1. 2. 3. This is my ... This ismyyour Thisismineyours s
yoursourstheirshers mine his s aanthethisthatthese those 83 It
rains a lot in Taipei. It snows a lot in New York. It showers a lot
in Guangzhou.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. My pen is ... MyYourbe MineYoursbe 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. My pen is new. Our bedroom is small. Their cars are blue.
Mine is new. Ours is small. Theirs are blue. This is my pen. This
pen is mine. This is your box. This box is yours. This is his
bicycle. This bicycle is his.
Are these your pens? Be YesNobenot s
1. 2. 3.
Are these Marys pens? No, they are not hers. Are those Bobs
books? Yes, theyre his. Is this your parents apartment? No, its my
brothers.
One/Each of the ... OneEach of the oneeach one (each) of of the
the 1. 2. 3. One of the boys is nice. One of them needs a new
jacket. Each of the theaters has different movies.
Both of the girls are ... BothThreeSomeManyAll of the
boththreesomemanyall of the 84
1. 2. 3. ... who ... Who who who that 1. 2. 3. ... which ...
which which 1. 2. 3. Here is a book, which is very interesting. I
like to watch TV programs which are about sports. They want to sell
the house, which has only one door. The man who called was tired.
The boy who is speaking to Helen enjoys playing soccer. People who
use their free time well are usually healthy and happy. Both of the
girls are nice. Many of the supermarkets are having sales. Three of
the students came here yesterday.
... by oneself ... by oneself 1. 2. They went to Suao by
themselves. John fixed the tape recorder by himself. You cant go
mountain climbing by yourself.
3.
... that/those of ... thatthose of < > that those that
those 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The population of Tokyo is larger than that of
London. The climate here is like that of Taipei. His children are
well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty. The students
work harder than those of our school. His car is bigger than
mine.
the former ... the latter the former ... the latter ... 85
that thisthe onethe other those ... these ...the former ... the
latter ... 1. Virtue and vice are two different things: the
former/that/the one leads to peace, the latter/this/the other to
misery. Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to
laugh, while the latter arent. Jane and Mary are good friends; the
former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse. Dogs are more faithful
animals than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to
persons. ... one ..., the other ... twoonethe other two 1. 2. 3. I
have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka. I have
two dogs; one is white, and the other is brown. The two brothers
often quarrel with each other; one is stubborn, and the other (is)
selfish. I dont like this one; show me the other.
2. 3.
4.
4.
... one ..., another ... threeoneanotherand the other three
1. 2. 3.
There are three rooms; one is mine, another is my sisters and
the other is my parents. He has three brothers; one is a teacher,
another (is) a soldier, and the other an artist. They three get
along well with one another; one is married, another is still a
bachelor, and the other has a girl friend.
... one ... another ... ... one ... another ...
1. 2.
I dont like this one; show me another. At one time, she is fine,
but at another, she is abnormal. I really dont know what kind of
man he really is; on one occasion, he is normal, and on another, he
86
3.
acts like a lunatic. ... one thing, ... another ... is one
thing, and ... is another 1. 2. 3. To know is one thing; to teach
is quite another. It is one thing to make money, and it is another
to spend it. Saying is one thing, and doing is another.
... one ... or another ... oneor another someor other 1. 2. 3.
4. Most of us have to read a certain amount of material for one
reason or another. He was absent from the meeting for one reason or
another. I am sure he will succeed one day or another. For one
reason or another, she committed suicide.
... some ... others ... ... some ... others ... some ... some
... 1. 2. Some of us value peace and comfort very highly. Others
value pleasure and excitement. Some of us can speak English.
Others/Some can speak French. Some people believe in God and others
dont. To some life means pleasure, to others suffering.
3.4.
... one ... the others ... ... onesome ... the others ... 1. 2.
3. We have 30 students in our class; one passed the exam, and the
others (=the rest) all failed. Of the 40 students, some do well in
study, and the others are playing around. Some of the boys were
late, but all the others were in time for the meeting. 87
..., some ..., others ... ... some ... others ... still others
... some ... some ... some ...
1. 2. 3.
People vary in taste; some love music, some enjoy taking
pictures, and still others are fond of climbing mountains. Society
is made up of a variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad,
and still others (are) in between. There are many people in the
park; some are walking, others are jogging, and still others are
doing exercises.
Of all (the) ..., ... Of allthe all theall the 1. Of all the
fibers now used by man, a very large percentage is man-made. Of all
books, the Bible seems to be read most widely. Of all the students
in our school, Tom is mathematical genius.
2.3.
... + N + who/which ... whowhomwhichthat whowhomwhich who whom
whichthat whowhom which that whom whichthat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Never trust a man who (that) breaks his word easily. He laughs best
who laughs last. He is a man on whom I can rely. No one will buy a
book which (that) is poorly written. I have found the bicycle which
(that) you lost yesterday. I like my school, which is famous for
its excellent facilities. Volleyball is a sport of which I am very
fond. He is a good boy, as far as I know, that (whom) you can
trust.
88
9. There are many things that money cant buy. 10. Dont take
things that do not belong to you. ... + N + whose ... whose whose
hishertheirmyyour its 1. 2. 3. People whose homes are in town want
to live in the country. This is a short story whose easy style I
love very much. I envy Mike, whose car is fancy.
... those who + V ... thosewho those 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Christmas is
a time for friends and family members to see each other again and
to send Christmas cards to those who live far away. God helps those
who help themselves. We can talk to those who live far away by
telephone. Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed.
There is no easy way to do business, and only those who do their
best to win clients can win business.
... all (that) ... ... all (that) ... all everythingthat allthat
all that < > what 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. All (that) he
said is true. We must do all that is to be done. All (What) you
have to do is (to) follow me. All (that) I want is a beautiful red
car. All that he does, he does it well. All that you do, do with
your might. All you have to do is call on the house phone. All you
have to do is learn it by heart. All I have to do is persuade him
to go with us.
... all + N + that ... allanyeverynothat allanyeveryno that
whowhom which 89
1. 2. 3. All the students that work hard can definitely pass the
exam. I have no disk that may interest you. Every student that
comes here should report to me. Dont do anything that should go
against his will.
4.
... the only N that ... the onlythe verythe firstthe lastthat
the onlythe verythe firstthe last that whowhomwhich 1. Man is the
only creature that is gifted with speech. He is the last person
that Ill get along with. He is the very person that knows the
password.
2.3.
... the most N that ... that that whowhom which 1. 2. 3. This is
the most interest book that I have ever read. You are the most
beautiful girl that I have ever seen. This is the most convincing
evidence that I can find to prove my point.
Who/What ... that ... whowhat that that whowhomwhich 1. 2. 3.
what ... V ... what what the thing whichwhat whatwhatbe Who is the
boy that is standing over there? What is the book about that she is
reading? Where is the man that owes you $100?
1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Thats whats polluting the lake. What do you guess is in the box?
This is what he wanted. Character is what we are when we are alone
with ourselves in the dark. John is not what he was. Without Mr.
Chang, I would not be what I am.
... what + be + called ... 90
whatbecalled whatweyoutheycall 1. 2. 3. He gathered earlier
writings to prepare what are called the Five Classics. He is very
interested in what are called popular songs. We should improve what
is called the quality of living. He is what you call a walking
dictionary.
4.
What we do is + V ... Whatdois do to to 1. 2. 3. What we can not
do is make a cloud produce rain if it is not ready to produce it.
What you have to do is say (put) in a good word for me. What we
need to do is prepare something to eat.
... what is said above ... what is said above 1. 2. 3. As we
learn from what is said above, the tides can be very useful. From
what is said above, we can draw a conclusion. We should pay more
attention to what is said above.
What follows is ... What followsbe What follows follows 1. 2. 3.
What follows is some excerpts of the famous speech he delivered in
Washington D.C. What follows is the truth that men are created
equal. What follows is the process of his being awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1964.
... what little + N what little all the little 1. His mother
sent him what little money she had saved.
2.3. 4.
Ill let you share what little information I have collected. She
was robbed of what little money she had. The little boy use what
little strength he had to push the door open.
A is to B what C is to D. 91
A is to B what C is to D. A B C DA is to B as C is to D.What C
is to D (that) A is to BAs C is to D so is A to B A B C D what A is
to B be 1. 2. Exercise is to the body what thinking is to the
brain. What lungs are to the animal, leaves are to the plant. As
water is to the plant, so are books to me.
3.
what with ... and ... what with ... and (what with) ... half
through ... (half through) ...partly because (of) ... (partly
because (of)) ... 1. 2. 3. What with laziness and (what with)
illness, he lost his job. What with the wind and what with the
rain, our trip was ruined. What with the high prices, and what with
the badness of the times, we find it hard to get along.
... the same + N + as ... the sameas as ()as the whowhomwhich 1.
2. 3. I want the same camera as you have. He is the same person as
came here yesterday. He is not the same man as he used to be.
... such + N + as ... suchas as as ()as thewhowhomwhich 1. 2. 3.
... such ... as ... suchas as 92 Such people as are friendly are
easy to approach. He is not such a bad guy as you (are). Such a
good student as he (is) will succeed.
1. 2. 3. ... such as ... such as 1 2 and 3 such as 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. Acid rain is harmful to amphibians such as salamanders,
spring peepers, and frogs. In this paragraph there are many nouns,
such as boy, girl, and book. I know many of them, such as John,
Peter, and Tom. They may choose to study foreign languages,
advanced mathematics or science, such as physics or chemistry. We
have different pies, such as apple, cherry, and strawberry pies.
Many things pollute water, such as tires, trash, and plastic bags.
From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs.
At his birthday party, I met such people as professor, scientist
and actor. You should eat such vegetables as carrot, celery and
spinach.
as is often the case ... aswhich is often the case (with) ... as
which as 1. 2. He was late for school, as (which) was often the
case with him. As is often the case with old people, my grandfather
is fond of talking about good old days. He quarreled with his
friends, as was the often the case.
3.
There is no + N + but ... There is nobut but who
whomwhichnot
1. 2. 3. 4.
There is no one but is (=who is not) concerned about his future.
There is nothing but he can do. (=There is nothing that he cant
do.) There is no rule but has exceptions. (=There is no rule that
doesnt have exceptions.) There is no one but wishes to get
somewhere. 93
5. ... N + where ... where where which where 1. 2. There are
some countries where (=in which) the supply of fuel is very
limited. He went to the station, where (=at which) he met his
father. Thats (the place) where he spent most of his life. There is
no man but has his faults.
3.
... reach the point where ... reach the point + where ... reach
come to 1. 2. Things reached the point where the two groups sat on
opposite sides of the church, glaring across the aisle. They have
reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
Noise is coming to the point where we cant put up with it.
3.
... N + when ... when when which when when 1. 2. 3. Tell me (the
exact time) when the next train will arrive. She came in June, when
(=in which) it was very hot. The last time (when) I saw him, he was
quite well.
... the reason why ... ... the reason + why ... why which why
why the reason why why 1. 2. Please tell me the reason why (=for
which) you were absent. Tell me the reason (why) he refused to
listen to my advice. Thats (the reason) why he cried.
3.
... the way how ... ... the way + how ... 94
how which how how the way how how
1. 2.3.
I dont know the way how (=in which) he did it. Thats the way
(how) he treats people. I know (the way) how he did it.
... whoever/whomever ... ... whoeverwhomever ... whoever anyone
who whomever anyone whom 1. Whoever commits the crime shall be
sentenced to ten years in prison. Ill teach English to whoever
wants to learn it. I hate whoever lies. I like whomever you like.
You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party.
2.3. 4. 5.
... whatever ... ... whatever ... whatever anything which 1.
Whatever she says is true. They do whatever they are doing--all
out. You cant always do whatever you like. Whatever my mother cooks
is to my liking. Whatever it is.
2. 3.4. 5. ... whichever ...
... whichever ... whichever any one which whatever whichever
whatever
1.2. 3.
I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like.
I have a car, a house and an orchard and you may have whatever
you like best. These pictures can be kept for free. You may take
whichever you like. 95
I am not ... be amareisnot be not 1. 2. 3. I am not a student.
You are not a lawyer. It is not a watch.
I am not + V-ing. amareisnot be not 1. 2. 3. I dont + V ...
dontdoesnt speakworkteach dont doesnt s es
1. 2. 3.I wasnt ...
I dont have any brothers. He doesnt know Mr. Brown. My mother
doesnt speak English.
waswerenot waswere be agobeforeyesterdaymorningafternoonevening
last nightthe other day in the pastjust now waswere not be waswere
w be 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I didnt + V ... didnt eddid not didnt Tom
was not busy yesterday. We were not at home yesterday. It was not
hot yesterday afternoon. The boys were sick yesterday. It was cold
last winter. Was your brother early to class yesterday morning?
1.2.
He didnt clean the room yesterday. She washed the skirt
yesterday. Tom didnt watch TV last night. He talked to his sister
after lunch. They didnt cook lunch for their grandfather yesterday.
Mary