embedded system

PRESENTATION ON SUMMER TRAINING

SURESH GYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-MRS. NIDHI MAM GOPAL DHAKER

TRAINING AT :- CLUB FIRST TECHNO EDUSOLUTIONS PVT. LTD.

ON

EMBEDDED SYSTEM & ROBOTICS

ABOUT COMPANY PROFILE

Club First is a group of students and some technical experts who put in their ideas for improvement and research in science& technology. Club First is now in several technical institutes allover the nation, with about 8500 members, thus rated as India's biggest technical club. Club first is registered as name "CLUB FIRST TECHNO EDUSOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. INDIA” by ministry of corporations affairs of India .

CLUB FIRST is now at every technical corner, not only in around the Maharashtra but also in the city Jaipur, Alwar, Ahmadabad, Kolkata, Thus become India’s biggest Technical Platform

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Introduction to Embedded system

Definition: An Embedded System is one that hascomputer hardware with software embedded in it asone of its important components. Or in other words we can say an embedded system is the system which is designed to perform a specific task only. Three basic part of embedded system:- Basic Electronic & Component.Important Integrated Circuits and Implementation.Microcontroller & parallel port.

Basic Electronics

What is a Digital system? In most general terms, this system’s behavior is sufficiently explained by using only two of its states can be Voltage(more than x volts or less?), Logic high –> designated as ‘1’ Logic low –> designated as ‘0’ Where high and low are actually ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ with respect to a reference voltage level (ideally taken as 2.5V)

Types of Digital Circuits

Combinatorial Circuits: In these circuits, the past states are immaterial and the output depends only upon the present state. Example logic gates

Sequential circuits: In these circuits, the next state is completely determined by the past states. Hence these follow a predictable structure and essentially require a timing device. Ex. counters, flip flops.

Clock: Building block of a sequential circuitA clock is simply alternate high and low states of voltage with time i.e. essentially a square wave. Important terms related to clock are its duty cycle and its frequency:Duty cycle: It is the ratio of Th and Th+Tl 𝐷= ℎ/ + ℎ𝑇 𝑇𝑙 𝑇Logic Gates: Building block of a combinatorial circuitry These are essentially combinatorial circuits used to implement logical Boolean operations like AND, NAND, OR, XOR and NOT. NOT and NAND are called universal gates as any other gate can be formed using either of them!

Practical Circuiting Elements

1.Resistor: Resistors offer a resistance to the flow of current. Mainly resistors are classified according to their resistancevalues and their power ratings. Resistances range from 10 ohm to 56Mohm (or more) and owner ratingsfrom 1/8W to 20W.

The 1st two bands specify the 2 digits of the resistor value whereas the 3rd band specifies the multiplier in terms of the power to which 10 is raised and multiplied to the 2 digits.The tolerance tells the possible % variation of the resistor value about the value indicated by bands.

2.Capacitor: The 2 types of capacitors we frequently use in circuits are ceramic and electrolytic capacitors. While ceramic capacitors do not have a fixed polarity; electrolytic capacitors should be connected in their specified polarities only else they might blow off! This polarity is usually provided on the side of the capacitors ‘corresponding leg

Figure : Electrolytic cap with –ve polarity leg seen

Ceramic cap with value 15x104 pF

Breadboard:This is the base used for setting up the circuit. This has embedded metal strips in it that form a grid of connections inside its body. This allows us to take multiple connections from a single point without any need of soldering/disordering as in PCBs. It is always a good habit to test the circuit on breadboard before making it on a PCB.

3.LED LED (Light Emitting Diode) is frequently used to display the outputs at various stages of the circuit. It is essentially a Diode with the energy released in the form of photons due to electron transitions falling in the visible region. Hence normal diode properties apply to it. It glows only in fwd bias mode i.e. with p junction connected to +ve voltage and n junction to negative. Diodes are essentially low power devices. The current through the LED should be less than 20mA.Hence always put a 220 ohm resistor in series with the LED. Never forget that LEDs consume a significant amount of power of the outputs of the ICs (CMOS based).Hence it is advisable to only use them for checking the voltage level (high or low) and then remove them.

Some important Integrated Circuits and Implementation

1.Power supply Embedded system always uses +5 volt regulated power supply. For this we use 7805 voltage regulatorIC.adapter’s supply to generate +5V here. Connect the gnd and +12V of adapter to the pins as shownand get +5V directly as an output out of the 3rd pin. Current up to 0.5 A can be obtained from thisregulator without any significant fall in voltage level.

2.555IC555 is an IC used to generate a clock .The two attributes of a clock are Frequency Duty cycle.

Both of these can be changed using this IC, however the duty cycle is always <50%. There are two modes in which 555 can run

i Monostable modeAs the name suggests; in this mode the output is stable in only one (mono) state i.e. ‘off’ state.Thus it can stay only for a finite time, if triggered, to the other state i.e. ‘on’ state. This time can beset choosing appropriate values of resistances in the formula:T = 1.1 x R1 x C1

II Astable mode

In this mode; the output is stable neither in ‘high’ state nor in ‘low ’ state. Hence it oscillates from one state to another giving us a square wave or clock. We can set the clock frequency and Duty cycle D by the formulae: F = . / + D = ( + )/( + ) 𝟏 𝟒𝟒 𝑹𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝟐

3. RF Transmitter RF receiver (HT12D &HT12E ICs)Transmitter:At the transmitter side we use HT12E encoder IC. Here we have the pin diagram and data sequence ofthe IC.Receiver:At the Receiver side we use HT12D encoder IC. Here we have the pin diagram and data sequence of the IC

4.MOTOR DRIVER:At receiver side we use HT12D Decoder IC, This is the serial in and Parallel out Configuration. The out pin of the decoder directly connects to the INPUT pin of the L293D Motor driver IC. The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to providebidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to providebidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V

5.Mobile and telecommunicationFor automation through mobile we use Duel tone multiple frequency decoderDTMF DECODER:

Introduction to Microcontroller

Microcontroller is a small (micro) single-chip computer designed to perform a specific function, and the specific function is to control (controller) objects, processes or events.

It is dedicated to one task, or a set of closely related task. It is similar to a personal computer, it has similar components built on to a single chip:

CPU, Memory (ROM and RAM)I/O ports, Serial portsTimer

Pin Configuration of 8051 microcontroller

Features of 8051• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz• Three-level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode• Watchdog Timer• Dual Data Pointer• Power-off Flag• Fast Programming Time• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

Parallel Port:Parallel Port is same as the printer port in the back side of computer. Parallel Port Interfacing is the simplest method of interfacing. Now parallel port interfacing is used for programming microcontrollers Introduction of parallel port:Parallel Port interfacing is the simplest method of interfacing. So it is widely used. The main problem with parallel port interfacing is that it has data transfer speed up to 1Mbytes/sec. USB interfacing are Available having speed near to 12MBytes/sec.Parallel port is basically the 25 pin Female connector (DB-25) in the back side of the computer (PrinterPort). It has 17 input Lines for input port and 12 pins for output port. Out of the 25 pins most pins areGround and there is data register (8 bit), control register (4 bit) and status We can input port through all thethree registers and can output port only throughSee the simple basics for the parallel port programming.#include<studio.h>#include<conio.h>#include<dos.h>void main ( ){const int PORT=0x0378;outport (PORT,255 ); // TO ENABEL ALL THE DATAgetch (); // PORT HIGH

PIN CONFIGURATION OF PARALLEL PORT

THANKS

I WANT TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS TO “CLUB FIRST” FOR giving us such a good training and for making our future bright.Faciliators at CLUB FIRST JAIPUR CENTER:

Bhuvnesh Mishra M.D, club first.

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