Ekologi Mikroalga_2013

EKOLOGI MIKROALGA

Bagian Bioteknologi Kelautan

Departemen Teknologi Hasil Perairan

FPIK – IPB

HABs

Mikroalga

Mikroalga

Negev desert in Israel

Ekologi Kimia

Chemical

ecology is the

study of

the chemicals

involved in the

interactions of

living organisms

Ekologi Kimia Mikroalga

the study of

biological and

chemical

interactions

between

microalgae in their

aquatic

environment

Mikroalga

Micro-Algae

Single cell microorganism

Autotropik, CO2 sumber karbon dan cahaya sebagai sumber energi

Mikroalga

Eukaryote excluded procaryotic Cyanobacteria

Terdapat 50 ribu spesies

Taksonomi Mikroalga

6 grup: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophycophyta,

Chrysophycophyta, Rhodophycophyta, Dinophyta,

Cyanobacteria

Kelompok Carotenoids

1. Bacillariophyta

(Diatom)

β-carotene

± -carotene rarely fucoxanthin

Tabellaria fenestrata

Taksonomi Mikroalga

Divisi Carotenoids

2. Chlorophycophyta

β-carotene,

± -carotene rarely carotene

and lycopene, lutein

Coelastrum

Tetraedron

Scenedesmus

Chlorophycophyta

Chlorophycophyta

Chlorophycophyta

Chlorophycophyta

Taksonomi Mikroalga

Divisi Carotenoids

3. Chrysophycophyta

β-carotene, fucoxanthin

Odontella sinensis/

Biddulphia sinensis

Taksonomi Mikroalga

Divisi Carotenoids

4. Rhodophycophyta

β-carotene, zeaxanthin

Porphyridium

Rhodella violacea

Taksonomi Mikroalga

Divisi Carotenoids

5. Dinophyta

(Pyrrophycophyta)

β-carotene, peridinin,

Neoperididnin dinoxanthin,

neodinoxanthin

Taksonomi Mikroalga

Filum Carotenoids

6. Cyanobacteria

β-carotene, phycobilins

Anabaena torulosa

Phormidium subfuscum

Anabaena augstumnalis

Diatom vs. Dinoflagellata

Centrics (Order: Biddulphiales) &

the Pennates (Order: Bacillariales)

Two flagellae

Cells are encased in transparent

glass-like (silica) “container”,

epitheca and hypotheca

Cells are covered by a theca

(sheath) that can be smooth or

ornamented

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & absorb organic

matter &/or engulf microbial prey

Up to 100,000 species of diatoms

have been recorded

Of the 2000 species known, 60

species produce complex toxins

Mikroalga

Wen et al. 2012

Scaling up?

Habitat Mikroalga

Habitat umum: perairan terbuka (fitoplankton)

Permukaan bebatuan, tanaman tingkat tinggi di perairan dangkal (perifiton)

Habitat Mikroalga

Permukaan tanah dan bebatuan yang lembab

Diisolasi dari hot springs – glacial ice

Habitat Mikroalga

Light, water quality and temperature,

availability of carbon and other essential

nutrients, and depth or tidal exposure

In the tropics, algae grow on hard

substrate like beach rock, coral reefs and on the roots of mangrove trees

Klasifikasi Berdasarkan Habitat

Hydrophilus; aquatic, free floating or completely

submerged algae

Edaphic; Terestrial

Aerial

Cryophytic; living on ice and snow (Eg.

Chlamydomonas)

Symbionts or Endophytes; Symbiotic with fungi, Eg.

Chroococcus, Nostoc, Chlorella and Palmella; Lives

inside the pteridophyte Azolla. Eg. Anabaena azollae.

Endozoic; inside fresh water sponges, Hydra

Parasites; Eg. Cephaleuros virescens

Ekologi

Terrestrial atau akuatik

Planktonik atau membentuk biofilm fototrof

Some are endosymbionts in lichens, plants,

various protists, or sponges

Visible blue-green blooms

Ekologi Diatom

Fitoplankton

Freshwater or marine

Bloom-and-bust cycle

Bloom; dominate phytoplankton

Bust; mucilage production

till thermocline

Ekologi Chlorophycophyta

Freshwater or marine, some aerial Chlorococcales

Planktonic (Volvocalean & chlorooccalean) or benthic

Attach to substrate

Symbiotic: Chlorella pada Hydra

Commercial: Dunaliella (glycerol & ß-carotene)

Winter: Ulothrix, Spring: Stigeoclonium, Summer:

Oedogonium

Ekologi Rhodophycophyta

Freshwater or marine

Tropical to polar waters

Epiphytes

Parasites reduce pigment

Ekologi Dinophyta

Mostly marine, some Freshwater

Planktonic, mostly in warmer waters

Benthic/Symbiotic

Parasit pada invertebrates, ikan

Phagocytic pada algae

Brown or red tides

Toxic: saxitoxin (PSP), brevetoxin (NSP),

ciguatoxin (CFP)

Luminescent

Luciferin-luciferase system pada Noctiluca scintillans

Ekologi Cyanobacteria

Terrestrial atau akuatik

Freshwater or marine, planktonic or benthic

Fotosintesis & fiksasi nitrogen

Some anoxygenic photosynthesis

Synechoccus can tolerate T 74 deg C

Eg. Geothermal di Yellowstone park, distribusi

Cyanobacteria tergantung pada kandungan

sulfit, semakin tinggi sulfit, pertumbuhan

Cyanobacteria makin lambat

Ekologi Cyanobacteria

Antarctic lakes: Phormidium & Lyngbya

Salt concentrates (evaporation), eg. Spirulina

African Rift Valley; food for flamingos

Spirulina for food

Blooms in Baltic Sea: Nodularia,

Aphanizomenon

Mikroalga

Chisti 2008

References

A biology of the algae. Philip Sze

Micro-algal biotechnology. Borowitzka & Borowitzka

Freshwater Algae http://www.algaekey.com/

http://www.algaebase.org/

http://www.oilgae.com

http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/redtide/education.html

Culture Collection of Autotrophic Organisms http://www.butbn.cas.cz